Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Five layers of the epidermis
A
Basale Spinosum Granulosum Lucidum Corneum
2
Q
Which layer of epidermis has keratin?
A
Granulosum
3
Q
Vitilgo
A
Small areas of hypopigmentation in the skin
4
Q
Melasma
A
Patches of darker skin on the face
5
Q
Irregular projections of dermis into epidermis
A
Papillae
6
Q
Eccrine sweat glands
A
located all over the body
Secrete sweat through pores
7
Q
Apocrine sweat glands
A
Located in axilla, scalp, face, external genitalia and the ducts of these glands open into hair follicles
8
Q
Functions of the skin
A
First line of defense against invasion by microorganisms Prevents excessive fluid loss Controls body temp Sensory perception Synthesis and activation of Vitamin D
9
Q
Macule
A
Small, flat, circumscribed lesion
10
Q
Papule
A
Small, firm, elevated region
11
Q
Nodule
A
Palpable elevated lesion
12
Q
Pustule
A
Elevated, erythematous lesion, containing purulent exudate
13
Q
Vesicle
A
Elevated, thin walled lesion containing clear fluid
14
Q
Plaque
A
Topped by scales
15
Q
Crust
A
Dry, rough surface or dried exudate or blood
16
Q
Lichenification
A
Thick, dry, rough surface (leather-like)
17
Q
Keloid
A
Irregular, and increasing mass of collagen
18
Q
Fissure
A
Deep, linear crack or tear in skin
19
Q
Ulcer
A
Cavity with loss of tissue from epidermis and dermis
20
Q
Erosion
A
Shallow, moist cavity in epidermis
21
Q
Comedone
A
Mass of sebum, keratin, and debris blocking opening of hair follicle
22
Q
Urticaria
A
Type I hypersensitivity reaction caused by something ingested
Release of histamine causes lesions and possibly hives in pharyngeal mucosa
23
Q
Atopic Dermatitis description
A
Inherited tendency toward an allergic reaction
Eosinophilia and increased IgE
24
Q
Lesions in atopic dermatitis
A
Infants - moist, red vesicular, covered with crusts
Adults - dry and scaling with lichenification
Flexor surfaces of arms and legs and hands and feet
25
Psoriasis description
Genetic in origin
Caused from abnormal activation of T cells and an increase in cytokines
Proliferation of keratinocytes
26
Psoriasis lesion
Begins as small red papule that enlarges, then a silvery plaque forms while base remains red
Found on face, scalp, eyebrows, and knees
27
Pemphigus
An autoimmune disorder
| Disrupt the cohesion between epidermal cells, causing blisters to form
28
Blisters of pemphigus
Form initially in oral mucosa or scalp and then spread over the face and trunk
Vesicles become large and tend to rupture, leaving large denuded areas of skin covered with crusts
29
Description of scleroderma
Increased collagen deposition
| Collagen deposition in arterioles and capillaries reduces blood flow to the skin and/or internal organs
30
Presentation of scleroderma
Hard, shiny, tight immovable skin
Fingertips are narrowed and shortened
Raynaud's phenomenon
Facial expression is lost as the skin tightens and movement of the mouth and eyes may be impaired
31
Cellulitis
Infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, arising secondary to injury, a boil, or ulcer
Causative agent: staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus
32
Furnucle description
Boil cause by S. aureus which begins in a hair follicle and spreads into the surrounding tissue
33
Lesion of furnucles
Located on face, neck, and back
Firm, red, painful nodule that develops into a large, painful mass called an abscess that frequently drains large amounts of purulent exudate
34
Carbuncles
Collection of furnucles that coalesce to form a large infected mass, which may drain through several sinuses or develop into a single large abscess
35
Description of impetigo
Infants - s. aureus
| Adults - group A beta hemolytic streptococci
36
Lesion of impetigo
Occur on the face and begin as small vesicles, which rapidly enlarge and rupture to form yellowish-brown crusty masses
Underneath the crust, the lesion is red and moist and exudes a honey-colored liquid
37
Cause of acute necrotizing fasciitis
reduced blood supply to tissue and secreation of protease enzymes that destroy tissue
Highly virulent strain of gram-positive group A beta hemolytic streptococcus
38
Leprosy
Caused by myobacterium leprae
Not highly contagious and extended contact with a source is required for infection
Affects skin, mucous membranes, and peripheral nerves
39
Verrucae
Warts caused by HPV
| Infection spreads by viral shedding of the surface skin
40
Tinea capitis
Infection of the scalp that is common in school-aged children
Manifests as a circular bald patch as hair is broken off above the scalp
41
Tinea corporis
Fungal infection of the non-hairy parts
42
Keratoses
Benign lesions usually associated with aging or skin damage
43
Function of bone
Rigid support for body
Protect viscera, SC, and brain
Metabolic functions related to calcium
Bone marrow (hematopoiesis)
44
Osteoproginator cells differentiate into
Osteoblasts
45
Calcatonin stimulates....
Osteoblasts
46
Parathyroid stimulates...
Osteoclasts
47
At birth, what kind of bone marrow do we have...and what does it become
Red...yellow
48
Red bone marrow found where in adults
Skull, bodies of vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and ilia
49
Functions of skeletal muscle
Body movements
Maintain body position
Stabilize joints
Maintain body temp
50
Impacted fx
one end of the bone is forced into the adjacent bone
51
Pathologic fx
Weakness in bone structure and occurs spontaneously with little stress
52
Depressed fx
skull when the broken section is forced inward toward the brain
53
5 stages of bone healing
```
Hematoma
Granulation tissue
Procallus (fibrocartilage)
Bony callus
Remodeling
```
54
Factors affecting healing of bone
Amount of local damage
How big gap is to fill
Secondary problems
Systemic factors
55
Sprain
Tear in ligament
56
Strain
Tear in tendon
57
Primary osteoporosis
Post menopausal, senile, or idiopathic
58
Secondary osteoporosis
Affecting men and women following specific primary disorder
59
Rickets and Osteomalacia
Deficiency of vitamin D (required for the absorption of calcium) and phosphates required for bone mineralization
60
Paget's disease
Progressive bone disease that occurs in adults greater than 40 years old
Bone destruction with replacement of bone with fibrous tissue and abnormal bone
61
Osteosarcoma
Malignant neoplasm that usually develops in the metaphysis of the femur, tibia, or fibula in children or young adults
Metastasizes to lungs in early stages
62
Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
Degeneration of skeletal muscle
Serum CK is elevated in most carriers
Deficiency in dystrophin (muscle cell membrane protein) that leads to degeneration and necrosis of cell. Skeletal muscle replaced by fat and fibrous CT
63
Primary fibromyalisa syndrome
Pain and stiffness affecting muscles, tendons, and surrounding tissue
64
Characteristics of RA
```
Synovitis
Pannus formation (releases enyzmes and inflammatory mediators)
Cartilage erosion
Atrophy of muscle
Mobility is impaired
```
65
Gout
Deposits of uric acid and urate crystals in the joint that then cause acute inflammatory response
66
Alarm stage of stress
Body's defenses are mobilized by the activation of the hypothalamus, sympathetic nervous system, and adrenal glands
67
Resistance stage of stress
Hormonal levels are elevated and essential body systems operate at peak performance
68
Exhaustion stage of stress
Body is unable to respond further or is damaged by the increased demands
69
Locus Ceruleus
A collection of norepinheprine secreting cells in the brain stem that provides the rapid response of the nervous system
70
Effects of stress response
Increased blood pressure and HR
Bronchodilation and increased ventilation
Increased blood glucose levels
Arousal of CNS
Decreased inflammatory and immune response
71
Virchow's triad
venous stasis
hypercoaguability
blood vessel damage
