Exam 3 Flashcards
Five layers of the epidermis
Basale Spinosum Granulosum Lucidum Corneum
Which layer of epidermis has keratin?
Granulosum
Vitilgo
Small areas of hypopigmentation in the skin
Melasma
Patches of darker skin on the face
Irregular projections of dermis into epidermis
Papillae
Eccrine sweat glands
located all over the body
Secrete sweat through pores
Apocrine sweat glands
Located in axilla, scalp, face, external genitalia and the ducts of these glands open into hair follicles
Functions of the skin
First line of defense against invasion by microorganisms Prevents excessive fluid loss Controls body temp Sensory perception Synthesis and activation of Vitamin D
Macule
Small, flat, circumscribed lesion
Papule
Small, firm, elevated region
Nodule
Palpable elevated lesion
Pustule
Elevated, erythematous lesion, containing purulent exudate
Vesicle
Elevated, thin walled lesion containing clear fluid
Plaque
Topped by scales
Crust
Dry, rough surface or dried exudate or blood
Lichenification
Thick, dry, rough surface (leather-like)
Keloid
Irregular, and increasing mass of collagen
Fissure
Deep, linear crack or tear in skin
Ulcer
Cavity with loss of tissue from epidermis and dermis
Erosion
Shallow, moist cavity in epidermis
Comedone
Mass of sebum, keratin, and debris blocking opening of hair follicle
Urticaria
Type I hypersensitivity reaction caused by something ingested
Release of histamine causes lesions and possibly hives in pharyngeal mucosa
Atopic Dermatitis description
Inherited tendency toward an allergic reaction
Eosinophilia and increased IgE
Lesions in atopic dermatitis
Infants - moist, red vesicular, covered with crusts
Adults - dry and scaling with lichenification
Flexor surfaces of arms and legs and hands and feet
Psoriasis description
Genetic in origin
Caused from abnormal activation of T cells and an increase in cytokines
Proliferation of keratinocytes
Psoriasis lesion
Begins as small red papule that enlarges, then a silvery plaque forms while base remains red
Found on face, scalp, eyebrows, and knees
Pemphigus
An autoimmune disorder
Disrupt the cohesion between epidermal cells, causing blisters to form
Blisters of pemphigus
Form initially in oral mucosa or scalp and then spread over the face and trunk
Vesicles become large and tend to rupture, leaving large denuded areas of skin covered with crusts
Description of scleroderma
Increased collagen deposition
Collagen deposition in arterioles and capillaries reduces blood flow to the skin and/or internal organs
Presentation of scleroderma
Hard, shiny, tight immovable skin
Fingertips are narrowed and shortened
Raynaud’s phenomenon
Facial expression is lost as the skin tightens and movement of the mouth and eyes may be impaired
Cellulitis
Infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, arising secondary to injury, a boil, or ulcer
Causative agent: staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus
Furnucle description
Boil cause by S. aureus which begins in a hair follicle and spreads into the surrounding tissue
Lesion of furnucles
Located on face, neck, and back
Firm, red, painful nodule that develops into a large, painful mass called an abscess that frequently drains large amounts of purulent exudate
Carbuncles
Collection of furnucles that coalesce to form a large infected mass, which may drain through several sinuses or develop into a single large abscess
Description of impetigo
Infants - s. aureus
Adults - group A beta hemolytic streptococci
Lesion of impetigo
Occur on the face and begin as small vesicles, which rapidly enlarge and rupture to form yellowish-brown crusty masses
Underneath the crust, the lesion is red and moist and exudes a honey-colored liquid
Cause of acute necrotizing fasciitis
reduced blood supply to tissue and secreation of protease enzymes that destroy tissue
Highly virulent strain of gram-positive group A beta hemolytic streptococcus
Leprosy
Caused by myobacterium leprae
Not highly contagious and extended contact with a source is required for infection
Affects skin, mucous membranes, and peripheral nerves
Verrucae
Warts caused by HPV
Infection spreads by viral shedding of the surface skin
Tinea capitis
Infection of the scalp that is common in school-aged children
Manifests as a circular bald patch as hair is broken off above the scalp
Tinea corporis
Fungal infection of the non-hairy parts
Keratoses
Benign lesions usually associated with aging or skin damage
Function of bone
Rigid support for body
Protect viscera, SC, and brain
Metabolic functions related to calcium
Bone marrow (hematopoiesis)
Osteoproginator cells differentiate into
Osteoblasts
Calcatonin stimulates….
Osteoblasts
Parathyroid stimulates…
Osteoclasts
At birth, what kind of bone marrow do we have…and what does it become
Red…yellow
Red bone marrow found where in adults
Skull, bodies of vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and ilia
Functions of skeletal muscle
Body movements
Maintain body position
Stabilize joints
Maintain body temp
Impacted fx
one end of the bone is forced into the adjacent bone
Pathologic fx
Weakness in bone structure and occurs spontaneously with little stress
Depressed fx
skull when the broken section is forced inward toward the brain
5 stages of bone healing
Hematoma Granulation tissue Procallus (fibrocartilage) Bony callus Remodeling
Factors affecting healing of bone
Amount of local damage
How big gap is to fill
Secondary problems
Systemic factors
Sprain
Tear in ligament
Strain
Tear in tendon
Primary osteoporosis
Post menopausal, senile, or idiopathic
Secondary osteoporosis
Affecting men and women following specific primary disorder
Rickets and Osteomalacia
Deficiency of vitamin D (required for the absorption of calcium) and phosphates required for bone mineralization
Paget’s disease
Progressive bone disease that occurs in adults greater than 40 years old
Bone destruction with replacement of bone with fibrous tissue and abnormal bone
Osteosarcoma
Malignant neoplasm that usually develops in the metaphysis of the femur, tibia, or fibula in children or young adults
Metastasizes to lungs in early stages
Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy
Degeneration of skeletal muscle
Serum CK is elevated in most carriers
Deficiency in dystrophin (muscle cell membrane protein) that leads to degeneration and necrosis of cell. Skeletal muscle replaced by fat and fibrous CT
Primary fibromyalisa syndrome
Pain and stiffness affecting muscles, tendons, and surrounding tissue
Characteristics of RA
Synovitis Pannus formation (releases enyzmes and inflammatory mediators) Cartilage erosion Atrophy of muscle Mobility is impaired
Gout
Deposits of uric acid and urate crystals in the joint that then cause acute inflammatory response
Alarm stage of stress
Body’s defenses are mobilized by the activation of the hypothalamus, sympathetic nervous system, and adrenal glands
Resistance stage of stress
Hormonal levels are elevated and essential body systems operate at peak performance
Exhaustion stage of stress
Body is unable to respond further or is damaged by the increased demands
Locus Ceruleus
A collection of norepinheprine secreting cells in the brain stem that provides the rapid response of the nervous system
Effects of stress response
Increased blood pressure and HR
Bronchodilation and increased ventilation
Increased blood glucose levels
Arousal of CNS
Decreased inflammatory and immune response
Virchow’s triad
venous stasis
hypercoaguability
blood vessel damage
