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Pathopharmacology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Five layers of the epidermis

A 
Basale 
Spinosum 
Granulosum 
Lucidum 
Corneum
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2
Q

Which layer of epidermis has keratin?

A

Granulosum

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3
Q

Vitilgo

A

Small areas of hypopigmentation in the skin

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4
Q

Melasma

A

Patches of darker skin on the face

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5
Q

Irregular projections of dermis into epidermis

A

Papillae

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6
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A

located all over the body

Secrete sweat through pores

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7
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

Located in axilla, scalp, face, external genitalia and the ducts of these glands open into hair follicles

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8
Q

Functions of the skin

A 
First line of defense against invasion by microorganisms 
Prevents excessive fluid loss 
Controls body temp 
Sensory perception 
Synthesis and activation of Vitamin D
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9
Q

Macule

A

Small, flat, circumscribed lesion

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10
Q

Papule

A

Small, firm, elevated region

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11
Q

Nodule

A

Palpable elevated lesion

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12
Q

Pustule

A

Elevated, erythematous lesion, containing purulent exudate

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13
Q

Vesicle

A

Elevated, thin walled lesion containing clear fluid

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14
Q

Plaque

A

Topped by scales

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15
Q

Crust

A

Dry, rough surface or dried exudate or blood

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16
Q

Lichenification

A

Thick, dry, rough surface (leather-like)

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17
Q

Keloid

A

Irregular, and increasing mass of collagen

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18
Q

Fissure

A

Deep, linear crack or tear in skin

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19
Q

Ulcer

A

Cavity with loss of tissue from epidermis and dermis

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20
Q

Erosion

A

Shallow, moist cavity in epidermis

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21
Q

Comedone

A

Mass of sebum, keratin, and debris blocking opening of hair follicle

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22
Q

Urticaria

A

Type I hypersensitivity reaction caused by something ingested
Release of histamine causes lesions and possibly hives in pharyngeal mucosa

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23
Q

Atopic Dermatitis description

A

Inherited tendency toward an allergic reaction

Eosinophilia and increased IgE

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24
Q

Lesions in atopic dermatitis

A

Infants - moist, red vesicular, covered with crusts
Adults - dry and scaling with lichenification
Flexor surfaces of arms and legs and hands and feet

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25
Q

Psoriasis description

A

Genetic in origin
Caused from abnormal activation of T cells and an increase in cytokines
Proliferation of keratinocytes

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26
Q

Psoriasis lesion

A

Begins as small red papule that enlarges, then a silvery plaque forms while base remains red
Found on face, scalp, eyebrows, and knees

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27
Q

Pemphigus

A

An autoimmune disorder

Disrupt the cohesion between epidermal cells, causing blisters to form

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28
Q

Blisters of pemphigus

A

Form initially in oral mucosa or scalp and then spread over the face and trunk
Vesicles become large and tend to rupture, leaving large denuded areas of skin covered with crusts

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29
Q

Description of scleroderma

A

Increased collagen deposition

Collagen deposition in arterioles and capillaries reduces blood flow to the skin and/or internal organs

30
Q

Presentation of scleroderma

A

Hard, shiny, tight immovable skin
Fingertips are narrowed and shortened
Raynaud’s phenomenon
Facial expression is lost as the skin tightens and movement of the mouth and eyes may be impaired

31
Q

Cellulitis

A

Infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, arising secondary to injury, a boil, or ulcer
Causative agent: staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus

32
Q

Furnucle description

A

Boil cause by S. aureus which begins in a hair follicle and spreads into the surrounding tissue

33
Q

Lesion of furnucles

A

Located on face, neck, and back
Firm, red, painful nodule that develops into a large, painful mass called an abscess that frequently drains large amounts of purulent exudate

34
Q

Carbuncles

A

Collection of furnucles that coalesce to form a large infected mass, which may drain through several sinuses or develop into a single large abscess

35
Q

Description of impetigo

A

Infants - s. aureus

Adults - group A beta hemolytic streptococci

36
Q

Lesion of impetigo

A

Occur on the face and begin as small vesicles, which rapidly enlarge and rupture to form yellowish-brown crusty masses
Underneath the crust, the lesion is red and moist and exudes a honey-colored liquid

37
Q

Cause of acute necrotizing fasciitis

A

reduced blood supply to tissue and secreation of protease enzymes that destroy tissue
Highly virulent strain of gram-positive group A beta hemolytic streptococcus

38
Q

Leprosy

A

Caused by myobacterium leprae
Not highly contagious and extended contact with a source is required for infection
Affects skin, mucous membranes, and peripheral nerves

39
Q

Verrucae

A

Warts caused by HPV

Infection spreads by viral shedding of the surface skin

40
Q

Tinea capitis

A

Infection of the scalp that is common in school-aged children
Manifests as a circular bald patch as hair is broken off above the scalp

41
Q

Tinea corporis

A

Fungal infection of the non-hairy parts

42
Q

Keratoses

A

Benign lesions usually associated with aging or skin damage

43
Q

Function of bone

A

Rigid support for body
Protect viscera, SC, and brain
Metabolic functions related to calcium
Bone marrow (hematopoiesis)

44
Q

Osteoproginator cells differentiate into

A

Osteoblasts

45
Q

Calcatonin stimulates….

A

Osteoblasts

46
Q

Parathyroid stimulates…

A

Osteoclasts

47
Q

At birth, what kind of bone marrow do we have…and what does it become

A

Red…yellow

48
Q

Red bone marrow found where in adults

A

Skull, bodies of vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and ilia

49
Q

Functions of skeletal muscle

A

Body movements
Maintain body position
Stabilize joints
Maintain body temp

50
Q

Impacted fx

A

one end of the bone is forced into the adjacent bone

51
Q

Pathologic fx

A

Weakness in bone structure and occurs spontaneously with little stress

52
Q

Depressed fx

A

skull when the broken section is forced inward toward the brain

53
Q

5 stages of bone healing

A 
Hematoma
Granulation tissue 
Procallus (fibrocartilage)
Bony callus
Remodeling
54
Q

Factors affecting healing of bone

A

Amount of local damage
How big gap is to fill
Secondary problems
Systemic factors

55
Q

Sprain

A

Tear in ligament

56
Q

Strain

A

Tear in tendon

57
Q

Primary osteoporosis

A

Post menopausal, senile, or idiopathic

58
Q

Secondary osteoporosis

A

Affecting men and women following specific primary disorder

59
Q

Rickets and Osteomalacia

A

Deficiency of vitamin D (required for the absorption of calcium) and phosphates required for bone mineralization

60
Q

Paget’s disease

A

Progressive bone disease that occurs in adults greater than 40 years old
Bone destruction with replacement of bone with fibrous tissue and abnormal bone

61
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Malignant neoplasm that usually develops in the metaphysis of the femur, tibia, or fibula in children or young adults
Metastasizes to lungs in early stages

62
Q

Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

A

Degeneration of skeletal muscle
Serum CK is elevated in most carriers
Deficiency in dystrophin (muscle cell membrane protein) that leads to degeneration and necrosis of cell. Skeletal muscle replaced by fat and fibrous CT

63
Q

Primary fibromyalisa syndrome

A

Pain and stiffness affecting muscles, tendons, and surrounding tissue

64
Q

Characteristics of RA

A 
Synovitis 
Pannus formation (releases enyzmes and inflammatory mediators)
Cartilage erosion 
Atrophy of muscle 
Mobility is impaired
65
Q

Gout

A

Deposits of uric acid and urate crystals in the joint that then cause acute inflammatory response

66
Q

Alarm stage of stress

A

Body’s defenses are mobilized by the activation of the hypothalamus, sympathetic nervous system, and adrenal glands

67
Q

Resistance stage of stress

A

Hormonal levels are elevated and essential body systems operate at peak performance

68
Q

Exhaustion stage of stress

A

Body is unable to respond further or is damaged by the increased demands

69
Q

Locus Ceruleus

A

A collection of norepinheprine secreting cells in the brain stem that provides the rapid response of the nervous system

70
Q

Effects of stress response

A

Increased blood pressure and HR
Bronchodilation and increased ventilation
Increased blood glucose levels
Arousal of CNS
Decreased inflammatory and immune response

71
Q

Virchow’s triad

A

venous stasis
hypercoaguability
blood vessel damage

Pathopharmacology (3 decks)

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