Exam 3

Question 1

What is the general equation for cellular respiration?

Answer 1

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂→ 6CO₂+ 6H₂O

Question 2

What are the four stages of cellular respiration?

Answer 2

1. Glycolysis
2. Break down of Pyruvate
3. Citric Acid Cycle
4. Oxidative Phosphorlylation

Question 3

True/False

Energy Investment is when ATP is used to make a chemical reaction happen

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What stage of cellular respiration does not produce ATP?

Answer 4

Break down of Pyruvate

Question 5

Why does cellular respiration not stop at glycolysis?

Answer 5

It doesn’t produce enough ATP

Question 6

Describe how the electron transport chain produces an H⁺ electrochemical gradient

Answer 6

NADH and FADH₂ pump their ions into the innermembranse space to make the H⁺ gradient

Question 7

How does ATP synthase use H⁺ electrochemical gradient to make ATP?

Answer 7

ATP sunthase uses the H⁺ gradient to pump the ions back and phosphorylate ADP to make ATP.

Question 8

What is the chemical equaiton for photosynthesis?

Answer 8

Light + CO₂ + H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂

Question 9

Which step of cellular respiration happens in the cytosol, rather than the mitochonrial matrix?

Answer 9

Glycolysis only

Question 10

Where does photosynthesis occur?

Answer 10

In the cholorplasts

Question 11

Gamma rays are associated with the violet side of the color spectrum and frequency waves.

Answer 11

High

Question 12

Do NADH and NADPH have the same function?

Answer 12

Yes

Question 13

What two phases is photosynthesis broken down into?

Answer 13

Light Dependant and Light Independant

Light and Dark reactions

Question 14

What are three ways cells can signal to eachother?

Answer 14

Autocrine, Paracrine, Endocrine

Question 15

What are the three stages of cell signaling?

Answer 15

Receptor activation

Signal Transduction

Cellular Response

Question 16

What happens during receptor activation?

Answer 16

Ligand binds to receptor, this causes conformational change… once released the receptor is no longer activated

Question 17

What is Phosphorylation?

Answer 17

Adding a Phosphate

Question 18

What are three types of cell receptors?

Answer 18

Enzyme linked

G-Protien

Ligand gated ion channels

Question 19

Signal Transduction

Answer 19

Series of reactions that lead to a cellular response

Question 20

What are the advantages of cAMP?

Answer 20

Signal amplification, speed

Question 21

Hornmonal Signaling

Answer 21

Chemical Messenger produced in one cell or gland that has an effect on distant targe cells

Question 22

Apoptosis

Answer 22

Programmed cell death

Question 23

What four criteria must genetic material have?

Answer 23

Information

Replicaiton

Transmission

Variation

Question 24

What are the 5 levels of DNA structure?

Answer 24

Nucleotides (building blocks)

Form and Strand

Forms double helix

Chromosomes

Genome

Question 25

What are the 4 features of the DNA structure?

Answer 25

Conventional numbering system

Sugar Carbons 1^’-5^’

Base attatched to 1^’

Phosphate attatched to 5^’

Question 26

Fermentation occurs when is not available.

Answer 26

O₂

Question 27

In fermentaion, following glycolysis, animal cells convert pyruvate to OR other organisms convert pyruvate to and .

Answer 27

lactate, alcohl and CO₂

Question 28

regenerates NAD⁺ which keeps glycolysis going.

Answer 28

Fermentaion

Question 29

Which enzyme is used to unwinde DNA strands?