Exam 3

Question 0

Photoreceptor

Answer 0

Eyes

Light sensitive pigment

Question 1

Thermoreceptor

Answer 1

Temp.

Question 2

Mechanoreceptor

Answer 2

Stretch sensitive channels

Question 3

Chemoreceptors

Answer 3

Chemical concentration

Question 4

Osmoreceptor

Answer 4

Osmolarity

Solute particles

Question 5

Nocioceptor

Answer 5

Pain receptor

Question 6

Tonic receptors

Answer 6

Constant monitoring

Question 7

Phasic receptors

Answer 7

Responds to changes in stimulus

Question 8

Cholinergic

Answer 8

Ach inhibitory

Parasympathetic

Question 9

Adrenergic

Answer 9

Alpha: excitatory Beta: inhibitory

Sympathetic

Question 10

Static equilibrium

Answer 10

Direction

Otolithic membranes in vestibule

Question 11

Dynamic equilibrium

Answer 11

Rotational

Semicircular canals of vestibule

Question 12

Cochlea components

Answer 12

Organ of corti: sensory
Scala media: contains sensory hairs
Scala vestibuli: oval window-scala tympani

Question 13

Passage of sound

Answer 13

Ear canal
Ear drum
Malleus/incus/stapes
Cochlea-fluid ripples travel to hair cells
Hair cells move
Chemical response
Electric signal
Auditory nerve

Question 14

Cones

Answer 14

Central vision
High acuity
Low sensitivity

Question 15

Rods

Answer 15

Peripheral vision
Low acuity
High sensitivity

Question 16

Near

Answer 16

Ciliary: contract
Suspensory ligaments: slack
Lens: thick

Question 17

Distance

Answer 17

Ciliary: relax
Suspensory ligaments: tight
Lens: thin

Question 18

How is light converted to an electric signal

Phototransduction

Answer 18

Light
11 cis-all trans
Na channels open-hyperpolarization 
Neurotransmitter release
Post-synaptic cell stimulated
Bipolar
Ganglion cell
Axon
Optic nerve
Thalamus

Question 19

Photoreceptors

Answer 19

Allow us to see ranges of color

Question 20

Bipolar

Answer 20

Receives input from cones

Question 21

Ganglion

Answer 21

Compares signals for many cones and involved in color vision

Question 22

Iris

Answer 22

Adjust light intensity

Adjustable opening (Pupil) which can expand or contract

Question 23

Muscle Spindle

Answer 23

Skeletal Muscle Sensory Organs

Impulse sent from stretched muscle spindle. Motor neuron split:

• signal to contract stretched muscle
• signal to relax antagonist muscle

Question 24

Reciprocal inhibition

Answer 24

Inhibits opposing muscle during reflex

Prevent muscle from tearing

Question 25

Vagus nerve

Answer 25

Involved in almost all thoracic and abdominal organs

Question 26

Pitch of sound

Answer 26

Auditory ossicles

Amplitude and frequency

Question 27

Hyperopia

Answer 27

Farsighted

Eye too short

Need convex lens

Question 28

Trichromatic theory of color

Answer 28

Retina contains 3 types of cones

Blue/green/red

Question 29

Nystagmus

Answer 29

Rapid/involuntary eye movement

Question 30

Crossed extensor reflex

Answer 30

Stimulus
Flexor stimulated/Extensor inhibited 
Afferent fiber: sent to DRG
Efferent fibers cause withdrawal 
Interneurons 
Flexor inhibited/Extensor stimulated
Reciprocal activation

Question 31

Autonomic

Involuntary

Answer 31

Effector: cardiac and smooth muscle
2 neurons 
Ganglia: prevertebral and terminal
Myelination: light/none
Neuro. Ach/Norepinephrine 
Neuro. Effect: inhibitory/excitatory

Question 32

Somatic

Voluntary

Answer 32

Effector: skeletal muscle
1 neuron
No ganglia
Heavy myelination
Neuro. Ach
Neuro. Effect: excitatory

Question 33

Parasympathetic

Answer 33

Rest and digest
Craniosacrral
Ganglia: terminal
Fibers: long/short
Minimal branching
Neuro. Ach

Question 34

Sympathetic

Answer 34

Fight or flight
Thoracolumbar 
Ganglia: prevertebral 
Fibers: short/long
Extensive branching
Neuro. Ach/Nor