Exam 3 Flashcards
Photoreceptor
Eyes
Light sensitive pigment
Thermoreceptor
Temp.
Mechanoreceptor
Stretch sensitive channels
Chemoreceptors
Chemical concentration
Osmoreceptor
Osmolarity
Solute particles
Nocioceptor
Pain receptor
Tonic receptors
Constant monitoring
Phasic receptors
Responds to changes in stimulus
Cholinergic
Ach inhibitory
Parasympathetic
Adrenergic
Alpha: excitatory Beta: inhibitory
Sympathetic
Static equilibrium
Direction
Otolithic membranes in vestibule
Dynamic equilibrium
Rotational
Semicircular canals of vestibule
Cochlea components
Organ of corti: sensory
Scala media: contains sensory hairs
Scala vestibuli: oval window-scala tympani
Passage of sound
Ear canal Ear drum Malleus/incus/stapes Cochlea-fluid ripples travel to hair cells Hair cells move Chemical response Electric signal Auditory nerve
Cones
Central vision
High acuity
Low sensitivity
Rods
Peripheral vision
Low acuity
High sensitivity
Near
Ciliary: contract
Suspensory ligaments: slack
Lens: thick
Distance
Ciliary: relax
Suspensory ligaments: tight
Lens: thin
How is light converted to an electric signal
Phototransduction
Light 11 cis-all trans Na channels open-hyperpolarization Neurotransmitter release Post-synaptic cell stimulated Bipolar Ganglion cell Axon Optic nerve Thalamus
Photoreceptors
Allow us to see ranges of color
Bipolar
Receives input from cones
Ganglion
Compares signals for many cones and involved in color vision
Iris
Adjust light intensity
Adjustable opening (Pupil) which can expand or contract
Muscle Spindle
Skeletal Muscle Sensory Organs
Impulse sent from stretched muscle spindle. Motor neuron split:
- signal to contract stretched muscle
- signal to relax antagonist muscle
Reciprocal inhibition
Inhibits opposing muscle during reflex
Prevent muscle from tearing
Vagus nerve
Involved in almost all thoracic and abdominal organs
Pitch of sound
Auditory ossicles
Amplitude and frequency
Hyperopia
Farsighted
Eye too short
Need convex lens
Trichromatic theory of color
Retina contains 3 types of cones
Blue/green/red
Nystagmus
Rapid/involuntary eye movement
Crossed extensor reflex
Stimulus Flexor stimulated/Extensor inhibited Afferent fiber: sent to DRG Efferent fibers cause withdrawal Interneurons Flexor inhibited/Extensor stimulated Reciprocal activation
Autonomic
Involuntary
Effector: cardiac and smooth muscle 2 neurons Ganglia: prevertebral and terminal Myelination: light/none Neuro. Ach/Norepinephrine Neuro. Effect: inhibitory/excitatory
Somatic
Voluntary
Effector: skeletal muscle 1 neuron No ganglia Heavy myelination Neuro. Ach Neuro. Effect: excitatory
Parasympathetic
Rest and digest Craniosacrral Ganglia: terminal Fibers: long/short Minimal branching Neuro. Ach
Sympathetic
Fight or flight Thoracolumbar Ganglia: prevertebral Fibers: short/long Extensive branching Neuro. Ach/Nor
