exam 3

Question 1

contour map

Answer 1

a common and effective way to show how a measurement varies across an area

Question 2

contour lines

Answer 2

drawn to connect known or interpreted points of equal value. connect points of equal elevation

Question 3

contour interval

Answer 3

the difference in elevation represented by two successive contour lines

Question 4

rules for contouringing

Answer 4

1. contour lines never cross each other
2. contour lines never split or merge
3. honor all points in the construction of the map
4. a contour line passes directly through a point only if its value is exactly that of the contour line
5. observe the contour interval when deciding which contour lines to draw.

Question 5

mineable acreage

Answer 5

limits will reduce the amount of mineable acreage. the total area you are able to mine on

Question 6

mining ratio

Answer 6

the higher the ratio, the more costly the mining will be

Question 7

depth limit

Answer 7

the cost of removing overburden rocks can become too expensive (thickness of rocks above coal seam) (250 ft)

Question 8

minimum thickness limit

Answer 8

(20 ft) not enough coal = no profit

Question 9

maximum sulfur limit

Answer 9

(2% sulfur) air pollution standards

Question 10

stream encroachment limit

Answer 10

(4000 ft buffer zone) keeps streams from getting polluted

Question 11

intensity

Answer 11

the amount of shaking and destruction of buildings or structures based on what humans feel or observe (modified mercalli scale)

Question 12

modified mercalli scale (numbers)

Answer 12

higher numbers indicate that more shaking was felt by people in the area and more more damage to buildings or structures was observed

Question 13

Mercalli scale

Answer 13

measures intensity on a scale from I to XII (1 - 12) based on the impact to humans and damages to buildings. does not need any equiptment

Question 14

richter scale

Answer 14

measures magnitude on a logarithmic scale from 1 - 10. uses seismographs to measure the EQ’s. a measure of the energy released. (also known as local magnitude)

Question 15

epicenter

Answer 15

the point on earths surface directly above the rupture

Question 16

focus

Answer 16

point of rupture inside the earth directly below the epicenter

Question 17

fault

Answer 17

a pre-existing fracture

Question 18

seismic shock waves

Answer 18

sent by the rupture from the focus in all directions

Question 19

seismograph

Answer 19

the principal tool used to investigate earthquakes

Question 20

seismogram

Answer 20

an output where the wiggles produced by the seismic waves is recorded (the larger the earthquake the larger the wiggle)

Question 21

P-waves

Answer 21

faster and occur first

Question 22

S-waves

Answer 22

slower and occur second

Question 23

lag time

Answer 23

the difference between the s-wave and the p-wave. relates to the distance from the epicenter. the longer the lag time the further the seismic station is from the epicenter

Question 24

earth covered with water

Answer 24

3/4

Question 25

% of fresh water

Answer 25

0.8%

Question 26

water used brushing teeth

Answer 26

5 gallons

Question 27

water a family uses each day

Answer 27

400 gallons

Question 28

acids

Answer 28

pH less than 7

Question 29

bases

Answer 29

pH greater than 7

Question 30

neutral

Answer 30

pH equal to 7

Question 31

pH

Answer 31

a measure of how acidic or basic liquids are

Question 32

Basic (6) examples

Answer 32

``` household lye bleach ammonia baking soda sea water swimming pool water ```

Question 33

neutral example

Answer 33

distilled water

Question 34

Acidic (6) examples

Answer 34

``` rain water orange juice vinegar coca-cola lemon juice battery acid ```

Question 35

soap consumption

Answer 35

the soap is reacting with the calcium and magnesium, effectively removing them as discrete minerals from the water. the water then tests soft

Question 36

can cause pH to drop

Answer 36

rainwater

Question 37

Iron

Answer 37

forms from dissolution of pyrite | mainly abundant in acid mine drainage

Question 38

chlorine

Answer 38

not naturally occurring. usually added to tap water to kill bacteria

Question 39

copper

Answer 39

related to blue-green staining on faucets | bitter tasting water

Question 40

hard water

Answer 40

means containing calcium or magnesium. wells/aquifers within limestone or dolomite. related to scale build up in pipes the harder the water the more soap is required.

Question 41

durability (most to least) 3

Answer 41

granite marble sandstone

Question 42

limestone environment

Answer 42

warm shallow sea

Question 43

sandstone environment

Answer 43

beach, desert, or river channels

Question 44

materials that react with acid

Answer 44

limestone or marble

Question 45

properties of slate

Answer 45

foliated, small crystals, hard to distinguish texture

Question 46

minerals found in granite

Answer 46

orthoclase feldspar, quartz, plagioclase feldspar, mica and amphibole

Question 47

minerals found in gabbro

Answer 47

predominantly plagioclase and pyroxene (augite) with lesser olivine.