Exam 3 Flashcards
John Quincy Adams becomes president in contested election
1824
Andrew Jackson (Democratic-Republican) elected to first of his two terms as president
1828
Tariff of Abominations
1828
Anti-Masons convene first ever national political convention
1831
Bank War begins
1832
Second Party System emerges
1834
Between 100,000 and 300,000 people belong to labor unions
Mid 1830s
Texas becomes independent from Mexico
1836
Martin Van Buren (Democrat) elected president
1836
William Henry Harrison (Whig) elected president
1840
Newly formed Liberty Party enters the presidential race
1840
Harrison dies after just one month in office, John Tyler becomes president
April 4, 1841
U.S. slaves seize the Creole, a ship transporting slaves from Virginia to New Orleans
1841
Democrat James K. Polk elected president
1844
Martin Van Buren (1782–1862)
Eighth president of the United States (1837–1841). A powerful Democrat from New York, he served in the U.S. Senate (1821–1828), as secretary of state (1829–1831), and as vice president (1833–1837) under Andrew Jackson before being elected president in 1836. He unsuccessfully sought reelection in 1840 and 1848.
election of 1840
Whig innovations in campaign slogans, large rallies, and efforts to involve women supporters in this election marked a new style of political campaigning. The election, between Democrat Martin Van Buren and the Whig party’s William Henry Harrison, was won by Harrison.
Era of Good Feelings
Period in U.S. history (1817–1823) when, the Federalist party having declined, there was little open party feeling.
Henry Clay (1777–1852)
American statesman and a founder of the Whig party. He pushed the Missouri Compromise through the U.S. House of Representatives (1820) in an effort to reconcile free and slave states and served as secretary of state under John Quincy Adams (1825–1829).
John C. Calhoun (1782–1850)
Vice president of the United States (1825–1832) under John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. In his political philosophy he maintained that the states had the right to nullify federal legislation that they deemed unconstitutional.
spoils system
Initiated by President Andrew Jackson, civil service system by which the victorious political party rewarded its supporters with government jobs.
Creole
Slaving ship sailing from Virginia to New Orleans in 1841 when it was seized by captives and sailed to the Bahamas, a British colony. Britain, which had recently emancipated its own slaves, gave sanctuary to the slaves.
nullification (1828–1833)
Argument between leaders in South Carolina and in Washington, D.C., especially President Andrew Jackson, over the relationship between federal and state power. Theorists of nullification, especially John C. Calhoun, argued that a state had the authority to “nullify” a federal law within its own boundaries. The precipitating issue was a tariff, but the debate—eventually settled by compromise over the tariff and a threat of force by the federal government over the issue of authority—was seen as a trial case for slavery.
Ancient Order of Masons
Associated with freemasonry - the practice of belonging to a secretive fraternal organization with deep roots in European guilds comprised of skilled laborers - members pledged brotherly love and charity. Known for their secrecy and use of mysterious symbols, Masons in the United States included many prominent political figures who used the organization for political and economic gain.
Bank of the United States (1816–1836)
New national bank created to stabilize the economy and distribute scarce money across the country. President Jackson believed the bank had too much power, and he vetoed the rechartering of the bank in 1836.
Bank War (1832–1834)
Attacks by President Andrew Jackson on the Second Bank of the United States. By vetoing the renewal of the bank’s charter and removing federal funds to state banks, he effectively destroyed the central bank.
Liberty Party
U.S. political party formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; it merged with the Free-Soil party in 1848.
Stephen Austin (1793–1836)
Virginian who led efforts to settle U.S. citizens in Texas, negotiated with the Mexican and U.S. governments, commanded Texas forces in the early period of the Texas Revolution, and served as secretary of state for the Republic of Texas.
Antonio López de Santa Anna (1794–1876)
Mexican general and politician. Leader of Mexico at the time of the battle at the Alamo. Taken prisoner at San Jacinto, he signed the Treaties of Velasco, which granted Texas its independence and recognized the Rio Grande as the boundary.
The Second Party System
Following the brief Era of Good Feelings, party lines became more sharply drawn based on competing visions of the nation’s future, including national bank, tariffs, immigration, westward expansion, slavery, and other regional concerns.
From 1824 to 1828, the number of voters in the presidential election nearly doubled. why is this?
- Largely due to state legislatures lowering the property requirements for voting, which greatly increased the number of people who could participate in the democratic process
- A new political coalition, the Democratic-Republicans (later the Democrats), emerged and mobilized voters using new campaign strategies such as bonfires, speeches, parades and political songs, forever changing the nature of campaigning in America.
- Andrew Jackson, the Democratic-Republican candidate, won the presidency in 1828 and 1832.
The Democrats’ chief opposition came from the new American Whig Party, which also employed rallies and campaign slogans to lure the widening pool of voters.
Whig William Henry Harrison was elected in 1840, but died a month later.
Vice President John Tyler took over, garnering the nickname “His Accidency” because he did not conform to the dominant Whig party line.
Democrats reclaimed the presidency in 1844 with the election of who?
James K. Polk.
One of the biggest differences between the two major political parties in the antebellum era was their differing views on the roles of the federal and state governments.
Whigs wanted to strengthen the federal government.
They believed the government should promote the growth of business with roads, canals, a strong navy, and a national bank—all components of the American System proposed by Henry Clay.
They also sought to protect U.S. manufacturing from foreign competition using tariffs.
They supported social reform movements and advocated for public education.
Democrats were distrustful of giving too much power to the federal government, tending to advocate for states’ rights, or the belief that the bulk of power should rest with states.
They labeled themselves as being for the “common man” rather than the elites.
They opposed a national bank and paper currency.
They embraced unfettered westward expansion and cheap land for would-be settlers, while Whigs wanted to see the West developed in a controlled manner by the federal government.
Political parties divided sharply along the prevailing issues of the day, and on some issues, such as tariffs, these political divisions extended to regional divisions.
The South rejected the 1828 “tariff of abominations,” passed by Martin Van Buren and other Democrats because Southerners believed it favored Northern economic interests.
Immigrant groups and workers allied with Democrats, who seemed more sympathetic to their concerns.
The fight to recharter the Bank of the United States was especially divisive:
Democrats were suspicious of the bank’s power and Jackson successfully killed it off by refusing to recharter it.
Whigs saw the bank as crucial to the nation’s economy and growth and were more concerned with Jackson’s use (or abuse, as they saw it) of presidential power.
what year did the Louisiana Purchase occur doubling the size of the United States?
1803
when did Lewis and Clark go on their expedition?
1804
when was the Indian Removal Act passed?
1830
when were Cherokee forcibly removed and marched from their homeland in the Trail of Tears?
1836
when did Texas declares its independence from Mexico?
1836
U.S. faces severe economic depression, known as the Panic of 1837
1837
James K. Polk elected president with goal of annexing Mexican territory, Oregon, and Texas
1844
U.S. annexes Texas
1845
The concept of manifest destiny is formally introduced
1845
Mormons leave Nauvoo, Illinois and arrive in Great Salt Lake, Utah in 1847
1846
U.S. war with Mexico begins
1846
Gold is discovered in California causing a gold rush to the West
1848
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo ends war between the U.S. and Mexico
1848
Gadsden Purchase defines the final borders of the U.S.
1853
Westward Expansion and Manifest Destiny:
The U.S. government led the push to expand the country’s borders during the first half of the nineteenth century. President Thomas Jefferson did what? :
He Engineered the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, which doubled the size of the country.
and
He Authorized the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore the West and establish relationships with Native Americans there
To encourage settlement on new lands, the government sold tracts for as little as $2 per acre and negotiated treaties to expand farther west.
The Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817 clarified the border between the United States and Canada at the forty-ninth parallel.
In the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819, the United States claimed all territories east of the Mississippi River along a northern border to Oregon and the Pacific, while Spain retained the region from Texas to California.
By the early 1840s, land-hunger was described using the concept of manifest destiny, which asserted that…
the United States was divinely inspired to expand across the continent and beyond. Indigenous peoples suffered as migrants flooded the region, putting a strain on natural resources.
Trails to the West
As Americans suffered through the severe economic depression beginning in 1837, migration to the West seemed increasingly attractive as a way for them to restart their lives. Initially, people traveled west as families, but with the discovery of gold in California in 1848, westward migration was increasingly dominated by single men from around the world seeking their fortune.
Several thousand African Americans left New England for the West.
The average miner only discovered about an ounce of gold (worth $20) per day.
The real fortunes were made by business people who supplied miners with clothes, food, and shelter, and by large companies that could afford the equipment and workers needed to fully exploit the mines.
Mormons also found the West attractive as a refuge from the often violent persecution they faced in the East. Brigham Young led Mormon followers to Utah, where they eventually settled on the Great Salt Lake.
What was one of the defining themes of the 19th-century in american history?
The westward expansion
by 1840, nearly
7 million americans-40 percent of the nation’s population-lived in the trans-appalachian west
Manifest Destiny was a term Coined in 1845 by a journalist named
John O’Sullivan.
Manifest destiny
The Idea To carry the “great experiment of liberty” to the edge of the continent: to “overspread and to possess the whole of the [land] which providence has given us”
Mexico won independence from Spain in
1821
Mexican government encouraged americans to immigrate but By the 1830’s mexico tried….
to stop the influx/flow of people into mexico
What were the two reasons Mexico wanted to stop the influx of people into their country?
two reasons they wanted to stop the influx of people…
Religion - they wanted to keep their roman catholicism.
Slavery - many southerners brought slaves with them, Mexico did not want slavery in their territories.
unitarianism
a form of liberalism, New England, Denied the trinity, denial of original sin.
Man is basically good and perfectible.
what did Revivalism believe?
they believed in the trinity, they believed man was not born a sinner and that People are perfectible.
2nd great awakening
what were two key religious impulses for american reform?
Unitarian movement and Revivalism.
Who was the father of revivalism.
Charles G Finney (1792 - 1875)
Who was the father of unitarianism.
William Ellery Channing (1780-1842)
who said this? :
Man is not born a sinner– but is a sinner by choice.
Human potential and action.
Charles G Finney (Revivalism)
(Our preaching, teaching, actions should be good to perfect humanity and human society.)
William Ellery Channing (1780-1842)
