exam 2 Flashcards
john Burgoyne
British general, defeated by superior American forces (Horatio Gates) in the Saratoga campaign of 1777, during the American Revolution.
Charles Cornwallis
he was defeated at the Battle of Yorktown. This American victory and Cornwallis’ surrender of his troops to George Washington was the final major conflict of the American Revolution.
Paul Revere
Paul Revere famous for his “midnight ride” on April 18th, 1775, he sounded the alarm that British forces were moving against American colonists.
john paul jones
Jones joined the Continental navy during the American Revolution. As commander of the heavily armed vessel Bonhomme Richard, Jones famously announced that he had “not yet begun to fight” during a clash with the British warship Serapis.
Nathanael Greene
Nathanael Greene, a general in the American Revolution. Served in the Rhode Island assembly. He fought with George Washington at the battles of Trenton, Brandywine, Germantown, and Valley Forge
Horatio Gates
made general of the Continental Army, and in 1777 he superseded General Philip Schuyler in northern New York. In two battles of Saratoga his army forced General John Burgoyne to surrender. Transferred to the south (June 1780), Gates was disastrously defeated by Lord Cornwallis at the Battle of Camden, South Carolina, on August 16.
Benjamin Franklin
wrote the Declaration of Independence.
Daniel Morgan
Daniel Morgan was a soldier, and United States Representative from Virginia. One of the most gifted battlefield tacticians of the American Revolutionary War. also signed declaration. battle of Cowpens, tricked many British soldiers to their deaths… with his tactics.
Thomas Sumter
.
Articles of confederation.
After considerable debate and alteration, the Articles of Confederation were adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777. This document served as the United States’ first constitution, and was in force from March 1, 1781, until 1789 when the present day Constitution went into effect.
navigation acts
1651 - 1696
started during protectorate period. initially to protect from dutch competition. English owned ships, 1660, laws expanded beyond who shipped to what was shipped.
enumeration lists
listed items that the colonies could sell to England or another colony: early list included tobacco, sugar, indigo.
1663 - all euro imports.
Jeffersonian response to the sedition act
Virginia and Kentucky resolutions (1798)
argue that a constitution is a contract with the several states. argued the legitimacy of interposition and nullification by states.
Strict constructionists:
Congress should be allowed to exercise very few implied powers so that government will remain small
Broad constructionists
Congress should be allowed to exercise many implied powers so that government can take a greater role in shaping events
Americans have disagreed about this since the beginning; Jefferson (strict constructionist) vs. Hamilton (broad constructionist) was first major political dispute in US history
Americans have disagreed about this since the beginning; Jefferson (strict constructionist) vs. Hamilton (broad constructionist) was first major political dispute in US history
In which document did hamilton outline his views on debt and propose the assumption of state debt?
Reports on public credit
was Thomas Jefferson a loose or strict constructionist?
a strict constructionist, he wrote the constitution and would want it to be taken for exactly what it meant.
2nd president of the united states
john Adams
who was president during the whiskey rebellion?
George Washington
which president pushed for the alien sedition acts?
John Adams
the alien and sedition acts were generated in the climate of fear with…
France
This treaty ended the War of 1812.
Treaty of Paris
In what state did a fort of Palmetto logs hold up under British bombardment in June of 1776?
South Carolina
Who said that “if no restrictions were placed on the colonies, they would flourish” ?
Robert Walpole
Who proposed the Albany Plan of Union?
Benjamin Franklin
This “Act” re-established French Catholic rule north and west of the American colonies.
Quebec Act
· The First Continental Congress met primarily to deal with what issue?
b. responds to Coercive Acts
What words best represent the “threshold” that Sam Adams said he stumbled over?
c. “We the people”
This event could be considered a “bridge” between the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution of the United States.
d. Shays’ Rebellion
Who said of the Constitution that it would establish “a moderate aristocracy.”
c. George Mason
Which of the following is true of the Proclamation of 1763?.
It was designed to keep American colonists off Indian lands and to subordinate them (colonists) to English control.
The non-importation movement in the colonies
started informally with the Stamp Act
Which of the following was not one of the British generals in the American Revolution?
Francis Marion
Which of the following was not an author of the Federalist Papers?
Thomas Jefferson
Which of the following taxed the common commodities of paper, paint, glass, and tea?
Townshend Acts
Which of the following was passed on the same day as the Stamp Act?
Declaratory Act
Who wrote “A Letter from a Farmer in Pennsylvania”?
John Dickinson
Swedish botanist Peter Kalm observed in 1751 that the American colonists were
“growing less tender” with their relationship with England.
According to the Mindtap readings, how much of the American population wished to remain under British rule (they were called Tories or loyalists)?
20%
This treaty, signed September 3, 1783, formally ended the American Revolutionary War.
Treaty of Paris
Which of the following was not accomplished by the U.S. Constitution?
Abolished slavery
American diplomat and jurist who served in the Continental Congress and helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris (1783). He was the first chief justice of the US Supreme Court (1789–1795).
John Jay
Son of a Scottish trader and a French-Creek woman. He served as a Creek leader and allied with Spain to prevent white settlement on Creek lands during the 1780s.
Alexander McGillivray
Served as the chief author of the Declaration of Independence.
Thomas Jefferson
Philosophical movement of the eighteenth century that emphasized the use of reason to scrutinize previously accepted doctrines and traditions and that brought about many humanitarian reforms.
Enlightenment
From 1804 to 1806, these two men led the Corps of Discovery from St. Louis to the Pacific coast and back. They informed Native Americans that the United States had acquired the territory from France and recorded geographic and scientific data.
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
American Revolutionary politician and financier. A signer of the Declaration of Independence, he raised money for the Continental Army, attended the Constitutional Convention (1787), and was financially ruined by land speculation.
Robert Morris
Constitutional proposal written by James Madison. It proposed a powerful central government dominated by a National Legislature of two houses (bicameral). It also favored a system of greater representation based on a state’s population.
virginia plan
At the Constitutional Convention, plan proposed by the Connecticut delegation for a bicameral Congress with a House of Representatives, with representations based on a state’s population, and the Senate, in which each state would be represented equally.
Great Compromise
The first ten amendments to the Constitution.
Bill of Rights
Constitutional amendment requiring electors to draw up distinct lists for president and vice president, thus avoiding the deadlock of 1800 in which Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied for the presidency.
12th
Introduced the concept of universal laws that governed the natural world.
Isaac Newton
- Argued the case for independence, which found wide favor with Americans.
Thomas Pain
John Burgoyne
Saratoga
Francis Marion
swamp Fox
Charles Cornwallis
yorktown
Paul Revere
Lexington and concord
John Paul Jones
American Navy
Nathaniel Greene
“we fight, we get beat, we rise and fight again.”
Horatio Gates
hero of saratoga and the “goat” of camden
Benjamin Franklin
peace of paris 1783
Daniel Morgan
cowpens
Thomas Sumter
The GameCock
The Stamp Act was repealed a year after it was enacted by parliament
true
In which document did Hamilton outline his views on debt and propose the assumption of state debts?
Reports on Public Credit
Thomas Jefferson was a
Strict Constructionist
Who was the President during the Whiskey Rebellion
a. George Washington
Which President pushed for the Alien and Sedition Acts
John Adams
The Alien and Sedition Acts were generated in the climate of fear with
France
Alexander Hamilton wanted the Federal government to assume state debts partly because
Debt creates an element of vested interest in the country’s success
Marbury v. Madison
Marbury v. Madison, case decided in 1803 by the U.S. Supreme Court. William Marbury had been commissioned justice of the peace in the District of Columbia by President John Adams in the “midnight appointments” at the very end of his administration. When new administration did not deliver the commission, Marbury sued James Madison, Jefferson’s Secretary of State. Chief Justice John Marshall said, although Marbury was entitled to the commission, the statute that was the basis of the particular remedy sought was unconstitutional because it gave the Supreme Court authority that was implicitly denied by Article 3 of the U.S. Constitution. The decision was the first by the Supreme Court to declare unconstitutional and void an act passed by Congress that the Court considered in violation of the Constitution. The decision established the doctrine of judicial review, which recognizes the authority of courts to declare statutes unconstitutional.
The XYZ Affair
The XYZ Affair was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the administration of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to an undeclared war called the Quasi-War.
1766
Parliament repeals the Stamp Act
After 4 months of widespread protest in America, British Parliament repeals the Stamp Act, a taxation measure enacted to raise revenue for a standing British army in America.
The Stamp Act, passed on March 22, 1765, leading to an uproar in the colonies over leading to be a major cause of the Revolution: taxation without representation. Enacted in November 1765, the act forced colonists to buy a British stamp for every official document they obtained. The stamp itself displayed an image of a Tudor rose framed by the word “America” and the French phrase Honi soit qui mal y pense–“Shame to him who thinks evil of it.”
The colonists, who had convened the Stamp Act Congress vocalized their opposition to the impending enactment, greeted the arrival of the stamps with outrage and violence. Most Americans called for a boycott of British goods, and some organized attacks on the customhouses and homes of tax collectors. After months of protest, and an appeal by Benjamin Franklin before the British House of Commons, Parliament voted to repeal the Stamp Act in March 1766. However, the same day, Parliament passed the Declaratory Acts, asserting that the British government had free and total legislative power over the colonies.
Virtual Representation
Virtual Representation was the British response to the First Continental Congress in the American colonies. The Congress asked for representation in Parliament in the Suffolk Resolves, also known as the first olive branch petition. Parliament claimed that their members had the well being of the colonists in mind.
Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
Common Sense is a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1775–76 that inspired people in the Thirteen Colonies to declare and fight for independence from Great Britain in the summer of 1776
The Coercive Acts
The Coercive Acts are names used to describe a series of laws relating to Britain’s colonies in North America, and passed by the British Parliament in 1774. Four of the acts were issued in direct response to the Boston Tea Party of December 1773.
articles of confederation
After considerable debate and alteration, the Articles of Confederation were adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777. This document served as the United States’ first constitution, and was in force from March 1, 1781, until 1789 when the present day Constitution went into effect.
Preamble
We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
Constitution of United States of America
1789 (rev. 1992)
Anti-Federalism
Anti-Federalism refers to a movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government and which later opposed the ratification of the Constitution of 1788. The previous constitution, called the Articles of Confederation, gave state governments more authority.
What is the Federalist Papers?
The Federalist Papers were a series of eighty-five essays urging the citizens of New York to ratify the new United States Constitution. Written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, the essays originally appeared anonymously in New York newspapers in 1787 and 1788 under the pen name “Publius.”
The Boston Massacre
The Boston Massacre was a street fight that occurred on March 5, 1770, between a “patriot” mob, throwing snowballs, stones, and sticks, and a squad of British soldiers. Several colonists were killed and this led to a campaign by speech-writers to rouse the ire of the citizenry.
which battle did the Americans not win?
e. ) Cowpens
b. ) saratoga
c. ) camden
d. ) yorktown
Camden
which of the following was not one of the British generals in the American revolution?
- William howe
- Henry Clinton
- Charles Cornwallis
- Francis Marion
Francis Marion
which of the following was not an author of the federalist papers?
- James madison
- John Jay
- Thomas Jefferson
- Alexander Hamilton
Thomas Jefferson
In which document did Hamilton outline his views on debt and propose the assumption of state debts?
a. Report on the Mint b. Report on Manufactures c. Reports on Public Credit
c. Reports on Public Credit
Thomas Jefferson was a
a. Loose Constructionist b. Strict Constructionist
b. Strict Constructionist
Who was the second President of the United States?
a. Thomas Jefferson b. James Madison c. Alexander Hamilton d. John Adams
d. John Adams
Who was the President during the Whiskey Rebellion?
a. George Washington b. Thomas Jefferson c. Ted Kennedy d. John Adams
a. George Washington
The Alien and Sedition Acts were generated in the climate of fear with
a. The Dutch b. England c. France d. Mexico
c. France
The Seven Years’ War was primarily Britain against
a. France b. India c. Prussia d. America e. none of the above.
France
- List and comment on three types of responses American colonists had toward the Stamp Act.
Three Types of Responses to the Stamp Act:
1. Emotional
Sons of Liberty
2. Political
Stamp Act Congress
Virtual Representation
Declaration of Rights and Grievances
3. Economic
Non-importation movement
Daughters of Liberty
- Compare and contrast the political perspectives of the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists. In your evaluation, list two Federalists and two Anti-Federalists.
differences between Federalists and Anti-Federalists are as follows:
Antifederalist believed: wanted power in th states, not the central government. They were for a bill of rights. Antifederalist favored the articles of confederatiom. antiFederalist were primarily in rural areas. (main anti federalist: Patrick Henry, george mason, Richard Henry lee.)
Federalists: desired strong central government. Were against a bill of rights. federalist Favored the Constitution. federalist were primarily in urban areas. (Main Federlist: Alexander Hamilton, Joh Jay, James Madison.)
federalist desired what kind of government?
desired strong central government.
how did federalist feel about a bill of rights?
Were against a bill of rights.
how did federalist feel about the Constitution?
federalist Favored the Constitution
Antifederalist were primarily in ____ areas.
Antifederalist were primarily in rural areas.
federalist were primarily in ____ areas.
federalist were primarily in urban areas.
antifederalist wanted what kind of government.
wanted power in the states, not the central government.
how did antifederalist feel about a bill of rights?
They were for a bill of rights.
main Anti-federalist…were…
(main anti federalist: Patrick Henry, George mason, Richard Henry lee.)
how did antifederalist feel about the articles of confederation?
Antifederalist favored the articles of confederation.
Navigation Acts: 1651-1696
Started during Protectorate period
Initially to protect from Dutch competition
English owned ships
1660, laws expanded beyond who shipped to what was shipped.
A Foreign Perspective
Peter Kalm a Swedish botanist
1748-1751
‘grow less tender’
Kalm believed that the colonists within “thirty or fifty years” might well “be able to form a state by themselves, entirely independent [of] England.”
Navigation Acts
Enumeration List
Listed items that the colonies could only sell to England or another colony: early list included tobacco, sugar, indigo
1663—all European imports to America must pass through English ports.
More Signs of Imperialism
1696:
Created Vice Admiralty courts that could try violations without a jury
1696: Board of Trade formed
William III set up a body of eight paid Commissioners “for promoting the trade of our Kingdom and for inspecting and improving our plantations in America and elsewhere”.
Salutary Neglect
Robert Walpole becomes chief minister under George I (1722)
Believed colonies should be largely left alone:
Less role of Board of Trade
“If no restrictions were placed on the colonies, they would flourish.“
Less enforcement of regulation
Colonists happily accepted,
then expected!
Everything changes with the French and Indian War
Albany Plan of Union (1754)
Inter-colonial body
French and Indian War (1754-1763)
Fr. And Ind. War and the American Revolution
Four connections of the French and Indian war with the American Revolution No appreciation of colonial effort Mutual dislike Absence of French and Spanish attack British troops remain (peace keeping)
Response to Coercive Acts
First Continental Congress (Sept. 1774)
Condemned Coercive Acts (“Intolerable”)
Called for repeal of all laws for raising $$$ for British troops
Set up a Continental Association for the banning of British imports
Called on George III for help
Siege of Boston
George Washington
Appointed by the Continental Congress
Came to the Boston area about two weeks after the Battle of Bunker Hill
Commanded the siege from June 1775 to March 1776
William Howe and the British troops evacuated Boston on March 17, 1776
Battle of Brooklyn Heights (August 1776)
(August 1776)middle states
Battles of Trenton (December 1776) and Princeton (January 1777)
middles states (December 1776) (January 1777)
Battle of Saratoga (October 1777) [American General Horatio Gates]
[British General John Burgoyne]
middles states(Battle of Saratoga (October 1777) [American General Horatio Gates]
[British General John Burgoyne]
`)
Middle States (battles)
Battle of Brandywine Creek (September 1777)
Valley Forge (winter of 1777-78)
[Howe replaced by General Sir Henry Clinton]
George Washington
Von Steuben
Battle of Monmouth (June 1778)
Think of the war geographically as a flow from north to south
The British usually determined the location
British objective to win over back countries was never successful
Old world European military tactics broke down in the South
America won, not so much by “winning” great battles, but by “not losing” the overall test of endurance.
Ditto…
