Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathopharmacology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of prokaryotes

A

Lack nuclear membrane
Function metabolically and reproduce
Complex cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Characteristics of eukaryotes

A

DNA is enclosed in nuclear membrane
Cell membrane is complex
Lack cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Three different shapes of bacteria

A

Cocci - found
Spirals
Bacilli - rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Exotoxins

A

Produced by gram positive bacteria and diffuse through body fluids
Intefere with nerve conduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Enterotoxins

A

Stimulate vomitting center and cause GI distress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Endotoxins

A

Produced in cell wall of gram negative organisms and are released after organism dies
Cause fever and weakness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Virion

A

When virus is extracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Three groups of microorganisms that have similarities to both viruses and bacteria

A

Chlamydiae
Rickettsiae
Mycoplasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Rickettsiae

A

Gram negative bacteria that invade the host

Transmitted by insect vectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mycoplasma

A

Common cause of pneumonia

Lack cell walls so is not affected by many antimicrobial drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Characteristics of fungi

A

Single cells or chains of cells
Grow in warm and moist environment
Long filaments are hyphae
Mass of fungi is mycelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pathogenic fungi

A

Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot)
Candida (thrush)
Histoplasma (lung infection)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Characteristics of protozoa

A

Eukaryotic
Unicellular, motile, occur in a number of shapes
Pathogens usually parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Diseases caused by protozoa

A

Trichmonoas vaginalis - sexually transmitted infection (distinguished by flagella)
Malaria - causative agent is Plasmodium species which belongs to nonmotile group called sporozoa. Transmitted through blood sucking insects
Amoebas - can cause amoebic dysnentery; motile group that extends cytoplams and moves forward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Characteristics of helminth

A

Three stage life cycle: egg, larva, adult

Ova or larva ingested in contaminated food or water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Prions

A

Transmitted by consumption of contaminated tissues such as muscle or the use of donor tissues contaminated with the protein
Induces proteins within the brain to undergo abnormal folding and change shape
Example: Creutzfeldt Jakob

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Areas of body that lack resident flora

A

Lungs, kidneys, bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Endemic

A

consistent occurring in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Epidemic

A

occurs outside the normal geographical range or in higher than expected numbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Capacity of microbes to cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Virulence

A

Degree of pathogenicity of a specific microbe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Virulence is based on

A

Invasive qualities
Toxic qualities
Adherence to tissue
Ability to avoid host defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Disinfectants

A

Chemical solutions that are known to destroy microorganisms on inanimate objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Antiseptics

A

Chemicals applied to living objects (body) that do not cause tissue damage. They reduce the number of organisms but do not destroy all of them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Incubation period

A

time between entry of the organism into the body and appearance of clinical signs of the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Prodromal period

A

time when the infected person may feel fatigued, lose appetite, or have a headache, “coming down with something”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Acute period

A

Infectious disease develops fully and clinical manifestations reach peak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Local signs of infection

A

Inflammation
Pus (purulent if bacteria; serous if virus)
Tissue necrosis
Swollen lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Systemic signs of infection

A 
Fever
Fatigue 
Weakness 
Headache
Nausea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Bactericidal

A

Drugs that destroy organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Drugs that decrease the microbe’s rate of reproduction and rely on the host’s defenses to destroy the organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Warning signs of cancer (8)

A
  1. Unusual bleeding or discharge anywhere in body
  2. Change in bowel or bladder habits
  3. Change in wart or mole
  4. A sore that does not heal
  5. Unexplained weight loss
  6. Anemia or low hemoglobin (persistent fatigue)
  7. Persistent cough and hoarseness
  8. A solid lump, often painless
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Three basic mechanisms of cancer

A
  1. Invasion - grows into adjacent tissue
  2. Metastasis - spread to distant sites by blood or lymph
  3. Seeding - spread of cells in body fluids or along membranes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Staging of cancer based on

A

Size of primary tumor
Extent of involvement of lymph nodes
Spread of tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Adverse effects of radiation

A

Bone marrow depression (leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia)
Epithelial cell damage
Sterility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Adverse effects of chemotherapy

A 
Hemorrhage (thrombocytopenia) 
Infections (neutropenia)
Septicemia (tumors in GI tract) 
Pneumonia 
Skin infections 
Vomitting 
Epithelial cell damage 
Stomatitis
37
Q

Definition of cancer cure

A

5 year survival without recurrence after diagnosis

38
Q

Definition of remission

A

No clinical signs of cancer

39
Q

Three families of endogenous opioids

A

Endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins

40
Q

Three types of opioid receptors

A

Mu, kappa, delta

41
Q

Strong Opioid angonists

A

Used to treat severe pain

Have a high affinity for certain receptors and interact primarily with mu receptors

42
Q

Opioid antagonists

A

Used to treat opioid overdose and addiction

Do not produce analgensia, but displace opioid agonist from opioid receptor and blocks any further agonist molecule

43
Q

Effects of opioids on CNS (how they regulate pain)

A

Decrease ascending pain transmission

Activate descending pathways that reduce pain

44
Q

How opioids affect synaptic transmission

A

Decrease neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic terminal and decrease excitable post synaptic neurons within key pain pathways

45
Q

Opioid affect at pre-synaptic terminal

A

Activates G proteins that inhibit the opening of calcium channels on the nerve membrane

46
Q

Opioid affect at the postsynpatic terminal

A

Opening of potassium channels which causes hyperpolarization and makes it more difficult to excite interior of cell

47
Q

How opioids affect cAMP

A

inhibits adnenyl cyclase enzyme so decrease in synthesis of cAMP which regulates neurotransmitter release from pre-synaptic terminal

48
Q

Clinical uses of opioids

A

Acute pain following surgery, trauma, MI

Tx of chronic pain in patients with cancer

49
Q

Adverse effects of opioids

A 
Sedative properties 
Euphoria 
Respiratory depression 
Cardiovascular problems - orthostatic hypotension 
GI distress - nausea and vomitting 
Constipation
50
Q

Drug tolerance

A

Need to progressively increase the dosage of a drug to achieve a therapeutic effect when the drug is used for prolonged period of time

51
Q

Physical dependence of drug

A

onset of withdrawal symptoms when drug is abruptly removed

52
Q

Properties of NSAIDs

A

Decrease inflammation
Relieve mild to moderate pain
Decrease elevated body temp (fever)
Decrease blood clotting

53
Q

Loading dose

A

A single large dose is given initially to establish analgesia; used to bring levels to therapeutic window

54
Q

Demand dose

A

Amount of drug that is self-administered by the patient each time he or she activates the PCA delivery mechanism

55
Q

Pathogenic effects of bacteria

A

Release toxic substances
Cause an immune response
Can lead to severe infections or death if patient’s immune system is compromised

56
Q

3 basic mechanisms of antibacterial drugs

A

inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis and function
Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis
Inhibition of bacterial DNA/RNA

57
Q

How inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis works

A

Drugs cause inadequate production of peptidoglycan (present in cell walls)
Punch holes in bacterial cell walls

58
Q

How bacteria inhibit protein synthesis

A

Bind to specific ribosomal subunits which blocks protein synthesis or causes ribosome to misread mRNA code

59
Q

How bacteria inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis

A

Inhibiting production of folic acid

Block steps in folate pathways

60
Q

Phases of cell cycle

A 
G0 - resting stage
G1 - pre-DNA synthesis phase
S - DNA synthesis 
G2 - post DNA synthesis 
M - cell division or mitosis
61
Q

Medications to treat severe pain

A

Hydromorphone
Morphine
Methadone
Meperidine

62
Q

Medications to treat moderate pain

A

Codeine
Hydrocodone
Oxycodone

63
Q

Adverse reactions of opioids

A

Severe/fatal respiratroy depression

64
Q

Side effects of opioids

A 
Sedation 
Respiratory depression 
Constipation 
Euphoria 
Nausea/vomitting 
Orthostatic hypotension
65
Q

MOA of opioids that are strong agonists (treat severe pain)

A

Have a high affinity for mu opioid receptors (decrease ascending pain transmission and activate descending pathways that reduce pain)

66
Q

MOA of opioids that are mild to moderate agonists (treat moderate pain)

A

stimulate opioid receptors but don’t have as high of an affinity

67
Q

MOA of NSAIDs (besides acetaminophen)

A

Inhibition of prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis by inhibiting the COX-1 and COX-2 pathways

68
Q

Children with Reye’s syndrome should not take

A

Asprin

69
Q

Adverse reactions of NSAIDs

A

Acute bronchospasm
Uticaria (itching)
Severe rhinitis
Cardiovascular shock

70
Q

Common side effects of NSAIDs

A

GI distress

Can cause renal/liver problems

71
Q

NSAID list

A 
Aspirin 
Acetaminophen 
Ibuprofen 
Indocin 
Narpoxen 
Toradol 
Tolmetin
72
Q

Antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis

A

Penicillin
Ampicillin
Keflex

73
Q

Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis

A

Garamycin
Erythromycin
Achromycin
Chloromycetin

74
Q

Antibiotics that inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis

A

Cipro
Rifadin
Silvadene
INH

75
Q

Antivirals that treat herpes infection

A

Acyclovir

76
Q

Antivirals that treat influenza

A

Tamiflu

Symmetrel

77
Q

Antivirals that treat HIV

A

Retrovir
Reyataz
Fuzeon

78
Q

Antivirals that treat DNA/RNA viruses

A

Virazole

79
Q

Antivirals that treat Hepatitis A and B

A

Interferons A

80
Q

Antivirals that treat MS

A

Interferons Beta

81
Q

Antivirals that regulate the immune response

A

Interferons Gamma

82
Q

Antifunglas that affect the cell membrane

A

Monistat, vagistat
Amphocin
Nystatin
Sporanox

83
Q

Antifunglas that inhibit mitosis

A

Fulvicin

84
Q

Alkylating cancer drug

A

Thioplex

85
Q

Antimetabolite cancer drug

A

FUDR

Methotrexate

86
Q

Antineoplastic cancer drug

A

Blenoxane

87
Q

Plant alklaloid cancer drug

A

Taxol

88
Q

Sex hormones used for cancer tx

A 
Prednisone
Testosterone
Estradiol 
Progestins 
Antiestrogens

Pathopharmacology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions