Exam 3 Flashcards
what characteristics do resilient children or adolescents have?
temperament that can adapt to changes in the environment; ability to form nurturing relationships with other adults when a parent is not avialable; social intelligence - can read people (expressions and faces and figure out how things are going in a situation and what you need to do); ability to use problem-solving skills
what is the prevalence of children or adolescents having a major psychiatric disorder?
one in five children have one
how many young people with a mental problem are not receiving the help that they need
an estimated 2/3 of all young people
what percent of 21 year olds that have mental disorders have had a previous disorder?
75%
what barriers to treatment of children and adolescent behaviors is there a lack of?
clarity about why, when, and how of screening; coordination of funding and eligibility systems; resources; mental health providers; adequate reimbursement
what does genetics have to do with children and adolescent mental disorders?
often times their parents are diagnosed with a problem as well
what does temperament have to do with children and adolescent mental disorders?
some children can adapt and some can’t, whether or not they have a mental disorder often has to do with how well they can adapt
what do biochemical factors have to do with children and adolescents?
some of them as the same as adults; often have to do with serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine
what types of environments increase the chances for the development of mental disorders in children and adolescents?
low socioeconomic status; large families; marital issues; abuse; parental criminality; maternal psychiatric disorders; foster care placement
how is the mental status assessment of a child or adolescent different from that of an adult?
similar to that of adults except that the developmental level is considered
what does the developmental assessment provide information on?
the child’s current maturational level that, when compared with the child’s chronological age, identifies developmental lags and deficits
what ages is the denver II designed for?
infants and children up to 6 years of age
what are methods of collecting data on children and adolescents with mental disorders?
interviewing, testing, observing, and interacting; histories from parents and caregivers (teachers are really important); questions answered about life at home and school; free to describe current problems; games, drawings, puppets and free play unable to respond to a direct approach; important observations of interactions among, child, adolescent, caregiver, and siblings
what questions should you ask about the mental health assessment of children and adolescents?
what is the level of emotional and intellectual maturity?; what are the child or adolescents particular strengths?; what particular strengths and weaknesses are present?; what stresses does the child encounter?; how do stressors affect young people at different stages of development?
what was the intellectual development disorder formerly known as?
mental retardation
what can causes of IDD be?
heredity, alterations in early embryonic development, pregnancy or perinatal problems, other factors such as trauma or poisoning
what does intellectual disability include deficits in?
reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgement, academic learning, and learning from experience
what deficits in general mental abilities occur with IDD?
deficits in daily activities such as communication, functioning at school or work, personal independance, and impairment in cognitive functioning
what is the median age for the earliest diagnosis for autistic spectrum disorder?
4.5-5.5 years of age
what must someone demonstrate in order to be diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorder?
two or more of the following: stereotyped or repetitive speech, motor movement, and echolalia (the repetitive use of objects); excessive adherence to routines, rituals, or excessive resistance to change; fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity; hyporeactive or hyperreactive rate to the sense of joy or unusually interest and sensory aspects of the environment
what deficits do people with ASD have?
social and emotional reciprocity; verbal and nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social isolation; developing and maintaining relationships, appropriate to the developmental level
what things should you assess for in children with ASD?
developmental spurts and lags, uneven development, or loss of previously acquired abilities; quality of relationship between child and parent (evidence of bonding, anxiety, tension, and difficulty of fit between parent, child, and caregiver temperaments); co-occurring conditions; child’s strengths; at risk for abuse
are there medications available to treat ASD?
no
what is risperidone used to treat in children with ASD?
the symptoms of aggression, deliberate self injury, and/or temper tantrums, but propranolol is preferred because it has lower side effects; SSRIs may also be used but cautiously
what are some goals for long-term outcomes of ASD?
attain an increased interest in reciprocal interactions; provide for the development of psychomotor skills; facilitate appropriate expression of emotions and development of cognitive skills; foster the development of social skills, self-concept, and self control (including impulse control)
what percentage of children are affected by ADD and ADHD?
3-10% of children and adolescents
what are the three cardinal signs of ADHD and ADD?
intattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity
what are some predisposing factors for ADD and ADHD?
family history and perinatal or prenatal influences
what do brain scans of children with ADD or ADHD reveal?
underdeveloped or inactive frontal lobes - a lot of their behavior is the brain trying to stay awake and stay functional
what type of ADD or ADHD is more common in females?
the ‘inattentive type’ the day dreamers
what are interventions for the child with ADD and ADHD?
behavior modification and pharmacological agents that address inattention and hyperactive impulsive behaviors; special education programs that address academic difficulties; psychotherapy and play therapy to determine emotional problems
what is the most widely used medication to treat ADD and ADHD?
methylphenidate (Ritalin) which is available orally, the transdermal form is Daytrana
what is concerta?
an extended-release Ritalin that allows for once-daily dosing
what is Adderall?
a combination of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine that also calms and comes in an extended release form
what are some side effects of pharmacological interventions for ADD and ADHD?
decreased appetite, decreased sleep, increased VS
what should you monitor for the child taking medications to treat ADD or ADHD?
monitor weight, appetite, sleep and vital signs
what medication treats aggression and insomnia in the child with ADD or ADHD?
guafacine HCl
what are tics?
stereotyped, rapid, and involuntary recurring motor movements that include excessive blinking, facial grimacing, shoulder shrugging, and head turning. wax and wane over time
what is the average onset of tourette disorder?
may appear by age 2, but has an average onset between 6 and 7
how long is tourette disorder?
usually lifelong with periods of remission
what part of the body does tourette disorder usually affect?
usually the head, but can also affect the torso and limbs
what is coprolalia?
the uttering of obscenities that is present in less than 10% of cases