Exam 3

Question 1

Transitive Inference

Answer 1

deducing relations between novel items based on previously learned relations (greater than, sweeter than, smarter than, etc.) Requires deductive reasoning

Question 2

Novel pairing

Answer 2

colorful stars; monkeys perform well, pigeons only perform well with pairs that have A (always press) and E (never press)

Question 3

Scrub jay social heirarchy

Answer 3

scrub jays can infer their rank with a stranger bird based on how a known bird interacts with it (if know bird is submissive, and J is submissive to known bird, J will be submissive to stranger bird)

Question 4

Chiclid fish

Answer 4

use transitive inference to determine which fish to associate with in the tank

Question 5

Mutual exclusivity

Answer 5

assumption that a novel label refers to a novel object (the collie dog knows when a word is different, must refer to the different toy)

Question 6

Analogy and Second Order Logic

Answer 6

Analogical reasoning has been observed in chimpanzees but not often and not in any other animal. Requires second order logic (finding relations between relations) which is difficult for non human animals.

Question 7

The Endowment Effect

Answer 7

People value an equally priced object more if they already own it. (Capuchins more highly value what they already own)

Question 8

Irrational Biases

Answer 8

Loss Aversion and the Endowment Effect (called Framing Effects)

Question 9

Planning

Answer 9

Some behaviors appear to involve planning, but they are genetic compulsions, not considerations of future consequences

Question 10

Tool

Answer 10

an external object used as a functional extension of mouth or beak, hand or claw, in the attainment of an immediate goal

Question 11

Causal reasoning

Answer 11

Understanding the cause and effect of one object’s behavior on another object. Key cognitive faculty thst divides humans from animals

Question 12

Extractive Foraging

Answer 12

Tool use tends to emerge when there’s no competition with animals who have physical adaptations for extractive foraging (getting food out of a shell or hiding place)

Question 13

Contingency

Answer 13

Association between behavior and outcome, no understanding of its cause; associations emerge gradually by trial and error

Question 14

Existence Proof of Causal Reasoning

Answer 14

There is usually at least one animal who uses causal reasoning

Question 15

Metacognition

Answer 15

Thinking about your own thoughts

Question 16

Theory of Mind

Answer 16

Thinking about other people’s thoughts

Question 17

Blindsight

Answer 17

Can unconsciously detect object locations to avoid obstacles (can “see” something. just doesn’t know it)

Question 18

Self Concept

Answer 18

representation of “me” including own body. own actions, and own thoughts

Question 19

Wynne’s Association-Based Argument

Answer 19

1) An animal can sense its own movements 2) With experience, associates its movements with the image in the mirror 3) argues for an “own body concept”

Question 20

Altruism

Answer 20

refers to the behavior that increases the reproductive success of others at a cost to one’s self; makes no evolutionary sense unless the individual is related to you (inclusive fitness)

Question 21

SC Cooperation

Answer 21

best among egalitarian bonobos, limited in others; limited by willingness or cognitive understanding

Question 22

SC Fairness

Answer 22

monkeys reject anything less than the best reward

Question 23

SC Helping

Answer 23

true altruistic helping doesn’t make evolutionary sense; some examples of helping with reaching in chimps

Question 24

SC Social Learning

Answer 24

many animals learn socially; only apes learn my imitation, like human culture

Question 25

SC Teaching

Answer 25

uniquely human?; meerkats, chimpanzees

Question 26

Four Essential Features of Human Language

Answer 26

1) Symbolic - words stand for things 2) Abstract - words do not have features of the things they represent 3) Syntax - words are organized into categories, and uttered according to rules 4) Generative - totally novel combinations of words are created and understood (recursion is an algorithm of this)

Question 27

Metacog Model: Direct Access Theory

Answer 27

feelings of knowing are introspective; come directly from an awareness of memory

Question 28

Metacog Model: Cue Utilization Theory

Answer 28

feelings of knowing come from external cues like ease of processing, not from access to or awareness of memories

Question 29

High Fluency vs. Low Fluency Training Pictures

Answer 29

high fluency is dark and visible, low fluency is light and not as visible (**no difference in reaction time between high and low frequency cues)