Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geography > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

How do we date geologically (relative versus absolute)?

A

Relative and absolute dating techniques

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

assumes the same physical processes that are occurring today have operated throughout geologic time

A

uniformitarianism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is superposition?

A

younger rocks are superimposed on top of older rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are cross-cutting relationships?

A

Geologic features such as faults that cut across rock must be younger than the rock cut through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the structure of Earth?

A

Core,Mantle, Moho, Crust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

inorganic, natural compound with a specific chemical formula and possessing a crystalline structure

A

Mineral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the types of minerals?

A

Silicates
Oxides
Sulfides & Sulfates
Carbonates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the most prevalent in our crust?

A

Oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

an idealized cycle of processes undergone by rocks in the earth’s crust, involving igneous intrusion, uplift, erosion, transportation, deposition as sedimentary rock, metamorphism, remelting, and further igneous intrusion.

A

rock cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What’s the difference between igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks? What are some examples?

F

A

The way they are formed.
Igneous is formed by from the cooling of liquid hot magma.
EX. Granite
Metamorphic is formed by a physical and chemical changes brought on by increased pressure and heat
EX. Marble
Sedimentary is formed by loose clasts (grains or fragments) are cemented together
EX. Sandstone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

is the theory that Earth’s outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core.

A

Plate tectonics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the different plate boundaries and how do they move in relation to each other?

A

Divergent, Convergent, and transform plate boundaries.
Divergent- two plates moving away
Convergent- two plates move towards
Transform- two plates sliding past each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is stress?

A

force over a given area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is strain and what happens when Earth is strained (i.e., folds and faults)?

A

how rocks respond to stress
Folding (bending)
Faulting (breaking)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the three types of faults?

A

Normal
Reverse
Strike-Slip (Left and Right Lateral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sudden movements along plate boundaries, releasing enormous amounts of energy.

A

Earthquake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What type of activity occurs at a volcano?

A

Effusive eruptions and Explosive eruptions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does viscosity and gas build up change the type of volcano?

A

It changes the type of volcanic landforms

Viscosity effects if the volcano will actually have flowing lava or not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the difference between a composite and shield volcano?

A

Shield Volcanoes are generally not very high and the magma they produce is quite runny.

A Composite Volcano is the cone shaped volcano. When they erupt, they produce lots of ash and quite little magma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

any process that wears down or rearranges landforms

A

denudation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are examples of Physical and Chemical weathering

A

Example of Physical: Frost wedging, root wedging, Salt wedging, Thermal Expansion, animal attack and wind

example of chemical: Dissolution, Hydrolysis, Oxidation, hydration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is karst topography and what are some of the features?

A

Limestone areas chemically weathered by moisture

Caves, Caverns and sinkholes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does karst topography form?

A

Limestone dominated by calcium carbonate (>80%)
Existing jointing (water can move through)
Aerated portions underground
Groundwater and vegetation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is mass movement? What are the classes? How are they different (speed and water content)

A

Any unit movement of a body of material under gravity

Fall (rockfall)
Slide (landslide, slump)
Flow (earthflow/mudflow)
Creep (soil creep)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the fluvial processes (function)?

A

Drainage
Erosion
Transportation
Deposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

an area of land where runoff collects and moves through the same area

A

Drainage Basin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the different types of materials carried by streamflow?

A

sediments and rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the different types of streams and what are some of the characteristic features?

A

Braided – several interconnecting channels

Meandering – a single winding channel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are floods and how do we rate them?

A

when high water levels overflows the natural banks and levees of a river

Floods are rated statistically by their probability of reoccurrence

30
Q

How does wind affect our Earth?

A

Deflationand Abrasion

31
Q

What are the three climate controls?

A 
Subtropical highs (15-35oN&S) 
Rain shadows of mountains 
Continentality
32
Q

What are the desert fluvial landforms?

A 
Flash flood
Wash
Playa 
Exotic streams 
Alluvial Fan 
Bajada
33
Q

What is desertification? What are the problems associated with this?

A

Expansion of deserts

Problems include dust storms, loss of water resources, spread of diseases

34
Q

What are the deserts of North America?

A

Chihuahuan
Sonoran
Great Basin
Mojave

35
Q

an accumulation of snow and ice, that last all year long, that is thick enough to flow downhill under its own weight (gravity).

A

• A glacier

36
Q

What are the 2 types of glaciers and what are examples?

A

mountain: piedmont glacier
Continental: Iceland

37
Q

How do glaciers move?

A

Basal sliding

Plastic deformation

38
Q

What’s the difference between the zone of accumulation and zone of ablation?

A

accumulation: area of net snow addition.

zone of ablation: area of net ice loss.

39
Q

What is occurring in these zones during a time of glacial advancement, or glacial retreat?

A

If accumulation = ablation, the glacial toe stays in the same place.
If accumulation > ablation, the glacial toe advances.
If accumulation If accumulation

40
Q

How do glaciers modify the landscape (erosional and depositional landforms)?

A

Erosion
Transport
Deposition

41
Q

What causes the ice ages?

A
  • Plate tectonics
  • Distribution of continents toward high latitudes
  • Oceanic currents
42
Q

What is the Core?

A

Inner – Solid iron Outer – molten iron; magnetic field generated

43
Q

What is the mantle?

A

Lower – rigid (solid); silicates rich in iron and magnesium Upper – more silicates

44
Q

What is Moho?

A

Moho:Separates crust from upper mantle

45
Q

What is the crust?

A

Oceanic (more dense) Continental (less dense)

46
Q

Rigid rock comprising the crust (oceanic and continental) as well as the underlying rock

A

Lithosphere

47
Q

Plastic or mushy upper part of the mantle
Convective movements in
this layer drive movements of the crustal plate

A

Asthenosphere

48
Q

Amount of energy released in an earthquake

A

Magnitude

49
Q

spot along fault where quake originates

A

Focus

50
Q

point on surface directly above the focus

A

Epicenter

51
Q

is based on amplitude of seismic waves, which is related to energy released.

A

Richter’s scale

52
Q

How do glaciers form?

A

Snowfall accumulates and survives the following summer.

Snow is transformed into ice.

53
Q

is establish a sequence of events without knowing exactly how long ago they occurred.

A

Relative

54
Q

establish when an event took place in the past.

A

Absolute

55
Q

Why is the hot inner core solid?

A

Increased temperature with higher pressure

56
Q

Continental Crust is _____dense.

Oceanic Crust is _______ dense.

A

Less

more

57
Q

vertical elevation difference in the landscape

A

Relief

58
Q

the undulating form of the Earth’s surface, including its relief (topographic maps)

A

Topography

59
Q

What are the three types of stress?

A

Tension (stretching)
Compression (shortening)
Shear (twisting and tearing)

60
Q

is the breaking of rock without any chemical alterations

A

Physical weathering

61
Q

is the decomposition of minerals that make up rocks by chemical processes

A

Chemical weathering

62
Q

What are the process of denudation?

A 
Weathering 
Mass Movement 
Erosion 
Transportation 
Deposition
63
Q

what are the typical drainage patterns?

A

Dendritic:Branching or tree-like
Trellis: Trunk stream flows through resistant rocks, tributaries flow between ridges

64
Q

deposition of sediments

*slower velocity (decreasing capacity and competency)

A

Aggradation

65
Q

the removal of sediments and rock *faster velocity (increasing capacity and competency)

A

Degradation

66
Q

lifting and removal of individual loose particles

A

Deflation

67
Q

grinding of rock surfaces with a “sandblasting” action

A

Abrasion

68
Q

What contributes to destertification?

A

Poor agricultural practices (e.g., overgrazing,
and other soil structure and fertility abuse) Improper soil-moisture management
Erosion and salinization
Deforestation
Ongoing climate change
Population increase
Lack of regulations and policy

69
Q

a long-lived block of durable continental crust commonly found in the stable interior of a continent (“nucleus” on which continent “grows”)

A

Craton

70
Q

Work of wind

A

Eolian

Geography (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions