Exam 3 Flashcards
Transitive Inference
deducing relations between novel items based on previously learned relations (greater than, sweeter than, smarter than, etc.) Requires deductive reasoning
Novel pairing
colorful stars; monkeys perform well, pigeons only perform well with pairs that have A (always press) and E (never press)
Scrub jay social heirarchy
scrub jays can infer their rank with a stranger bird based on how a known bird interacts with it (if know bird is submissive, and J is submissive to known bird, J will be submissive to stranger bird)
Chiclid fish
use transitive inference to determine which fish to associate with in the tank
Mutual exclusivity
assumption that a novel label refers to a novel object (the collie dog knows when a word is different, must refer to the different toy)
Analogy and Second Order Logic
Analogical reasoning has been observed in chimpanzees but not often and not in any other animal. Requires second order logic (finding relations between relations) which is difficult for non human animals.
The Endowment Effect
People value an equally priced object more if they already own it. (Capuchins more highly value what they already own)
Irrational Biases
Loss Aversion and the Endowment Effect (called Framing Effects)
Planning
Some behaviors appear to involve planning, but they are genetic compulsions, not considerations of future consequences
Tool
an external object used as a functional extension of mouth or beak, hand or claw, in the attainment of an immediate goal
Causal reasoning
Understanding the cause and effect of one object’s behavior on another object. Key cognitive faculty thst divides humans from animals
Extractive Foraging
Tool use tends to emerge when there’s no competition with animals who have physical adaptations for extractive foraging (getting food out of a shell or hiding place)
Contingency
Association between behavior and outcome, no understanding of its cause; associations emerge gradually by trial and error
Existence Proof of Causal Reasoning
There is usually at least one animal who uses causal reasoning
Metacognition
Thinking about your own thoughts
Theory of Mind
Thinking about other people’s thoughts
Blindsight
Can unconsciously detect object locations to avoid obstacles (can “see” something. just doesn’t know it)
Self Concept
representation of “me” including own body. own actions, and own thoughts
Wynne’s Association-Based Argument
1) An animal can sense its own movements 2) With experience, associates its movements with the image in the mirror 3) argues for an “own body concept”
Altruism
refers to the behavior that increases the reproductive success of others at a cost to one’s self; makes no evolutionary sense unless the individual is related to you (inclusive fitness)
SC Cooperation
best among egalitarian bonobos, limited in others; limited by willingness or cognitive understanding
SC Fairness
monkeys reject anything less than the best reward
SC Helping
true altruistic helping doesn’t make evolutionary sense; some examples of helping with reaching in chimps
SC Social Learning
many animals learn socially; only apes learn my imitation, like human culture
SC Teaching
uniquely human?; meerkats, chimpanzees
Four Essential Features of Human Language
1) Symbolic - words stand for things 2) Abstract - words do not have features of the things they represent 3) Syntax - words are organized into categories, and uttered according to rules 4) Generative - totally novel combinations of words are created and understood (recursion is an algorithm of this)
Metacog Model: Direct Access Theory
feelings of knowing are introspective; come directly from an awareness of memory
Metacog Model: Cue Utilization Theory
feelings of knowing come from external cues like ease of processing, not from access to or awareness of memories
High Fluency vs. Low Fluency Training Pictures
high fluency is dark and visible, low fluency is light and not as visible (**no difference in reaction time between high and low frequency cues)
