Exam 2 Continued

Question 1

Dragonfly larvae

Answer 1

turn 180 degrees after disappearance of prey, increases likelihood of encountering it once it has gone out of view (shows knowledge of object permanence)

Question 2

Visible displacement

Answer 2

experimenter places object behind one of three screens, dog searches behind screen where object was put

Question 3

Invisible displacement

Answer 3

experimenter hides object in hand and goes behind each screen, dog searches incorrect screen (only primates pass)

Question 4

Object permanence graph*

Answer 4

For human children (but not dogs) a negative finding in one location increases their certainty for finding it in the next location. Children get faster, dogs get slower

Question 5

Gravity picture of ball drop experiment*

Answer 5

Most animals search the gravity option, they expected the ball to fall straight down.

Question 6

Statics

Answer 6

balancing boxes is statics, most chimpanzees will randomly stack boxes until they happen to balance, do not understand statics

Question 7

Ropes bananas pictures*

Answer 7

Chimpanzees expect that contact is necessary to move an object, yet do not know what type of contact is needed (the knot). This is kinetics

Question 8

Concept of Support pictures*

Answer 8

cloths with balls on them, chimpanzees do not discriminate

Question 9

Time and space

Answer 9

abstract concepts, must be calculated

Question 10

Circadian rhythms

Answer 10

light - dark cycle

Question 11

Hamster in a wheel pic/graph*

Answer 11

Shows that hamsters are active for 12 hrs on/12 hrs off cycles, even in absence of light. They adhere to a zeitgeber. When in darkness, activity period drifts, but returns to normal when light is restored

Question 12

Zeitgeber

Answer 12

landmarks in time (ie sunrise/sunset)

Question 13

Bird chart time of day*

Answer 13

results of experiment where birds were fed in different rooms at different times of day. Birds chose what room to enter based on time of day

Question 14

Oil birds

Answer 14

live deep in caves with no light, evidence of circadian rhythms

Question 15

Interval timing graph*

Answer 15

large peak around the 40 second interval where rats would press a lever to receive food. Rats can keep track of short intervals (humans and rats have similar internal clocks)

Question 16

Sahara desert ant

Answer 16

measures the angle of the sun while out of its nest in order to guide itself back

Question 17

Ephemeris function graph*

Answer 17

a table that gives the degrees to add to the sun’s position to arrive at north (animals need to know this to navigate)

Question 18

Sun compass and bees pics*

Answer 18

Bees use the time of day to adjust the angle they travel relative to the sun

Question 19

Beacon chart*

Answer 19

wasps and many other animals use beacons such as visual, odor, or other sensory cues to find their way home

Question 20

Geometry test graphs*

Answer 20

rats used a geometric landmark (the red wall) to disambiguate the geometry of a space to search for food in the correct corners

Question 21

Odometer picture w/stripes* (optic flow)

Answer 21

optic flow in bees - trained to find food at a certain distance in a striped tunnel. When stripes were thicker bees overshot, when thinner they undershot. Ants use number of steps taken (long/short legs graph?)

Question 22

Number in foraging graph*

Answer 22

estimated ration of number of food items to number of foragers (1:1 top, 2:1 middle, 5:1 bottom)

Question 23

Lion number in social decisions graph*

Answer 23

researchers have set up hidden speakers in the African Savannah to test natural (untrained) behavior in lions (McComb, Packer & Pusey 1994). These speakers can play a number of lion calls, from 1 to 5. If a single lioness hears, for example, three calls from unknown lions, she will leave, while if she is with four of her sisters, they will go and explore. This suggests that not only can lions tell when they are “outnumbered” but that they can do this on the basis of signals from different sensory modalities, suggesting that numerosity is a multisensory concept.

Question 24

basic arithmetic in monkeys graph*

Answer 24

monkeys do not do precise arithmetic, they estimate the outcomes instead. Graph shows ‘ratio effect’: Monkeys can only discriminate numerical values that differ by a big enough ratio. (.5 ratio better than .75 ratio)

Question 25

Concepts PhD talk conclusion

Answer 25

Monkeys and humans share conceptual structure, despite the human ability of language.
Main points:
1) Monkeys and humans have categories of ‘animals’ that show similar decision-making patterns (monkeys’ responses are correlated with semantic similarity in humans).
2) Monkeys’ category ‘animals’ is not explained by simple visual similarity

Question 26

Concepts talk graph *

Answer 26

shows that monkeys and humans show comparable semantic distance effects and have similar conceptual organization (monkeys’ responses are correlated with semantic similarity in humans)

Question 27

perceptual category

Answer 27

based on common sensory features (shape, color, material, visual features, geometry)

Question 28

amodal categories

Answer 28

independent of any single sensory modality

Question 29

functional categories

Answer 29

based on a common use or purpose

Question 30

relational categories

Answer 30

based on relations between things

Question 31

discriminization

Answer 31

single out some object or feature for special treatment (important for categorization or concept formation)

Question 32

generalization

Answer 32

treating similar objects or features similarly (important for categorization or concept formation)

Question 33

discrimination and generalization toward bees*

Answer 33

animals discriminate bees for special treatment (avoidance), but generalize their response to bees and other similar-looking bugs

Question 34

Discrimination and Generalization Graphs*

Answer 34

top of the hill in each graph is the target, animals are responding less and less as the stimuli gets farther and farther away from the target. Also changed from discriminating both dimensions to just one

Question 35

Categorization in pigeons

Answer 35

pigeons can categorize trees, fish, monet, picasso, etc.

Question 36

equivalence class

Answer 36

alarm calls and the predator vocalizations are functionally equivalent

Question 37

Memory after a delay chart*

Answer 37

excellent memory up to a four hour delay, then drops off rapidly

Question 38

Non-declarative memory

Answer 38

implicit, long-term memory
Examples:
Food handling
Paths and routes

Question 39

Semantic memory

Answer 39

know/facts, long-term memory

Ex: Monkeys know that a particular alarm call represents a certain predator.

Question 40

episodic memory

Answer 40

remember/vivid episodes, long-term memory

“episodic memory requires conscious awareness” Tulving

Question 41

Short-term memory chart *

Answer 41

accuracy after delay (people-> 0 sec delay: accuracy high. 100 sec delay, accuracy down) primacy up recency down.
Primacy only: long delays
Primacy and Recency: medium delays
Recency only: short delays

Question 42

Serial order effects

Answer 42

over time the primacy goes up and the recency goes down

Question 43

Primacy

Answer 43

first stimulus shown

Question 44

Recency

Answer 44

most recent stimulus shown

Question 45

Retention Duration

Answer 45

Human > Monkey > Pigeon

Question 46

Tulving

Answer 46

animals only have semantic, not episodic, memory

Question 47

Rats and bars episodic memory*

Answer 47

Rats preferentially investigate the object that is in a

new location for that context.