Exam 2 Continued Flashcards
Dragonfly larvae
turn 180 degrees after disappearance of prey, increases likelihood of encountering it once it has gone out of view (shows knowledge of object permanence)
Visible displacement
experimenter places object behind one of three screens, dog searches behind screen where object was put
Invisible displacement
experimenter hides object in hand and goes behind each screen, dog searches incorrect screen (only primates pass)
Object permanence graph*
For human children (but not dogs) a negative finding in one location increases their certainty for finding it in the next location. Children get faster, dogs get slower
Gravity picture of ball drop experiment*
Most animals search the gravity option, they expected the ball to fall straight down.
Statics
balancing boxes is statics, most chimpanzees will randomly stack boxes until they happen to balance, do not understand statics
Ropes bananas pictures*
Chimpanzees expect that contact is necessary to move an object, yet do not know what type of contact is needed (the knot). This is kinetics
Concept of Support pictures*
cloths with balls on them, chimpanzees do not discriminate
Time and space
abstract concepts, must be calculated
Circadian rhythms
light - dark cycle
Hamster in a wheel pic/graph*
Shows that hamsters are active for 12 hrs on/12 hrs off cycles, even in absence of light. They adhere to a zeitgeber. When in darkness, activity period drifts, but returns to normal when light is restored
Zeitgeber
landmarks in time (ie sunrise/sunset)
Bird chart time of day*
results of experiment where birds were fed in different rooms at different times of day. Birds chose what room to enter based on time of day
Oil birds
live deep in caves with no light, evidence of circadian rhythms
Interval timing graph*
large peak around the 40 second interval where rats would press a lever to receive food. Rats can keep track of short intervals (humans and rats have similar internal clocks)
Sahara desert ant
measures the angle of the sun while out of its nest in order to guide itself back
Ephemeris function graph*
a table that gives the degrees to add to the sun’s position to arrive at north (animals need to know this to navigate)
Sun compass and bees pics*
Bees use the time of day to adjust the angle they travel relative to the sun
Beacon chart*
wasps and many other animals use beacons such as visual, odor, or other sensory cues to find their way home
Geometry test graphs*
rats used a geometric landmark (the red wall) to disambiguate the geometry of a space to search for food in the correct corners
Odometer picture w/stripes* (optic flow)
optic flow in bees - trained to find food at a certain distance in a striped tunnel. When stripes were thicker bees overshot, when thinner they undershot. Ants use number of steps taken (long/short legs graph?)
Number in foraging graph*
estimated ration of number of food items to number of foragers (1:1 top, 2:1 middle, 5:1 bottom)
Lion number in social decisions graph*
researchers have set up hidden speakers in the African Savannah to test natural (untrained) behavior in lions (McComb, Packer & Pusey 1994). These speakers can play a number of lion calls, from 1 to 5. If a single lioness hears, for example, three calls from unknown lions, she will leave, while if she is with four of her sisters, they will go and explore. This suggests that not only can lions tell when they are “outnumbered” but that they can do this on the basis of signals from different sensory modalities, suggesting that numerosity is a multisensory concept.
basic arithmetic in monkeys graph*
monkeys do not do precise arithmetic, they estimate the outcomes instead. Graph shows ‘ratio effect’: Monkeys can only discriminate numerical values that differ by a big enough ratio. (.5 ratio better than .75 ratio)
Concepts PhD talk conclusion
Monkeys and humans share conceptual structure, despite the human ability of language.
Main points:
1) Monkeys and humans have categories of ‘animals’ that show similar decision-making patterns (monkeys’ responses are correlated with semantic similarity in humans).
2) Monkeys’ category ‘animals’ is not explained by simple visual similarity
Concepts talk graph *
shows that monkeys and humans show comparable semantic distance effects and have similar conceptual organization (monkeys’ responses are correlated with semantic similarity in humans)
perceptual category
based on common sensory features (shape, color, material, visual features, geometry)
amodal categories
independent of any single sensory modality
functional categories
based on a common use or purpose
relational categories
based on relations between things
discriminization
single out some object or feature for special treatment (important for categorization or concept formation)
generalization
treating similar objects or features similarly (important for categorization or concept formation)
discrimination and generalization toward bees*
animals discriminate bees for special treatment (avoidance), but generalize their response to bees and other similar-looking bugs
Discrimination and Generalization Graphs*
top of the hill in each graph is the target, animals are responding less and less as the stimuli gets farther and farther away from the target. Also changed from discriminating both dimensions to just one
Categorization in pigeons
pigeons can categorize trees, fish, monet, picasso, etc.
equivalence class
alarm calls and the predator vocalizations are functionally equivalent
Memory after a delay chart*
excellent memory up to a four hour delay, then drops off rapidly
Non-declarative memory
implicit, long-term memory
Examples:
Food handling
Paths and routes
Semantic memory
know/facts, long-term memory
Ex: Monkeys know that a particular alarm call represents a certain predator.
episodic memory
remember/vivid episodes, long-term memory
“episodic memory requires conscious awareness” Tulving
Short-term memory chart *
accuracy after delay (people-> 0 sec delay: accuracy high. 100 sec delay, accuracy down) primacy up recency down.
Primacy only: long delays
Primacy and Recency: medium delays
Recency only: short delays
Serial order effects
over time the primacy goes up and the recency goes down
Primacy
first stimulus shown
Recency
most recent stimulus shown
Retention Duration
Human > Monkey > Pigeon
Tulving
animals only have semantic, not episodic, memory
Rats and bars episodic memory*
Rats preferentially investigate the object that is in a
new location for that context.
