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Psychology 450 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Chorionic Gonadotrophin (CG)

A
  • created/secreted by the placenta to keep progesterone high
  • acts similar to LH
  • prevents miscarriage
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2
Q

Estrogen/Progesterone during pregnancy

A
  • comes from placenta, not ovary

- if ovaries are removed during pregnancy, pregnancy still goes to term

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3
Q

Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)

A
  • created/secreted by the placenta

- controls release of cortisol

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4
Q

Who makes placenta

A

Fetus

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5
Q

Placenta is a major _____ and ______ _____

A

endocrine and immune gland

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6
Q

Antibody transfer before and after birth

A
  • maternal antibodies cross placenta increasingly as pregnancy progresses
  • after birth, passive immunity through breast milk for 3 months
  • after 3 months, infant makes more IgGs on own
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7
Q

Placenta filters antibodies

A
  • receptors on placenta that grab mother’s IgGs and pull them across placenta
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8
Q

Neotnatal IgGs level pattern

A
  • highest in humans (~130% of mother), lesser as more primitive
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9
Q

Placental Iron Transfer

A
  • receptors for iron

- ~50% of iron needed for baby to grow is pulled across placenta

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10
Q

Receptor for Iron

A
  • transferrin
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11
Q
  • If low iron transfer…
A
  • then low iron stores
  • insufficient iron for post-natal growth
  • anemic
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12
Q

Obstetrical practice to make up for low iron

A
  • delayed cord clamping
  • blood goes into baby
  • some humans eat placenta in form of pill, high in nutrients
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13
Q

Egg laying mammals

A

monotremes

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14
Q

mammals like marsupials

A

therian

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15
Q

live young

A

viviparity

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16
Q

true placental mammals

A

eutherian

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17
Q

immature

A

altricial

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18
Q

relatively mature

A

precocial

- prolongation of pregnancy and nursing

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19
Q

Nursing of primates

A
  • lemurs 2-6 months
  • monkeys 6-12 months
  • apes 3-4 years
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20
Q

baby parking

A

galagos & mouse lemurs

nest or branch

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21
Q

Titi monkey

A
  • monogamous
  • paternal care
  • NW
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22
Q

Aunting behavior

A
  • squirrel monkey
  • moms carrying
  • older daughter also helps to carry sometimes
    - pre puberty
  • females rush to baby if left alone
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23
Q

Baby Passing

A
  • langurs
  • for bonding?
  • baby passed around amongst other females
  • not always gentle
    • dominant sometimes takes baby away from submissive mom
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24
Q

Immediately after birth…

A

mom pulls baby onto chest

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25
Q

Maternal Motivation

A
  • predisposed to form selective bonds
  • agitation reaction to involuntary separation
  • permissive hormones
  • birthing process (delivery/placenta)
  • socialization
  • elicitors
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26
Q

Elicitors

A

cues

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27
Q

Permissive Hormone

A

Oxytocin

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28
Q

If monkeys are delivered by C-section

A
  • if cleaned, mother does not feel maternal bond
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29
Q

How does the mother know its a baby

A
  • size
  • smell
  • natal coat
  • “cute” response
  • distress calls (cry)
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30
Q

What does baby bring to relationship?

A
  • companionship
  • grasping/clasping
  • rooting/suckling
  • negative geotropism
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31
Q

negative geotropism

A
  • need to know up from down
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32
Q

3 primary stages in Mother-Infant Relationship & length of time in monkeys and apes

A
  • Support
  • Ambivalence
  • Rejection
  • monkeys; 6 months
  • apes: 3-4 years
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33
Q

Support

A

Carrying, Nursing

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34
Q

Ambivalence

A

baby moves off mother, mother nervous

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35
Q

Rejection

A

wean & reject baby if it doesn’t become independent on its own

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36
Q

Importance of early experience

A
  • if disruption in early experiences, consequences of development
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37
Q

Approach/Leave Ratio

A
  • scoring that says how much infant is leaving/mother is approaching
  • tells how independent baby has become
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38
Q

Monkeys 6-12 months development

A
  • monkey infant off mother to peer play group of same age
    - important for normal development
  • change from support to independence fairly fast
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39
Q

Great Apes timeline for primary stages

A

Support: 1 year
Ambivalence: 2 years
Rejection & active weaning: 3-4 years

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40
Q

Mother is a ______ to the baby

A
  • source of emotional security
  • if not mother, inhibited/affected development
  • acts as both emotional support and learning for survival
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41
Q

Primates are predisposed to be _____

A

social

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42
Q

Theory of attachment

A
  • John Bowlby
  • biological predisposition to want to form attachment and relationship
  • born looking to find mom&dad
  • references Konrad Lorenz and Harry Harlow
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43
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A
  • imprinting
  • when young birds born, predisposed to find parents
  • 1st thing they see is “mom/dad”
  • if mother isn’t around, imprint on first thing they see
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44
Q

Cranes in Baraboo

A
  • cranes raised in captivity

- use small plane to teach cranes to migrate south for winter

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45
Q

Hippo attachment example

A
  • lost mother, follows turtle
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46
Q

Monkeys and Prosimians: sense used for attachment

A
  • do not rely as much on vision, more on smell
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47
Q

Harry Harlow

A
  • UW comparative psychologist
  • cloth surrogate mother vs. wire mother
  • wire mother had food but baby monkey spent 80-90% of time on cloth mother
    • contact comfort
  • when monkey was scared with toy, ran to cloth mother
  • will go around barriers to get to cloth mother
  • cloth mom is bonded to monkeys
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48
Q

3 stages of response to separation (losing care provider) once bond is formed

A
  • protest
  • depressive
  • social detachment
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49
Q

Protest response to separation

A
  • agitation
  • 1st hour to 1st day
  • human equivalent to crying
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50
Q

Depressive response to separation

A
  • conservation withdrawal

- quiet, turned inward

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51
Q

Social detachment to separation

A
  • if parent returns, child is detached & avoidant

- more prominent in humans

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52
Q

Baby monkey call to get mother to return

A
  • whooo call
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53
Q

Protest-agitation bodily responses

A
  • crying
  • HR, BP, cortisol all increased
  • aroused
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54
Q

Depressive-withdrawal bodily responses

A
  • body temp, norepinephrine decreased

- immunosuppressed

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55
Q

3 main neurotransmitters involved in separation

A
  • serotonin (5HT)
  • dopamine (DA)
  • norepinephrine (NE)
  • in hindbrain, axons project forward, influence how brain functions
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56
Q

During protest phase of separation neurotransmitter effects

A
  • dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine increased
  • continued demand to release NE when separation is longer & longer
  • those who cannot meet this demand are more withdrawn when parent returns
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57
Q

Hans Spitz

A
  • Detachment
  • Hospitalization syndrome
  • “failure to thrive”
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58
Q

Hospitalization syndrome

A
  • when raised in orphanage –> okay 1-2 years… after that becomes detached
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59
Q

Anna Freud

A
  • Freud’s daughter
  • detachment in orphans from WWII
    - hard for them to form new relationships
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60
Q

Romanian Institutions Ceaucescu 1989

A
  • 2% of children (100,000) raised in state nurseries

- birth control banned, many children abandoned by mothers

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61
Q

Neurodevelopmental disorders and psychiatric conditions (3)

A
  • Orality & self-clasping
  • Rocking
  • emotionality
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62
Q

Neurodevelopmental disorders and psychiatric conditions: Orality and Self-clasping

A
  • grab onto anything, including self

- fixated

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63
Q

Neurodevelopmental disorders and psychiatric conditions: Rocking

A
  • repetitive, stereotypic behavior
  • self-injurious behavior (SIB)
  • reflective of children w/ autism
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64
Q

Neurodevelopmental disorders and psychiatric conditions: Emotionality

A
  • increased emotional reactivity
  • social disinterest/aggressiveness
  • lack of empathy
    - normally when one monkey is upset and another sees it, it will also feel upset
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65
Q

Self-injurious behavior

A
  • SIB
  • self biting
  • unresponsive “motherless mothers” –> do not feel bonding towards infant and do not hold onto it
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66
Q

Effects of neurodevelopment disorders on brain chemistry & immune system

A
  • low NE
  • altered DA functioning
    • abnormal motivation and rewards system
  • immunosuppressed
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67
Q

Epigenetics

A
  • genes can be affected by early life events
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68
Q

Bifido bacteria Lactobacilli

A
  • babies need to nurse with breastmilk

- nursery-reared infant have different gut bacteria than breast milk fed

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69
Q

Treatment/Recovery of detached/neglected monkeys (4)

A
  • needs to be before 1 year of age
  • Peer-reared monkeys
  • Playroom therapy
  • grandparent therapy
  • dog parent therapy
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70
Q

Treatment/Recovery of detached/neglected monkeys: Peer-reared monkeys

A
  • “together-together”

- not a great solution, will just hold one another but do not develop autonomy necessarily

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71
Q

Treatment/Recovery of detached/neglected monkeys: Playroom Therapy

A
  • nuclear family housing
  • only infants to central play area, mothers stay in big cages
  • turn out okay, but sooner the better
  • learn to interact appropriately
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72
Q

Treatment/Recovery of detached/neglected monkeys: Grandparent Therapy

A
  • older monkeys become surrogate mom/dad

- decent way of raising monkeys normally

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73
Q

Treatment/Recovery of detached/neglected monkeys: Dog parent therapy

A
  • do not develop complex social relationships as an adult
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74
Q

Are there ethical issues with infant research?

A
  • is it ethical to conduct research on infants?

- what rationals should be required & is it reasonable to follow traditional research

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75
Q

Research changed rearing procedures at zoos

A
  • babies used to be put in nursery, now babies raised by mom
  • also contributed to radical change in how children were raised throughout the world
  • orphanages down, foster families and adoption up
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76
Q

Serotonin

A
  • 5HT
  • sleep/wake
  • depression
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77
Q

Dopamine

A
  • DA
  • movement
  • motivated behavior
  • drug addiction
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78
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • NE
  • arousal
  • depression
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79
Q

Watson: Pre- WWII view of parenting

A
  • don’t hold baby, will become spoiled

- scheduled feeding then, on-demand feeding now

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80
Q

Importance of tactile stimulation (3 researchers)

A
  • Harry Harlow: contact comfort
  • Konrad Lorenz: imprinting
  • John Bowlby: attachment theory
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81
Q

Oscar

A
  • orphan chimp adopted by male
  • mother died of illness
  • most cases infant would die
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82
Q

Antidepressants raise ______

A
  • 5HT, DA, NE
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83
Q

Allele related to depression

A
  • determines how efficient at making/uptaking serotonin
  • efficient: long allele
  • inefficient: short allele
  • can be long-long, long-short, or short-short
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84
Q

Efficient allele for reuptake of serotonin

A
  • long allele (dandelion)
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85
Q

Inefficient allele for repute of serotonin

A
  • short allele (orchid)
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86
Q

Monkey see, monkey do

A
  • why does a monkey imitate?

- mirror neurons? (cells that get us to copy)

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87
Q

Preferences in monkeys (2 examples)

A
  • infant preference: prefer monkeys of own species

- Rhesus: preference for adult females over males

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88
Q

Selection Circus

A
  • put monkey inside circular apparatus
  • preferred/detected female monkey vs male
  • also showed threatening face
    • no run until 3 months of age
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89
Q

Stages of life

A
  • Infancy- weaning
  • Juvenile to puberty
  • subadult to adolescence
  • adult - start of reproduction
  • aged - old age
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90
Q

Chimps life span

A
  • infancy lasts 0-4 years of age
  • juvenile 5-8 years of age
  • puberty: f–> 10-12 yrs old, m –> 11-13 yrs old
  • adult: f–> 12-14 years, m –> 14 years
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91
Q

Juveniles hang out in _____

A
  • large same-aged groups
  • distinct behaviors
  • play behaviors
  • high energy level
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92
Q

exuberance

A

high energy level

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93
Q

Play behaviors (3)

A
  • solo play
  • social play
  • object play/environment explore
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94
Q

Why play?

A
  • fun
  • learn skill
  • socialization
  • behavioral plasticity
  • energy expenditure
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95
Q

Defining “play”

A
  • nonpurposeful
  • repetitive
  • incomplete elements
  • exaggerated
  • “play face”
  • response of recipient
  • out of context
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96
Q

Evolution of the smile

A
  • related to play-face

- wrestling play (rough and tumble) (more common in males)

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97
Q

Gender differences in play

A
  • type of play
    • m more rough & tumble
  • cessation of play
    • f stop earlier
  • extended male adolescence
  • onset of reproduction
  • emmigration
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98
Q

androgenize

A
  • fetus turning male by exposure to testosterone
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99
Q

Experiment with XX exposed to androgen during fetal development

A
  • hermaphroditic in appearance
  • behave more like males
  • gynecological problems
    - polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
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100
Q

PCOS

A

polycystic ovarian syndrome

- experienced by female monkeys who were injected with androgen during time as fetus

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101
Q

Time from menarche to first birth

A
  • about 1.5 years
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102
Q

time from testical enlargement to adult rank/leaving

A
  • about 2 years
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103
Q

ways to measure hormones

A
  • blood
  • saliva (1/10)
  • urine and feces (metabolites)
  • hair (long term)
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104
Q

every species has distinctive appearance change when adult –> examples (2)

A
  • cheek pads in orange

- blue scrotum in vervet

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105
Q

Old Age overview (captivity)

A
  • frail, lose weight (~20 years)

- in captivity, live additional 10-20 years as monkeys

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106
Q

Old Age changes (5)

A
  • behavioral
  • physiological
  • cognitive
  • disease morbidity
  • mortality
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107
Q

Aging research in primates

A
  • develop geriatric illnesses like people when in captivity because they live longer
  • eyes: cataracts
  • bone: osteoporosis
  • brain: alzheimers (symptoms), parkinsons
  • immunity: immune senescence, lower vaccine efficacy
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108
Q

Match-to-sample task in old age

A
  • teach and remember later

- do worse as they age

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109
Q

Biomarkers of aging

A
  • appearance
  • metabolic syndrome (wear & tear)
  • oxidative metabolism
  • illness of old age
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110
Q

benefits of calorie restriction in captivity

A
  • slower aging process
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111
Q

Brain maturation of monkeys (age)

A
  • males: 5 years

- females: 3 years

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112
Q

flu vaccine response (age differences)

A
  • antibody response lower in older monkeys
  • gave second booster
    • old & young increased response
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113
Q

Old monkeys do not experience dementia and alzheimers, however….

A
  • they do lose neurons and develop plaques.
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114
Q

Experiment with flashing lights

A
  • tests short term/working memory in old monkeys
  • monkeys look through panel with 9 lights, they flash, have to remember where they are after time delays
  • found short term memory is declining as expected
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115
Q

George Romanes (1884)

A
  • “animal intelligence”

- argued curiosity, insight, empathy aspects of behavior are part of intelligence

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116
Q

Wilhelm Von Osten

A
  • Clever Hans horse in carnival that could “count”
  • horse really taking subliminal cues from owner
  • we THINK the animal knows more than it does
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117
Q

Occam’s Razor

A
  • do not make more complicated than necessary

- law of parsimony

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118
Q

Edward Thorndike

A
  • Trial & error learning, no deep understanding

- reinforced by what works, conditioned

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119
Q

Pavlov

A
  • classical conditioning

- stimulus, response

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120
Q

B.F. Skinner

A
  • operant conditioning

- reinforcement with reward

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121
Q

Wolfgang Kohler

A
  • “insight learning”
  • gestalt psychology
  • argued more than trial & error
  • chimps have insight
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122
Q

Wolfgang Kohler Experiment

A
  • placed banana in cage too high up, gave chimps 2 boxes to reach banana if stacked
  • chimps stacked boxes to reach banana
  • said chimps had understanding, not trial
123
Q

Bowden Box

A
  • Harry Harlow

- curiosity as motivational drive

124
Q

Chain and Grape Experiment

A
  • tested curiosity
125
Q

Wisconsin General Test Apparatus (WGTA)

A
  • set up series of tests w/ a tray w/ objects on it & a treat under
  • overarching goal: task that distinguishes evolution of brains from prosimians to humans
  • repetition, reinforce object discrimination
  • oddity learning (principle)
126
Q

Habit Learning with WGTA

A
  • one object correct, one object wrong over and over

- monkeys no problem learning principle of different

127
Q

Learning set WGTA

A
  • 6 trials, first trial shows rule for removing oddity
  • 5 trials of set
  • best test ever developed to distinguish what’s different across brains of primates
    • rhesus, apes, humans –> good
    • squirrel monkey, prosimians –> bad
128
Q

Delayed matching to sample WGTA

A
  • easy with 0 second delay, harder as delay got bigger
129
Q

Rob Hampton

A
  • categorization choice
  • bins on touch screen w/ no labels
  • sort pictures
    • food reward
    • face recognition as well
130
Q

Word recognition by letter pattern from equivalent random non-words

A
  • baboons
  • 4 letter words spelt correctly vs scrambled (PLAC vs CLAP)
  • gestalt, not actually reading
131
Q

Tetsuro Matsuzawa

A
  • University of Kyoto (Japan)
  • touchscreen sequential counting chimps
  • chimps can also match symbols to english and japanese words
132
Q

Addition Task

A
  • show set 1.. delay… show set 2.. then two choices of possible sums
  • rhesus monkeys can count and add to 8, have not gotten past 9
133
Q

Recall previously seen photograph among 9 pictures

A
  • had varied reward value

- could bet treats based on confidence

134
Q

cognitive neuroscience & computational neuroscience

A
  • monkey could move joystick with only brain
135
Q

Preparedness Learning

A
  • Susan Mineka
  • studied if monkeys are innately afraid of snakes
    • if you show lab monkey video of snake with scared monkey in it, become afraid of snakes
    • if you show same thing with flowers, not afraid of flowers
136
Q

Issues/challenges with traditional learning/cognition studies

A
  • some primates below average (squirrel, gibbons)
  • some above norm (capuchins)
  • other animals: raccoons, parrots above
137
Q

Sheo Singh

A
  • looked at performance of urban vs rural monkeys

- city monkeys performed better, more interest in objects

138
Q

Species typical behavior in chimps

A
  • nest building, hunting, medicinal plant use
139
Q

Tool Use in chimp

A
  • Jane Goodall: ant dipping

- Testuro Matauzawa: rock hammer/anvil

140
Q

Protoculture

A
  • facultative learning from mother
141
Q

Complex cognitive concepts Chimps

A
  • awareness of time, sense of self, death, sense of fairness & reciprocity, art & music awareness etc
142
Q

Imo, juvenile Japanese Macaque

A
  • potato and wheat washing
  • behavior spread amongst troop, juveniles first, females, then males
  • now all monkeys wash food on this island
143
Q

Ant dipping and termite fishing in chimps (imitation or purposeful teaching?)

A
  • learn how to do by watching mother

- also looked at breaking nuts with rocks

144
Q

Jill Pruetz

A
  • chimps cool off in caves on hot days

- wouldn’t go into cave usually

145
Q

Researchers gave vervet blue and pink foods, infants ______

A
  • infants ate what mother ate most of time
146
Q

Gordon Gallup

A
  • self-awareness mirror recognition test
  • put red spot on forehead, if touches itself, has sense of self, if touches mirror, doesn’t know
  • originally chimps yes, monkeys no
  • if monkeys given small mirror.. yes but look more at genitals
147
Q

What other animal recognizes itself in a mirror?

A
  • elephant
148
Q

Emil Menzel & Sally Beysen

A
  • object constancy
  • are objects out of sight out of mind?
  • show chimp in small scale layout where banana is hidden, can find banana right away in full scale layout
  • can also find object after being shown on tv screen
149
Q

Grief argument by ____ and what it is

A
  • Jane Goodall

- Flo died, son would not leave her body for weeks, died a month later

150
Q

Theory of Mind

A
  • thinking that your mind & my mind have something in common
  • food sharing.. sense of fairness YES
  • working as a team YES
151
Q

Sense of time measurements

A
  • memories of past, anticipation of future

- how do they experience art, music

152
Q

Sense of fairness task

A
  • unequal rewards (grape vs biscuit) for same task
153
Q

Chimpanzee poking hole for _____

A
  • galago
  • most of time by adult female
  • females pass on behavior to offspring
154
Q

Will a monkey play video games?

A
  • yes, tic tac toe

- similar to 3-6 yr old child in navigation games

155
Q

types of communication from primate to primate

A
  • intentional
  • unintentional (piloerection, autonomic nervous system)
  • if message isn’t received, have to take more drastic measures
  • gestures for aggression & peacekeeping
  • communicate also by position
156
Q

Reciprocal Altruism

A
  • “i get it this time, you get it next time”

- temporarily disadvantaging oneself for another

157
Q

3 factors in communicating

A
  • Motivation, Meaning, Function
158
Q

Threat Face

A
  • stare
159
Q

Open mouth threat

A
  • response to threat, sometimes teeth showing, sometimes not
160
Q

Fear Grimace

A
  • looks like a smile

- shows they are not a threat

161
Q

Play Smile

A
  • happy face
162
Q

Social Smile

A
  • more anxious
163
Q

Visual cues for communication (6)

A
  • gestures, posture, color
  • body language
  • natal coat
  • sexual dimorphism
  • species, age, hormones
  • exaggeration of other signals
    • piloerection
    • bipedalism
164
Q

Tactile communication

A
  • touch communication
  • associated with positive
  • grooming –> group cohesion
  • passive body contact –> lower HR
165
Q

Example of passive body contact

A
  • sleep in groups touching
  • sleep next to relative/best friend
  • put tail on who they like best
166
Q

Olfactory communication

A
  • odor communication
  • reliance on scent marking in NW and prosimians
  • scent can come from oil glands, urine, fecal matter, and sneezing
  • tells species, gender, hormone status
  • pheromones
167
Q

Auditory Communication (5)

A
  • distress calls
  • cohesion calls
  • territorial calls
  • food calls
  • predator calls
168
Q

Gibbon/Siamang Long Call

A
  • wake up in morning, call & troop calls back
169
Q

Robert Seyfarth and Dorothy Cheney

A
  • different calls by vervet for leopards, eagles, and snakes

- juveniles call out wrong sometimes, get better as older

170
Q

Whoo-shriek

A
  • rhesus distress call of infants

- squirrel monkeys also high distress call

171
Q

Infant distress call experiment

A
  • adults do not respond to distress calls of different species
  • even squirrel monkeys from different sides of amazon
172
Q

Pant-Hoot calls from chimps observation

A
  • chimps wake up and pant hoot for 30 minutes
  • experiment: throw food, nothing, or blast other stranger chimp pant hoot calls into area
    • results, very low amounts when fruit thrown… more when strange chimp calls blasted
173
Q

ACCI

A
  • Ape Cognition Conservation Initiative
  • Des Moines, Iowa
  • indoor/outdoor facility
174
Q

Mission of ACCI

A
  • science, conservation, civic engagement
175
Q

Scientific Mission of ACCI

A
  • study evolutionary origins of human language, cognition, behavior
176
Q

Conservation Mission of ACCI

A
  • promoting environmental awareness & activism by educating future generations
177
Q

Civic Engagement Mission of ACCI

A
  • aim to educate students of all ages on importance of great apes
178
Q

Bonobo Facts (2)

A

critically endangered

- only in dem repub of congo

179
Q

Bonobos living at ACCI (5)

A
  • Kanzi
  • Nyota
  • Maisha
  • Elikya (teco mom)
  • Teco
180
Q

Descartes

A
  • said what separated humans from animals is ability to put words together to convey thoughts
  • “think therefore i am”
181
Q

Pepys

A
  • believed chimps could understand english & thought it may be taught to speak or sign language
182
Q

Neural Requirements for Language?

A
  • Brain size >500cc

- brain laterality needed

183
Q

Areas needed for language in brain

A
  • Broca and Wernicke’s

- exist in apes

184
Q

Chimps that are left handed

A
  • larger precentral gyrus in right hemisphere

- language in either side

185
Q

Chimps that are right handed

A
  • 60-70%

- language in left side of brain

186
Q

Chimps have ______ brains

A

lateralized

187
Q

Anatomical structure of throat and tongue muscles

A
  • humans: lower pharynx and larynx
    - allows us to make many sounds
  • apes can’t make vocal language
188
Q

Extended period of postnatal maturation

A
  • human brain 24% of adult size at birth

- monkey and chimp brain 60% of adult size at birth

189
Q

Human brain energy

A
  • use more energy at birth than in adults
190
Q

W & L Kellogg

A
  • Gua chimp, David human child
  • raised together
  • chimp did not develop language
191
Q

Kathy and Keith Hayes

A
  • chimp vicki raised as child during 1940s
  • attempts at verbal language failed
  • could “say” cup, mama…
192
Q

Robert Yerkes (1925)

A
  • thought maybe chimps could be taught to use fingers

- cannot vocalize but thought they still had capacity for language

193
Q

Allen and Beatrice Gardner (1960s)

A
  • Washoe first signing chimp
  • 150 sign gestures
  • 2-3 sign sequences
  • made up signs for things he did not know
194
Q

Roger Fouts

A
  • Washoe dies in 1970
  • Wash St. chimp facility closes in 2013
  • roger hoped Washoe would teach other chimps, did not happen
195
Q

Chantek & trainer name

A
  • Orang at Atlanta Zoo
  • Lyn Miles
  • found chantek could sign
196
Q

Koko (and trainer name)

A
  • gorilla
  • penny patterson
  • stanford
  • could also sign
197
Q

All three great apes can be taught to use ASL

A
  • ~ 100-150 words taught
198
Q

David Premark & Sarah the Chimp

A
  • plastic symbols for concepts
    - same/different
    - larger/smaller
    - classes of objects (color)
199
Q

LANA project

A
  • Language Analog
  • Duane Rambaugh and Sue Savage-Rumbaugh
  • made first touchscreen with symbols
    - to oppose argument that this was just fancy animal training, had to use sentence syntax
  • can also use keyboard with children with autism
200
Q

Sherman and Austin

A
  • Rumbaughs
  • wanted to see if the two chimps could work cooperatively
  • taught them categories
  • could communicate through keyboards
    - ex. please bring me screwdriver
201
Q

Kanzi

A
  • first bonobo to learn language
  • watched mother use keyboard
  • argued he could understand spoken language
202
Q

Herbert Terrace

A
  • Mentor was B.F. Skinner
  • worked with Nim Chimsky
  • decided: not language, just elaborate conditioning
  • signing research mostly came to an end
203
Q

Irene Pepperberg

A
  • Alex the Parrot

- animals like whales and parrots both have language

204
Q

Requirements for Language

A
  • Nom Chomsky
  • syntax, grammar
  • repeatable language
  • displacement in time/space
  • productivity
  • arbitrary
  • cultural transmission
205
Q

John Muir

A
  • UW alumnus

- promoted US Nat Park System

206
Q

Aldo Leopold

A
  • land stewardship
  • we are responsible for land around us
  • need to take a responsibility to take care of the land
207
Q

WI Governor and Senator Gaylord Nelson

A
  • Earth Day 1970

- Nelson Earth Day Conference

208
Q

George Shaller

A
  • UW Zoology
  • Ethologist
  • Mountain Gorilla Study
209
Q

Karen Strier

A
  • Caratinga & biological preserve
  • started muriqui conservation efforts
  • more than 1000 woolys today
210
Q

Galdikas

A
  • Orang rehabilitation

- found orangs as pets, help them back into wild

211
Q

Jane Goodall

A
  • Goodall institute

- roots and shoots program

212
Q

Endangered/Threatened Primates

A
  • 48% of 634 species
213
Q

Russ Mittermeir

A
  • major census of primate species
214
Q

How many primate species in Brazil?

A
  • 114 species
215
Q

How many primate species in Madagascar?

A
  • 97 species
216
Q

How many primate species in Indonesia?

A
  • 44 species
217
Q

% of species critically endangered?

A
  • 11%
218
Q

% of species endangered?

A
  • 22%
219
Q

% of species vulnerable?

A
  • 15%
220
Q

0-100 left of species

A
  • Aye-Aye
  • Silky Sifaka
  • Golden Lion Tamarin - SA
  • Lion-Tailed Macaque
  • Mountain Gorilla
221
Q

1000-10,000 left of species

A
  • gibbons

- sumatra orang

222
Q

FILL IN

A
  • langurs

- proboscis

223
Q

> 300,000

A

chimps

224
Q

Cao Vit Gibbon

A
  • thought they were extinct
  • northern vietnam, southern china
  • 25-100 left
225
Q

FILL IN

A
  • Variegated Spider Monkey
226
Q

Madagascar and Humans

A
  • Humans present on Madagascar for 1500 years
  • 80% of habitat inhabited by humans
  • 14 species lost
  • 23 million humans on madagascar today
227
Q

Virunga Volcano Park

A
  • Where Mt. Gorilla lives
  • land is big enough for 36,000 people
  • equal to 3 months population growth
228
Q

Polio Vaccine

A
  • 40,000 rhesus monkeys
229
Q

Cancer research

A
  • 30,000-40,000 cotton top tamarins in 15 years
230
Q

Ecological and natural disasters

A
  • forest fires in Orang habitats
  • droughts
  • Vietnam War: 45% forest cleared, 50% damaged
  • 2011: Japan Tsunami
231
Q

Deforestation

A
  • Slash & burn agriculture huge in destroying forests
232
Q

Hunting

A
  • revival of culinary interest in “bushmeat”
233
Q

Solutions to habitat degradation

A
  • National parks, corridors between fragmented forests
234
Q

National Park in Congo

A
  • expansion to include more area
235
Q

Cons of Dams

A
  • flood forests

- Belomonte Dam: controversial

236
Q

Effective breeding population

A
  • > 500 individuals to ensure genetic diversity
237
Q

Size of range to be protected?

A
  • ideally carrying capacity
238
Q

Need education in countries of origin

A
  • show they are basis of eco-tourism

- benefits of national parks

239
Q

Failed attempt of education

A
  • Brazil lion tamarin for olympic mascot
240
Q

Palm Oil

A
  • near orang habitats, indonesian
241
Q

Stephanie Spehar

A
  • sloshkosh

- orang census, local education in indonesia

242
Q

need to map the changing forests

A
  • necessary to see effect
243
Q

Wisco connections to conservation

A
  • John Muir: national parks
  • Aldo Leopold: land stewardship
  • Gaylord Nelson: earth day
244
Q

UW connections to primate conservation

A
  • George Shaller: mountain gorilla
  • Karen Strier: muriqui
  • Martha Robbins: more recent gorilla
245
Q

Steven Solomon

A
  • UW Student

- traveled around world with Jane Goodall

246
Q

Katie Cronin

A
  • UW student working at Lincoln Park Zoo
247
Q

Each year new list of # of most threatened

A
  • 25
248
Q

Causes of Endangerment (5)

A
  • lumbering
  • local agriculture
  • dams
  • hunting
  • global warming
249
Q

Best to put nat parks in what areas?

A
  • areas with high species diversity
250
Q

Korup

A
  • national park in camaroons with 14 species
251
Q

Anna Nekaris

A
  • slow loris conservation
252
Q

Long Yongcheng

A
  • Yunnan Golden Monkey
253
Q

New Macaque found in Tibet

A
  • white-cheeked macaque
254
Q

Clive Hicks

A
  • found 10,000 chimps deep in congo
255
Q

Emmanuele de Merode

A
  • runs national park with mountain gorillas where borders are being searched for oil
256
Q

Levels of Animal treatment

A

-Animal Abuse, Animal Welfare, Animal Rights, Animal Liberation

257
Q

Bible’s advice for animal treatment

A
  • we are the shepherds

- not our equals, but need to take care of them

258
Q

Laws against cruelty go back to early 1800s

A
  • 1824- Royal society for prevention of cruelty to animals

- 1866- ASPCA

259
Q

London Times (3 authors)

A
  • Darwin: need use of animals to gain knowledge
  • Francis Cobbe: does end justify means?
  • George Romanes: it’s possible to do animal research with humane treatment
260
Q

Animal Research criticisms

A
  • Inhumane
  • Irrelevant
  • Redundant
  • Unregulated
  • Species-ist
261
Q

Typical animals in research

A
  • 95% rats and mice

- .28% monkeys

262
Q

Animal research at UW madison

A
  • 70% rodent
  • 24% fish
  • 3% agriculture
  • 1% birds
  • 1% others
263
Q

How many non-human primates used in research in 2010?

A
  • 73,000
264
Q

Alternatives to animal testing and research

A
  • cell and tissue culture
  • computer modeling simulations
  • use humans instead of animals?
265
Q

Draize Test

A
  • 1940s developed

- rabbits traditionally used for this research, see if product is irritating to eyes

266
Q

Alternatives to Draize test

A
  • Effect of growth rates on microbes
  • neg effect, okay for humans
  • can also use plants
267
Q

LD50

A
  • lethal dose 50 test

- how poisonous something is

268
Q

ICCVAM authorization act of 2000

A
  • committee of the US gov
  • congress ordered better testing that reduced amt of animals being used
  • follow the 3 Rs
269
Q

3 Rs

A
  • for animal testing
  • Reduce
  • Refine
  • Replace
270
Q

3 teratogens that were not tested in primates

A
  • Thalidomide for morning sickness: babies born without arms or legs (mostly europe)
  • Diethylstilberstrol (estrogen exposure): cervical cancer in daughters
  • Vitamin A for acne: malformations, 7000 abortions
271
Q

Thalidomide

A
  • morning sickness
  • babies born w/o extremities
  • forbidden in USA only 17 cases of 12,000 in europe
272
Q

Diethylstilberstrol

A
  • estrogen exposure to prevent miscarriage

- cervical cancer in daughters

273
Q

Vitamin A

A
  • used to treat acne when pregnant

- caused malformations, over 7000 abortions

274
Q

Penicillin discovery

A
  • Fleming discovered b/c it inhibited growth of bacteria

- Howard Florey started making penicillin, but not mass produced until WWII

275
Q

Howard Temin

A
  • neurologist at UW

- discovered reverse transcriptase enzyme for replication of AIDS

276
Q

James Thompson

A
  • UW

- stem cells

277
Q

Peter Singer

A
  • Animal Liberation Philosopher

- argued species-ist and wrong to use animals for food, clothing, research

278
Q

People for Ethical Treatment of Animals (2 people)

A
  • PETA
  • Alex Pacheco
  • Ingrid Newkirk
279
Q

Silver spring Monkey

A
  • Lab of Edward Taub
  • working on nerve regrowth
  • alex pacheco acted as assistant, exposed bad treatment of monkeys
  • lab shut down
280
Q

Christopher Reeves

A
  • superman actor

- advocate for research to help paralyzed move again

281
Q

“Negotiation is Over”

A
  • William Bond, now muslim convert
  • 87 months for arson
  • others have killed researchers
282
Q

Animal Welfare Act (1966)

A
  • dogs/cats have to be specifically bred for research, cannot use pets
  • random research facility inspections
  • required record keeping
  • dept of agriculture in charge
283
Q

Good Lab Practice Act (1977)

A
  • Guide for care and and use of lab animals
284
Q

Health Research Extensions Act (1985)

A
  • ACUC have to review and approve all research with animals
  • Alex Pacheco inspired this
  • also have to promote psychological wellbeing
285
Q

The Great Ape Project (1993)

A
  • Peter Singer and Jane Goodall

- declaration of great apes

286
Q

2013 Chimp Act Amendment

A
  • banned use of chimps in biomedical research

- can still use monkeys

287
Q

“Person-hood”

A
  • chimp as persons

- habeas corpus

288
Q

Habeas Corpus

A
  • illegally detained
289
Q

Miguel Nicolelis

A
  • control robot arm or avatar on screen with neuronal firing
290
Q

Rh(esus) blood factor

A
  • Karl Landsteiner & Alexander Einer

- injected rhesus monkey RBC into rabbits and found they made antibody to RBC

291
Q

Phillip Levine

A
  • realized rabbit antibody response was similar to erythroblastosis fetalis
292
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

A
  • Rh factor of mom’s blood different from babies, after first child mother creates antibodies against baby blood, attack baby
  • need special medicine
293
Q

Examples of zoonosis (8)

A
  • Bubonic Plague (bacteria)
  • Influenza Virus
  • SARS: severe acute respiratory system
  • MERS: middle easter respiratory system (camels –> people)
  • malaria (protozoan parasite)
  • Ebola virus
  • SAIDS
  • Human AIDS
294
Q

Why do we need new flu shots each year?

A
  • as flu virus goes through other animals it mutates
295
Q

Malaria

A
  • almost 200 million cases , 500,000 deaths
  • 90% of deaths in Africa
  • 86% in children under 5 years
  • strains of malaria affect monkeys, apes, and humans
  • used to think human strain was unique, could not be passed to apes and vice versa… not true
296
Q

Ebola

A
  • 4 known outbreaks since 1970s
  • 11,000 casualties in current outbreak
  • epidemic in chimps and gorillas in early 2000s for 5 years in same area as current outbreak
  • think bats are natural reservoir
297
Q

Nancy Sullivan

A
  • worked on ebola vaccine in 90s but limited interest

- trouble getting funding

298
Q

Yoshihiro Kawaoka

A
  • UW prof in vet medicine
  • just made effective vaccine against ebola
  • developed strain that isn’t contagious but that body still makes antibodies
  • still coming up with treatment once infected
299
Q

AIDS

A
  • first US cases in 1980s
  • virus isolated by Luc Montagnier & Robert Gallo
    • Howard Temin (UW Prof) decovered virus attacks the immune system
  • is a retrovirus (RNA that uses cells to make DNA)
300
Q

AIDS Stats

A
  • 32 million globally living with AIDS
  • 1 in every 3 people in southern africa
  • 12.3 million children orphaned in southern africa b/c of AIDS
  • 500,000 casualties in US since 1981
  • > 1 million currently living with in USA
  • 40,000 new infections every year
  • 50% new diagnoses AA
  • highest rates in LA, GA, FL, NY
  • latent period
301
Q

Where did AIDS come from?

A
  • natural zoonic disease
302
Q

Monkeys found w/ similar immunodeficiency

A
  • SIV- simian immunodeficiency virus
  • naturally in manabeys and vervet –> harmless in them
  • infectious in others (SAIDS)
303
Q

How AIDS was thought to be passed to humans

A

Virus in monkeys –> crossed over to chimps –> people hunted chimps –> got AIDS
- mutated in US & Europe when spread

304
Q

Males carry baby for protection

A

Some Gibraltor macaques

Psychology 450 (2 decks)

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