Exam 3 Flashcards
what is the normal fasting glucose concentration of serum?
80-100 mg/dl
what are some of the requirements that must be adhered to during an oral GTT?
fast at least 10 hrs no more than 16
morning time
no eating drinking smoking
normal to high carbohydrate intake 3 days prior
list the order of mobility of serum proteins during an electrophoresis
most rapid: Albumin
slowest: gamma globulin
albumin-alpha1-alpha2-beta-gamma
why can the biuret method NOT be used for determining CSF or urine protein?
lacks sensitivity and can not detect low levels of protein
what does the biuret reagent specifically react with?
tripeptides or larger
what is the reference method for total protein determination?
Kjedahl
what method for measuring albumin is most commonly used in automated instruments?
dye binding method
what SPE abnormality is seen in multiple myeloma?
gamma globulin (increased)
what SPE abnormality is seen in nephrotic syndrome?
alpha 2 globulin and beta (increased)
glucose in CSF is approximately what amount of glucose in the blood?
2/3
in bacterial meningitis, what would be the expected results (increased or decreased) for CSF protein and CSF glucose?
increased protein
decreased glucose
what anticoagulant is used to prevent glycolysis?
sodium fluoride (gray top)
what is the action on ACTH on blood glucose levels?
increase
what is the action on Glucagon in blood glucose levels?
increase
what is the action of glucocorticoids in blood glucose levels?
increase
what is the action of insulin in blood glucose levels?
decrease
what is the actio of epinephrine in blood glucose levels?
increase (fight or flight)
what is the action of the enzyme glucose-6-phophate dehydrogenase?
removes hydrogen from glucose-6-phophate and gives it NADP
what technique is used to identify patients with familial hyperlipoproteinemia?
electrophoresis
what is the normal value for albumin?
3.5-5.0
what is the normal value for globulin?
2.5-3.5
what is the normal value for TP?
6.0-8.5
what phenomenon causs the gamma globulins to move toward the cathode in SPE, even though they are negatively charged?
electroendosmosis (EEO)
what specific form of hemoglobin is used to monitor patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus?
A1C
how is globulin in serum routinely determined?
TP-albumin
which fraction of lipoprotein contains the highest percentage of protein?
HDL
what is the order of migration, beginning at the origin, of lipoproteins?
chylomicrons
pre-beta
beta
alpha
what is the desirable level of total cholesterol in the serum?
what would be the most likely explanation if a patients laboratory results indicated elevated total cholesterol and triglyceride levels but a normal lipoprotein pattern?
patient is not fasting
which lipoprotein fraction is responsible for post-prandial lipemia?
chylomicrons
if plasma is used instead of serum for electrophoresis, what change will be observed?
fibrinogen spike in beta gamma region
what dyes can be used for the detection of albumin?
bromcresol green (BCG)
bromcresol purple
methyl orange
HABA
what is considered to be the desirable level of HDL?
> or = to 40 mg/dl
what is the value for noraml two hour post prandial glucose?
in a normal glucose tolerance curve, the plasma glucose level returns to a normal fasting level in how many hours?
3 hours
name 4 blood constituents that can produce a falsely decreased cholesterol level due interference with the enzymatic cholesterol assay
uric acid
ascorbic acid
bilirubin
glutathione
what is the electrophoretic classification of HDL?
alpha
what is the electrophoretic classification of LDL?
beta (bad cholesterol, 2/3 of plasma cholesterol)
what is the electrophoretic classification of VLDL?
prebeta
which lipoprotein has a protective effect against coronary artery disease?
HDL
a protein isolated from a lipoprotein which is also affiliated with certain lipoproteins is what?
apoproteins
what is the main function of lipoproteins in the body?
transport of body lipids throughout blood stream.
GTT for diabetes mellitus
elevated after 3 hours
start high end high
takes longer to return to normal
GTT for hypoglycemia
lower than normal after 3 hours
normal than falls to below fasting levels
GTT for normal
return to normal fasting levels in 3 hours
why is the performance of electrophoresis on CSF more difficult than SPE?
concentration level is too low
concentrate is 100x
patients with borderline blood glucose levels are most often further tested by using what?
3 hr oral GTT
what is acually measured in the hexokinase method for glucose?
NADPH
what is the normal range for spinal fluid glucose?
40-70 mg/dl
what period of fasting is required for patients for whom the doctor has ordered lipid panels?
12 hrs min
what is the reaction that takes place during the biuret procedure?
cupric ions with peptide bonds (violet color)
a very dilute solution of ionized copper sulfate
what precautions must be taken prior to collecting a specimen for lipid analysis?
12 hr fasting
2 week normal diet
no meds that affect lipids
defer 2 months after surgery,Mi or serious illness
what is the most specific method for determining plasma cholesterol?
cholesterol oxidase enzymatic reaction
what protein when found in increased amounts, lowers the risk of coronary heart disease?
apolipoprotein A1
what is the only diagnostic purpose of performing a phospholipid measurement?
Neiman pick disease
what unusual electrophoretic serum protein pattern is seen in cirrhosis of the liver?
beta gamma bridge
what would be exected shape of a GTT curve if the patient has malabsorption syndrome?
no change in curve due to absorption (flat line)
to resolve do IV GTT
what test may be used to assess the average plasma glucose level that a patient has maintained during a previous 2-3 month period?
glycosulated hemoglobin ( to which A1C belongs)
the enzyme that causes the release of H2O2 when it reacts with glucose is?
glucose oxidase
what would happen to the glucose in a blood specimen if it was drawn in a clot tube and was left uncentrifuged at room temperature?
decrease by 7 mg/dl per hr
the amount of glucose which is used in an adult GTT test
75g
what reagent is used for color development in the libermann-aburchard reaction?
combination of acetic anhydride sulfuric acid and acetic acid
what adjustment is made to an OGTT if hypoglycemia is suspected?
additional testing at 4 and 5 hrs
beta lipoproteins contain a high percentage of _______
cholesterol
pre-beta lipoproteins contain a high percentage of ________
triglycerides
how would a physician view the prognosis of a patient with an elevated HDL level?
good not at risk.
patient protected from athrosclerosis
what is the most likely explanation of a mily serum?
increased chylomicrons
what enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides?
lipase (LPL)
what is the normal range for spinal fluid protein?
15-45
what compound is used to stimulate the pancreas to produce insulin?
tolbutamide for detection of insulinomas
ultracentrigation seperates lipoproteins into various categories based on the physical property of ________
density
what stains can be used to stain the protein bands obtains from SPE?
ponceau S amino black 10 B bromphenol blue lissamine green coommassie blue
at what pH is rountine SPE performed?
8.6
what is gestational diabetes?
diabetes during pregnancy
what is meant by the term renal threshold?
how much glucose the blood can hold before spilling over into the urine
what is the renal threshold for glucose?
160-180 mg/dl
what type of diabetes generally occurs in adults?
type 2
name a test that can be used to determin the risk of RDS in newborns?
L/S ratio
