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Geography > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does geography mean?

A

From geo “earth” and graphic “to write”

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2
Q

What is spatial analysis?

A

The examination of spatial interactions, patterns, and variations over are and or/space.

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3
Q

What is systems theory?

A

Order, interrelated set of things and their attributes (flows of energy and matter)

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4
Q

What is a closed system?

A

Shut off from the surrounding environment

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5
Q

What is an open system?

A

Receive inputs and outputs from without

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6
Q

What is system feedback?

A

Outputs the influence operation;outputs function as information that returns to various points in the system via called feedback loops

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7
Q

What is system equilibrium?

A

Energy and material in a system that remains balanced over time

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8
Q

What is latitude?

A

Parallel lines, up and down on a globe

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9
Q

What is longitude?

A

Horizontal lines that go side to side

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10
Q

What is a map?

A

A generalized view of an area, as seen from above and reduced in size.

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11
Q

What is remote sensing?

A

Collection of information about an object from a distance through registering electromagnetic energy

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12
Q

What is GIS?

A

Geographical information system and they combine spatial and attribute data

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13
Q

What are inner planets?

A

Formed mostly of rock and metal(solid at high T)

Mercury, Venus,Earth, Mars

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14
Q

What are outer planets?

A

Are built of ice over rocky cores, massive and cool enough to hold thick layers of gas
Jupiter,Saturn,Uranus, and Neptune

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15
Q

What are the 3 things that define a planet?

A

Orbits sun
Spherical
Clears material and orbit

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16
Q

What is perihelion?

A

Earth’s closest position to sun

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17
Q

What is Aphelion?

A

Earth’s farthest position to sun

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18
Q

What is the plane of earth’s orbit?

A

Plane of eliptic

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19
Q

What is a cause sunspots?

A

Magnetic storms

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20
Q

What happens during a sunspot?

A

Explosions(solar flares)

Outbursts of gases

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21
Q

What is solar wind?

A

Clouds of electrically charged particles

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22
Q

Describe the earth’s magnetosphere

A

2 magnetic metals move past one another
Create magnetic field
Flow of the outer core around inner core creates this field
This protects us from radiation poisoning

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23
Q

What is insolation?

A

Incident solar radiation

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24
Q

What is the electromagnetic spectrums?

A

The spectrum which lets us view light but also has many other invisible energy Rays

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25
What is seasonality?
Refers to seasonal variations of the sun's position above the horizon and changing day lengths during the year
26
What's the reason for seasonal changes?
Is the Suns altitude, where the sun is facing on the planet, the angle the sun is at
27
5 reasons for seasons
``` Revolution Rotation Tilt of Earth's Axis Axial parallelism Sphericity ```
28
What is revolution?
Earth revolves around the sun
29
What is rotation?
Earth rotates on axis once every 24 hours (day)
30
What is air?
Blended gases, odorless,colorless,tasteless,formless
31
What is the atmosphere made of?
Two regions which are Heterosphere and Homosphere
32
What makes up 90% of atmosphere's mass?
Troposphere
33
What did the clean air act do?
The U.S. federal law regulating air emissions from stationary and mobile sources We saw a significant reductions in air pollution and higher quality of life
34
What is energy balance?
It's a budget, input and output
35
What is energy?
Capacity to do work, or move matter
36
_______ is the measure of the average kinetic energy, or vibrational energy, of individual molecules.
Temperature
37
What is heat?
Is the flow of kinetic energy between molecules from one body to another
38
Heat flows from _____ temperature to _______ temperature?
High,low
39
What is radiation?
Electromagnetic waves
40
What is conduction?
Molecule to molecule diffusion (e.g., temp differences between dark and light)
41
Mixing and circulation (e.g.,air mass movements)
Convection
42
What is advection?
Directional movements(e.g., horizontal winds)
43
Molecule to molecule transfer of heat as it diffused through a substance is known as what?
Conduction
44
In energy pathways what is transmission?
Passage of energy through the atmosphere and water
45
In energy pathways what is scattering
Changing direction of radiation waves without altering wavelengths
46
In energy pathways what is refraction?
Change in speed and direction of radiation
47
Why is the sky blue (what principle)?
Rayleigh scattering
48
A measure of the surface's reflective quality(or intrinsic brightness) is known as what?
Albedo
49
What is the greenhouse effect?
The atmosphere acts a bit different, long wave radiation is not trapped like an actual greenhouse, atmosphere delays transfer of heat from Earth into space
50
What are clouds useful for?
Either cooling or heating
51
What is boundary layer?
Exchange of energy between lower atmosphere & surface
52
Small-scale climate conditions due to radiation, heat, and moisture exchanges in the boundary layer at or near Earth's surface
Microclimate
53
________ microclimates are different than ________.
Urban;nonurban
54
What is net radiation?
Energy budget should balance over time, this occurs through no radiative processes
55
A form of energy that flows between two systems or objects
Heat
56
What is temperature?
A measure of the average kinetic energy (motion) of individual molecules of matter
57
What are the three types of scales?
Fahrenheit Celsius kelvin
58
________ decreases w/ increasing _________
Temperature; altitude
59
List some of the physical differences between land and water:
``` Evaporation Transparency Specific heat Movement Ocean currents Sea-surface Temperatures ```
60
Line of consistent value
Isotherm
61
What 2 things are caused by wind chills?
Frostbite: body tissue that froze | hypothermia: your body temperature drops to low
62
What are heat cramps?
Painful, involuntary muscle spams, typically in your calves, arms, abdomen and back
63
What is heat exhaustion?
Weak and rapid pulse Low blood pressure Cool-moist skin w/ goose bumps Faint/dizzy and nausea
64
What is heat stoke?
Body temperature of 104 F
65
What are 3 things included in the Heat Index Table
Heat cramps, Heat exhaustion, and Heat stroke
66
Atmospheric circulation is driven by the imbalance between:
Heavy insolation at the equatorial = energy surplus | Light insolation at the poles = energy deficit
67
What is Air Pressure?
Pressure (or force/area) created by air molecules
68
2 things used to measure air pressure are:
Mercury barometer; Aneroid barometer
69
What is the horizontal movement of air?
Wind
70
2 things that are used to measure wind
Anemometer | Wind vane
71
Driving forces within the atmosphere
``` Gravitational force Pressure gradient force Coriolis force Frictional force Summary of physical forces ```
72
What are trade winds?
Calm winds, mildly variable due to weak pressure gradient and upward (vertical) movement (doldrums)
73
What are 3 types of local winds?
Land-sea breezes Mountain-valley breeze Katabatic winds
74
Circular flows of water in the ocean basins, tied to high pressure systems
Gyres
75
Strong east-west currents
Equatorial
76
Piling-up of water on the eastern coasts of continents
Western intensification
77
Where currents sweep away water
Upwelling
78
Where currents pile-up water
Down welling
79
Deep currents driven by differences in temp and salinity
Thermohaline circulation
80
What is El Niño?
Happens every 2-12 years Affects global temperatures Can occur as early as spring and last all year long Higher pressures over the western Pacific
81
What does arid mean?
Refers to the amount of water available

Geography (4 decks)

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