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Zoology 315 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three criteria for classifying something as a wetland?

A

Saturated with water

Hydrophytes

Hydric Soils

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2
Q

Hydric Soils

A

One of the criteria of being a wetland

History of being wet and saturated

Anoxic, often OM-rich

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3
Q

What are the two ways a wetland can be classified?

A

By VEGETATION

By HYDROLOGY

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4
Q

What types of VEGETATION are found on different types of wetlands?

A

EMERGENT

FORESTED

SCRUB/SHRUB

SHALLOW WATER/MACROPHYTES

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5
Q

What is EMERGENT vegetation and what types of wetlands is it found on?

A

Dominated by grasses, sedges, and non-woody forbs

Found on Marshes, fens, and Wet Meadows

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6
Q

What is FORESTED vegetation and what types of wetlands is it found on?

A

Trees are present

Found in SWAMPS

(think Swamp People)

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7
Q

What is SCRUB?SHRUB vegetation and what types of wetlands is it found on?

A

Often borders a lake or stream, SCRUFFY-LOOKING

Found in shrub bogs or alder wetlands

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8
Q

What is SHALLOW WATER vegetation and what types of wetlands is it found on?

A

Dominated by macrophyte beds

Found in ponds and wetlands

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9
Q

What three water sources are considered in the HYDROLOGY of a wetland?

A

GROUNDWATER

SURFACE FLOW

PRECIPITATION

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10
Q

What type of wetland receives mostly GROUNDWATER?

A

FEN

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11
Q

What type of wetland receives mostly SURFACE FLOW?

A

SWAMPS

MARSHES

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12
Q

What type of wetland receives mostly PRECIPITATION?

A

BOG

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13
Q

What are the four functions of wetlands?

A

Provide habitat for fish and wildlife

Flood attenuation

Sediment and nutrient retention

Carbon sequestration

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14
Q

How does waterlogging effect soils and the chemistry of wetlands?

A

Prevents O2 presence in soils

Promotes ANaerobic respiration

Increases: denitrification,

sulfate reduction,

prod. of methylmercury,

Iron reduction (decreases bound PO4)

methane production

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15
Q

What are the water quality implicaitons of waterlogged soils?

A

Reduce high nutrient levels

Biogeochemistry hotspots: they have important processes that are rare in other ecosystems

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16
Q

What are the positive/negative effects of water on plants in wetlands?

A

NEGATIVE: Waterlogging restricts O2 access

Oxic stress on most plants, which limits the distribution of many species

POSITIVE: Moist soils are very productive

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17
Q

What causes variations in the channel form of streams?

A

Sediment supply from surrounding hills

Channel slope

River’s Hydrology

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18
Q

What are the four habitats associated with rivers and streams?

A

Water column

Benthic Zone (Upper/well-oxygenated)

Hyporheic Zone (Mixing of stream and ground water)

Floodplains

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19
Q

What is the “Master Variable” for the hydrology of rivers and streams, and how is it calculated?

A

DISCHARGE

Q = v * A

Volume of water passing through a channel cross-section per unit time.

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20
Q

What is a FLOW REGIME?

A

Characteristic discharge pattern of a river over time

Flow magnitude, duration, frequency of floods, etc

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21
Q

How can we use information about the flow regime?

A

Identify determinants of stream community composition

Assess extent of human alteration

HARSH intermittent regimes - physical control

MESIC groundwater regimes - biotic interactions

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22
Q

What affects the temperature variation in rivers and streams?

A

STREAM ORDER

GROUNDWATER INPUTS

SUNLIGHT

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23
Q

What controls the light inputs into streams and rivers?

A

Surrounding environment (trees, canyons/banks)

Water characteristics (depth, suspended/dissolved material)

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24
Q

How do small streams and large rivers differ in their “light regimes”?

A

SMALL STREAMS: Lots or little light, depending on geography and season. Light easily reaches bottom

LARGE RIVERS: Lots of light due to open canopy, but rarely reaches bottom due to depth and turbidity

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25
Q

What is the oxygen profile typically like in rivers and streams?

A

HIGH O2 throughout, due to large air/water interface and turbulent flow

Hyporheic Zone - Low O2

EXCEPTIONS: Low O2 in turbid streams and below sewage outfalls

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26
Q

What is the MAJOR force driving the evolution of lotic organisms?

A

Adapting to flowing water

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27
Q

What are some ways that organisms have adapted to life in rivers and streams?

A

Maintaining position during discharge extremes: Hooks, claws, suction cups, balast, body shape

Acquiring food: Filter-feeding

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28
Q

What are some characteristic patterns of the biota in SMALL and MEDIUM rivers and streams?

A

Small-med streams: Shallow, Hi Light, physically variable

No Plankton! Benthic orgs rule (MACROINVERTEBRATES), periphyton

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29
Q

What are some characteristic patterns in the biota in LARGE rivers?

A

Large Rivers: Deep, turbid, range of flow velocities

Plankton (Phyto & Zoo)

Benthic invertebrates restricted to lateral areas

Big fish rule!

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30
Q

Where is ~ 20% of global runoff stored?

A

RESERVOIRS

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31
Q

What classifies a LARGE dam vs a SMALL dam?

A

Large: 6 ft tall + 60 acre-ft basin or
8 ft tall + 15 acre-ft basin or
pose downstream threat

Small: Smaller than above

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32
Q

How are reservoirs divided into types and what are the different types?

A

Based on FLOW MODIFICATION

  1. Run of river
  2. Flood control
  3. Hydropower
  4. Water Supply, Recreation
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33
Q

What is a “Run of River” reservoir?

A

Downstream flow regime not substantially altered, flows over top

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34
Q

What is a “Flood Control” Reservoir?

A

Releases water during low flows, stores water during high flows

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35
Q

What is a “Hydropower” Reservoir?

A

Releases water when energy is needed each day

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36
Q

What is a “Water Supply/recreation” Reservoir?

A

Makes water available when/where needed

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37
Q

What are the two ways a dam can release water to affect flow patterns?Q

A

Epilimnetic Release

Hypolimnetic Release

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38
Q

What is Epilimnetic Release and how does it affect rivers and streams?

A

Pulls water from the top (warm) part of the river and releases it after the dam

Can change the temperature differences between top and bottom, also increase O2 level in post-dam portion

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39
Q

What is Hypolimnetic Release and how does it affect rivers and streams?

A

Pulls colder, denser (sometimes saltier) water from the bottom of the upstream river and releases it downstream

Can decrease O2 level downstream and increase temperature differences

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40
Q

What is the lotic → lentic transition near dams?

A

When the river goes from shallow to a deep reservoir as it gets closer to the dam

41
Q

What is the LOCUSTRINE zone?

A

The CLOSEST part of the reservoir to the dam

Has the SLOWEST flow / no distinct currents

42
Q

What is the TRANSITIONAL zone?

A

Between riverine and locustrine

Most SEDIMENTATION occurs (Coarse then fine sediments)

43
Q

What is the RIVERINE zone?

A

The part of the reservoir that is FARTHEST from the dam, where current is QUICKEST and the channel is the shallowest

When you first see depth increase and current decrease

44
Q

What are over/inter/underflows and what dictates which occurs?

A

OVERflows: riverine water flows on the TOP of the reservoir water

INTERflows: riverine water flows in the MIDDLE of reservoir water

UNDERflows: riverine water flows at the BOTTOM of reservoir water

Affected by DENSITY, which is affected by TEMP, SUSP. SEDIMENTS, and SALTS

45
Q

What is STRATIFICATION like in reservoirs?

A

Depends on size and operation, erratic

LARGE: Often monomictic or polymictic

SMALL: May not stratify, but incoming river can warm up

46
Q

How does PRIMARY PRODUCTION change with AGE in reservoirs?

A

Young: initial upsurge due to decomp of terrestrial material, then depression

Old: After depression, increase from eutrophication

47
Q

How does PRIMARY PRODUCTION change with LOCATION within a reservoir?

A
48
Q

What are two main downstream effects of dams?

A

Flow alteration: Can “homogenize” flow regime

Temperature: Epi/Hypolimnetic release can change fish spp depending on O2 and temperature

49
Q

What are some CUMULATIVE effects of dams in the US?

A

FRAGMENTATION of continuous river habitats

Decrease in BIODIVERSITY of migratory fishes, mussels, and riparian vegetation

Alter the GEOMORPHOLOGY of river beds

Change the HYDROLOGY of a watershed

Affect the CHEMISTRY of ecosystems

50
Q

What are the major fluxes of water in the Earth’s hydrologic cycle?

A

PRECIPITATION

SURFACE RUNOFF

GROUNDWATER FLOW

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

51
Q

What are the two main drivers of Earth’s hydrologic cycle?

A

Gravity (Pulls water down)

Solar Power (Brings it back up)

52
Q

How is river water changed on the landscape?

A

PHYSICALLY: changes in temp and particles suspended in it

CHEMICALLY: leeching, reactions, dissolution, etc

53
Q

How is water different in the saturated and unsaturated soil zones?

A

UNSATURATED: held tightly to soil by capillary force

SATURATED: AKA ground water, under the water table

54
Q

What is the difference between ground water RECHARGE and DISCHARGE?

A

RECHARGE: inputs to groundwater from precip/surface waters

DISCHARGE: Output from groundwater to surface water from springs/seeps

55
Q

Capture Zone/Contributing Area

A

Kind of like a watershed, but more on a groundwater basis

Land surface area over which precipitation and snowmelt infiltrate to the water table and flow to the well/lake/spring

56
Q

Aquifer

A

A geological formation through which groundwater can move (be extracted)

57
Q

Water table

A

Depth to the saturated zone

58
Q

How does the depth to the water table change in different locations and over time?

A

Smaller near permanent water bodies

Changes over time from differences in RECHARGE, WITHDRAWAL and ET

59
Q

How do HIGHLAND and LOWLAND lakes differ in their water inputs/outputs?

A

HIGHLAND: considered to be SEEPAGE lakes, which receive very little input from groundwater or surface runoff, but a normal amound ot precipitation

LOWLAND: considered to be DRAINAGE lakes, which receive LOTS of groundwater and surface input

SEEP OUT, DRAIN IN

60
Q

What are some chemical and ecological characteristics of highland lakes?

A

Low conductivity

Low chlorophyll

Low # fish species

Less groundwater

Smaller size

61
Q

What are some chemical and ecological characteristics of lowland lakes?

A

High conductivity

High chlorophyll

High # of fish species

More groundwater

Larger size

More habitat and species diversity

62
Q

Seepage Flux

A

Groundwater discharge into a lake

63
Q

How does groundwater affect fish spawns, salmon, and desert fish?

A

Spawning: eggs require high O2 and often low T

Salmon: Nests in stream bed areas of GW DISCHARGE

Desert Fishes: Build nests in bed areas of groundwater RECHARGE

64
Q

Watershed

A

Total area of alnd that contributes water to a body of interest

65
Q

Land Use/Land Cover (LULC)

A

Plant/water cover or how land is used (urban, agriculture, wetland, prairie, forest, etc)

66
Q

How are LULC effects identified?

A

By relating an ecological variable to % land cover (of peatlands, agriculture, etc)

67
Q

What are common effects of agriculture on aquatic ecosystems?

A

Increased Nutrients

Higher Sediment and OM inputs

Warmer stream temperatures

Decrease in biotic indices/health

68
Q

What are common effects of Urbanization on aquatic ecosystems?

A

More impermeable surfaces

Storm sewers act as streams

Reduced groundwater recharge (Water table goes down)

Higher surface runoff -> flash floods -> erosion

69
Q

What is “Urban Stream Syndrome”?

A

The effect of all of the impervious surfaces causing flash floods and more variability in stream flow.

70
Q

How does urbanization affect water quality?

A

Decreases it by:

Less GW flow + Rapid runoff -> limited removal of solutes/sediments

71
Q

What can be done to reduce the effects of urbanization?

A

Increase GW recharge by making RAIN GARDENS

Slow down runoff with SETTLING PONDS

72
Q

What can be done to reduce the effects of agriculture?

What are the pro(s) and con(s) of these methods?

A

Increase coverage of riparian zones

PROS: slow runoff, catching P and sediments

Low O2 and High OM -> Good for Denitrification

CONS: Max nutrient capacity

GW can “miss” the RZ, making it ineffective

73
Q

At what rate is ice cover shortening on Lake Mendota?

A

18 days shorter every 100 years

74
Q

What is the projection of changes in average temperatures in Wisconsin by mid-century?

A

4 - 9° C warmer by mid century

75
Q

What is the difference between MITIGATION and ADAPTATION of/to environmental impacts?

A

MITIGATION: reducing our emissions

Deals with the CAUSE

ADAPTATION: lessen the effect of emissions ON US

Deals with the EFFECT

76
Q

How much algae grows from 1 kg of Phosphorus?

A

500 kg of algae

77
Q

Why are blue-green algae a special problem for lake conservationists?

A

They are not a very edible part of the food chain

They can produce toxins

Shade out macrophytes

78
Q

What causes a big part of the nutrient inpts into Lake Mendota?

A

Agricultural runoff from manure spreading during the winter.

79
Q

What is one way the manure problem can be solved?

A

Development or use of anaerobic manure digesters

80
Q

What is the difference between an EXOTIC, NON-NATIVE, and INVASIVE species?

A

EXOTIC: From another country/continent

NON-NATIVE: From another part of same country

INVASIVE: Implies undesirable impact

81
Q

What is the leading threat to biodiversity in lakes?

A

Invasive species

82
Q

How much do invasive species cost per year?

A

$137 Billion

83
Q

What are common features of invasive species?

A

Broad environmental tolerances

Effective dispersal (Esp piggy-backing on humans)

High rate of population increase

Unique ecological niche

Predator-resistant

84
Q

What are the components of a successful invasion?

A

Colonization (Getting there)

Establishment (Proliferating)

Impact (On native biota)

85
Q

What are the emerging invaders in WI lakes and rivers?

A

Rusty crayfish

Zebra mussel

Rainbow smelt

Spiny water flea

86
Q

How are invasive species spread by human activities?

A

Boaters - Ballast water on ACTIVE boaters

Baitbuckets of fishermen

87
Q

RUSTY CRAYFISH

Native range, Spread in WI, Vulnerable systems, imacts

A

Native Range: Central USA

Spread in WI: SPread to NE corner, then everywhere

Vulnerable Systems: pH >/= 5.5, Ca >/= 3 mg/L

Impacts: Now 50% of all WI Crayfish, reduce macrophyte richness and abundance

88
Q

ZEBRA MUSSEL

Native Range, Attributes, Spread in USA, Distro in WI, Vulnerable WI systems

A

Native Range: Caspian Sea

Attributes: “Perfect invader”, High reprod. rate, Planktonic larvae, Filter water column, draw productivity to bottom, PSEUDOFECES

89
Q

RAINBOW SMELT

Spread in USA, Impacts, Distro in WI, Vulnerable WI systems

A

Spread: East coast -> Crystal Lake, MI -> Lake MI -> GL

Impacts: Native fish decline bc rainbow smelt eat young

Distro in WI: From GL

Vulnerable Systems: N WI lakes mostly, but also SE

90
Q

SPINY WATER FLEA

Spread in USA, Impacts, Distro in WI, Vulnerable WI systems

A

Spread: Eurasia -> GL -> inland via recreational boaters (Madison Lakes in 2009)

Impacts: Eat zooplankton (Daphnia) which improve water quality

Distribution in WI: Mostly Southern/Central WI

Vulnerable Systems: ALL

91
Q

How many people …lack access to safe drinking water?

lack sanitation systems for their water?

die annually from water-related disease?

are affected by severe drought every year?

A

1 Billion lack access

3 Billion lack sanitation

5-10 Million die from water-related disease

25 Million/yr are affected by drought

92
Q

What is water’s residence time in…the atmosphere?

Rivers?

Lakes?

Groundwater?

Fossil aquifers?

A

12 days atmosphere

30 days rivers

17 years lakes

100s of years GW

1000s of years Fossil aquifers

93
Q

How did water availability/person decrease from 1950-2000?

A

It went from 16000 m3 to 6000 m3

94
Q

What is considered water stress and water scarcity in terms of per capita volume of water per year?

A

Water Stress: 1000-1700 m3/person/yr

Water Scarcity <1000 m3/person/yr

40% of world population under water stress

95
Q

What are “Cones of Depression” and how do humans cause them?

A

They are local areas where the water table is lowered to a point where withdrawal is faster than the recharge rate.

Caused by human withdrawal of water

96
Q

What is going on with the Ogallala aquifer?

A

It supplies water for ~20% of US farmland

Withdrawal is 8-100x the recharge rate

Will be dry by 2020 or earlier

Water conservation will NOT prevent drying out

97
Q

What is going on with the Aral Sea?

A

4th largest inland sea

Massive diversions for irrigation

Dried up rivers

Lake Volume has dropped by 70%

All native fish spp GONE

50% of native birds/mammals gone

Altered climate/desertification -> more pesticides and fertilizers

Highest infant mortality in Asia

98
Q

What is going on with California’s water?

A

Federal system of dams, pumps, and aqueducts bring water from North to the South

Los Angeles vs Agriculture

Ag is 2% of economy, 83% of water usage

Palm Springs has 269 golf courses, federally-funded water usage

99
Q

What can be done to conserve water?

A

Increase supply (dams, mine GW, transfer from Canada)

Slow population growth

Improve efficiency of water use

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Zoology 315 (3 decks)

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