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Pathopharmacology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of prokaryotes

A

Lack nuclear membrane
Function metabolically and reproduce
Complex cell wall

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2
Q

Characteristics of eukaryotes

A

DNA is enclosed in nuclear membrane
Cell membrane is complex
Lack cell walls

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3
Q

Three different shapes of bacteria

A

Cocci - found
Spirals
Bacilli - rods

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4
Q

Exotoxins

A

Produced by gram positive bacteria and diffuse through body fluids
Intefere with nerve conduction

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5
Q

Enterotoxins

A

Stimulate vomitting center and cause GI distress

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6
Q

Endotoxins

A

Produced in cell wall of gram negative organisms and are released after organism dies
Cause fever and weakness

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7
Q

Virion

A

When virus is extracellular

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8
Q

Three groups of microorganisms that have similarities to both viruses and bacteria

A

Chlamydiae
Rickettsiae
Mycoplasma

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9
Q

Rickettsiae

A

Gram negative bacteria that invade the host

Transmitted by insect vectors

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10
Q

Mycoplasma

A

Common cause of pneumonia

Lack cell walls so is not affected by many antimicrobial drugs

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11
Q

Characteristics of fungi

A

Single cells or chains of cells
Grow in warm and moist environment
Long filaments are hyphae
Mass of fungi is mycelium

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12
Q

Pathogenic fungi

A

Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot)
Candida (thrush)
Histoplasma (lung infection)

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13
Q

Characteristics of protozoa

A

Eukaryotic
Unicellular, motile, occur in a number of shapes
Pathogens usually parasites

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14
Q

Diseases caused by protozoa

A

Trichmonoas vaginalis - sexually transmitted infection (distinguished by flagella)
Malaria - causative agent is Plasmodium species which belongs to nonmotile group called sporozoa. Transmitted through blood sucking insects
Amoebas - can cause amoebic dysnentery; motile group that extends cytoplams and moves forward

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15
Q

Characteristics of helminth

A

Three stage life cycle: egg, larva, adult

Ova or larva ingested in contaminated food or water

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16
Q

Prions

A

Transmitted by consumption of contaminated tissues such as muscle or the use of donor tissues contaminated with the protein
Induces proteins within the brain to undergo abnormal folding and change shape
Example: Creutzfeldt Jakob

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17
Q

Areas of body that lack resident flora

A

Lungs, kidneys, bladder

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18
Q

Endemic

A

consistent occurring in a population

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19
Q

Epidemic

A

occurs outside the normal geographical range or in higher than expected numbers

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20
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Capacity of microbes to cause disease

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21
Q

Virulence

A

Degree of pathogenicity of a specific microbe

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22
Q

Virulence is based on

A

Invasive qualities
Toxic qualities
Adherence to tissue
Ability to avoid host defense

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23
Q

Disinfectants

A

Chemical solutions that are known to destroy microorganisms on inanimate objects

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24
Q

Antiseptics

A

Chemicals applied to living objects (body) that do not cause tissue damage. They reduce the number of organisms but do not destroy all of them

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25
Incubation period
time between entry of the organism into the body and appearance of clinical signs of the disease
26
Prodromal period
time when the infected person may feel fatigued, lose appetite, or have a headache, "coming down with something"
27
Acute period
Infectious disease develops fully and clinical manifestations reach peak
28
Local signs of infection
Inflammation Pus (purulent if bacteria; serous if virus) Tissue necrosis Swollen lymph nodes
29
Systemic signs of infection
``` Fever Fatigue Weakness Headache Nausea ```
30
Bactericidal
Drugs that destroy organisms
31
Bacteriostatic
Drugs that decrease the microbe's rate of reproduction and rely on the host's defenses to destroy the organisms
32
Warning signs of cancer (8)
1. Unusual bleeding or discharge anywhere in body 2. Change in bowel or bladder habits 3. Change in wart or mole 4. A sore that does not heal 5. Unexplained weight loss 6. Anemia or low hemoglobin (persistent fatigue) 7. Persistent cough and hoarseness 8. A solid lump, often painless
33
Three basic mechanisms of cancer
1. Invasion - grows into adjacent tissue 2. Metastasis - spread to distant sites by blood or lymph 3. Seeding - spread of cells in body fluids or along membranes
34
Staging of cancer based on
Size of primary tumor Extent of involvement of lymph nodes Spread of tumor
35
Adverse effects of radiation
Bone marrow depression (leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia) Epithelial cell damage Sterility
36
Adverse effects of chemotherapy
``` Hemorrhage (thrombocytopenia) Infections (neutropenia) Septicemia (tumors in GI tract) Pneumonia Skin infections Vomitting Epithelial cell damage Stomatitis ```
37
Definition of cancer cure
5 year survival without recurrence after diagnosis
38
Definition of remission
No clinical signs of cancer
39
Three families of endogenous opioids
Endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins
40
Three types of opioid receptors
Mu, kappa, delta
41
Strong Opioid angonists
Used to treat severe pain | Have a high affinity for certain receptors and interact primarily with mu receptors
42
Opioid antagonists
Used to treat opioid overdose and addiction | Do not produce analgensia, but displace opioid agonist from opioid receptor and blocks any further agonist molecule
43
Effects of opioids on CNS (how they regulate pain)
Decrease ascending pain transmission | Activate descending pathways that reduce pain
44
How opioids affect synaptic transmission
Decrease neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic terminal and decrease excitable post synaptic neurons within key pain pathways
45
Opioid affect at pre-synaptic terminal
Activates G proteins that inhibit the opening of calcium channels on the nerve membrane
46
Opioid affect at the postsynpatic terminal
Opening of potassium channels which causes hyperpolarization and makes it more difficult to excite interior of cell
47
How opioids affect cAMP
inhibits adnenyl cyclase enzyme so decrease in synthesis of cAMP which regulates neurotransmitter release from pre-synaptic terminal
48
Clinical uses of opioids
Acute pain following surgery, trauma, MI | Tx of chronic pain in patients with cancer
49
Adverse effects of opioids
``` Sedative properties Euphoria Respiratory depression Cardiovascular problems - orthostatic hypotension GI distress - nausea and vomitting Constipation ```
50
Drug tolerance
Need to progressively increase the dosage of a drug to achieve a therapeutic effect when the drug is used for prolonged period of time
51
Physical dependence of drug
onset of withdrawal symptoms when drug is abruptly removed
52
Properties of NSAIDs
Decrease inflammation Relieve mild to moderate pain Decrease elevated body temp (fever) Decrease blood clotting
53
Loading dose
A single large dose is given initially to establish analgesia; used to bring levels to therapeutic window
54
Demand dose
Amount of drug that is self-administered by the patient each time he or she activates the PCA delivery mechanism
55
Pathogenic effects of bacteria
Release toxic substances Cause an immune response Can lead to severe infections or death if patient's immune system is compromised
56
3 basic mechanisms of antibacterial drugs
inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis and function Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis Inhibition of bacterial DNA/RNA
57
How inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis works
Drugs cause inadequate production of peptidoglycan (present in cell walls) Punch holes in bacterial cell walls
58
How bacteria inhibit protein synthesis
Bind to specific ribosomal subunits which blocks protein synthesis or causes ribosome to misread mRNA code
59
How bacteria inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis
Inhibiting production of folic acid | Block steps in folate pathways
60
Phases of cell cycle
``` G0 - resting stage G1 - pre-DNA synthesis phase S - DNA synthesis G2 - post DNA synthesis M - cell division or mitosis ```
61
Medications to treat severe pain
Hydromorphone Morphine Methadone Meperidine
62
Medications to treat moderate pain
Codeine Hydrocodone Oxycodone
63
Adverse reactions of opioids
Severe/fatal respiratroy depression
64
Side effects of opioids
``` Sedation Respiratory depression Constipation Euphoria Nausea/vomitting Orthostatic hypotension ```
65
MOA of opioids that are strong agonists (treat severe pain)
Have a high affinity for mu opioid receptors (decrease ascending pain transmission and activate descending pathways that reduce pain)
66
MOA of opioids that are mild to moderate agonists (treat moderate pain)
stimulate opioid receptors but don't have as high of an affinity
67
MOA of NSAIDs (besides acetaminophen)
Inhibition of prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis by inhibiting the COX-1 and COX-2 pathways
68
Children with Reye's syndrome should not take
Asprin
69
Adverse reactions of NSAIDs
Acute bronchospasm Uticaria (itching) Severe rhinitis Cardiovascular shock
70
Common side effects of NSAIDs
GI distress | Can cause renal/liver problems
71
NSAID list
``` Aspirin Acetaminophen Ibuprofen Indocin Narpoxen Toradol Tolmetin ```
72
Antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis
Penicillin Ampicillin Keflex
73
Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis
Garamycin Erythromycin Achromycin Chloromycetin
74
Antibiotics that inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis
Cipro Rifadin Silvadene INH
75
Antivirals that treat herpes infection
Acyclovir
76
Antivirals that treat influenza
Tamiflu | Symmetrel
77
Antivirals that treat HIV
Retrovir Reyataz Fuzeon
78
Antivirals that treat DNA/RNA viruses
Virazole
79
Antivirals that treat Hepatitis A and B
Interferons A
80
Antivirals that treat MS
Interferons Beta
81
Antivirals that regulate the immune response
Interferons Gamma
82
Antifunglas that affect the cell membrane
Monistat, vagistat Amphocin Nystatin Sporanox
83
Antifunglas that inhibit mitosis
Fulvicin
84
Alkylating cancer drug
Thioplex
85
Antimetabolite cancer drug
FUDR | Methotrexate
86
Antineoplastic cancer drug
Blenoxane
87
Plant alklaloid cancer drug
Taxol
88
Sex hormones used for cancer tx
``` Prednisone Testosterone Estradiol Progestins Antiestrogens ```

Pathopharmacology (3 decks)

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