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Zoology 315 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Limnology

A

The study of inland waters

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2
Q

Francois-Alphonse Forel

A

Widely considered the “Father of Limnology” for pioneering the study of lakes.

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3
Q

Theinemann + Naumann

A

Dominated Limnology in Europe for a while. First to classify lakes as oligotrophic, eutrophic, and dystrophic.

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4
Q

Edward Birge and Chancey Juday

A

Joined UW in 1875 and 1905, respectively. Took many measurements across many different lakes, integrating physics, chemistry, and biology.

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5
Q

G.E. Hutchinson and Art Hasler

A

Modern Limnologist who is a strong advocate for the theoretical basis for the study of lakes. (Yale)

Modern Limnologist who is a strong advocate for the experimental study of lakes. Conducted whole-lake experiments and advocated the conservation of aquatic resources. (UW)

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6
Q

Littoral Zone

A

The shallows of a body of water. Has lots of plants.

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7
Q

Pelagic Zone

A

Open water part of a water body. No plants or structures.

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8
Q

Profundal Zone

A

Deep part of a lake; under the pelagic zone.

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9
Q

Photic Zone

A

The part of a lake that receives sunlight (at least 1% of incident surface intensity)

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10
Q

Aphotic Zone

A

Depth at which light does not penetrate with at least 1% of incident surface light intensity.

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11
Q

Epilimnion

A

The upper temperature zone in a lake

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12
Q

Metalimnion

A

The middle temperature zone in a lake; temperature profile change is at least 1°C/m

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13
Q

Hypolimnion

A

Lower temperature zone in a lake, usually the coldest.

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14
Q

Thermocline

A

Point within the metalimnion where temperature change is greatest.

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15
Q

Significance of lake origin

A

If there were no other forces acting to maintain them, all lakes would dry up from sedimentation.

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16
Q

Lentic

A

Lakes/standing water

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17
Q

Lotic

A

Rivers/flowing water

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18
Q

Graben Lakes

A

AKA Tectonic Lakes, are the oldest and deepest.

Are formed in a depression in the earth’s crust between two parallel faults.

E.g. Lake Baikal, Tahoe, and Tanganyika

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19
Q

Earthquake Lakes

A

Landslide from earthquake dams up a river valley, creating a lake.

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20
Q

Glacial Lakes

A

Most common type of lake, caused by retreat of glacial ice sheet over 10,000+ years

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21
Q

Ice Dam

A

Ice (usually from a glacier) blocks the drainage of a lake into a river, causing water to build up.

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22
Q

Permafrost Lakes

A

Lakes created by the melting of permafrost, usually polygonal.

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23
Q

Ice Scour

A

Created when a glacier scrapes across a landscape. Correspond with boreal forests.

Lakes form in bedrock gouges and occur in areas with little glacial drift (till)

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24
Q

Cirques

A

Bowl-shaped sloping in valleys that look like an amphitheatre. Lakes occur when the outlet is dammed by glacial drift.

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25
Q

Moraines

A

Ridges in the landscape formed by glaciers pushing and leaving behind debris after pausing.

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26
Q

Creation of the Great Lakes

A

Receding and melting glaciers gouge out large basins and fill them in with meltwater.

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27
Q

Kettle Lake Formation

A

Caused by ice melting in glacial till. Are small with deep, steep sides, in areas with lots of glacial debris (till).

A chunk of the ice sheet gets caught buried in till and leaves water behind when it melts.

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28
Q

Prairie Potholes

A

Seasonal wetlands caused by uneven deposition of glacial till that fill with rainwater.

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29
Q

Volcanic Lakes

A

Formed in volcanic craters. Have TINY watershed, usually very clear.

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30
Q

Coastal Lakes

A

Formed along irregularities in the shore line of the sea or large lakes. Longshore currents deposit sediments in bars or spits that eventually isolate a fresh or brackish-water lake.

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31
Q

Solution Lakes

A

AKA Karst Lakes.

Rocks dissolved by acidic water -> caves

Usually in limestone

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32
Q

Oxbow Lake

A

Type of riverine lake formed by the rerouting of a bowed river channel, due to the deposition of sediment onto the inside bank of the turn of river flow and erosion on the outside of the turn.

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33
Q

Floodplain

A

Type of Riverine Lake consisting of a low-laying area of land adjacent to riverbanks that distributes river overflow over a large area.

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34
Q

Neuston

A

An organism that lives ON the surface of water, utilizing the surface tension (e.g. water striders)

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35
Q

Which end/color of the light spectrum has the shortest wavelength/highest energy?

A

Blue. Water is blue because short wavelengths/blue light is scattered the most.

(B)lue = (S)hort

BS

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36
Q

Albedo

A

A measure of how much light is scattered/reflected by the surface of a lake. Higher=more reflective.

37
Q

Extinction coefficient

A

Kd, Kd = (ln Io - ln Iz) / z

Io = Surface incident light intensity

Iz = light intensity at depth z

Higher Kd = deeper secchi

38
Q

Compensation depth

A

Depth of the bottom of the photic zone.

zeu = (ln 100 - ln 1)/kd

= ln 100/kd

39
Q

Which is easier to mix and why?

Tropical Lakes

Temperate Lakes

A

Temperate lakes (cold) are easier to mix because there can be temp differences due to heating of surface waters by the sun.

40
Q

Relative Thermal Resistance (RTR)

A

Resistance to mixing. Highest RTR is at thermocline, where the change in T is greatest.

41
Q

Where on Earth is it difficult to mix lakes?

A

It requires more energy at LOWER latitudes (closer to equator) because

1) there is a higher difference in max and min temperature/density to bridge
2) warmer overall temperatures are harder to mix

42
Q

What happens to stratification after a windy spring?

A

It occurs LATER because the wind keeps the lake mixing/warming from add’l sunlight

Hypolimnion will be WARMER because warmer waters will be pushed down during mixing

43
Q

Characteristics of Cold Monomictic Lakes

A

Mix ONCE

Ice-covered for most of the year

Mixing during the summer

No stratification

44
Q

Characteristics of Dimictic Lakes

A

Mix TWICE (Spring and Fall)

Ice during winter

Stable summer stratification

45
Q

Characteristics of Warm Monomictic Lakes

A

Deep lakes with no winter ice cover

Stable summer stratification

Mixes all winter

46
Q

Characteristics of Meromictic Lakes

A

NEVER mixes bc wind energy is never enough to mix

Reasons:

  1. Salinity - Can be high or low due to road salting or high freshwater inputs
  2. Depth - Baikal, Malawi, Tahoe
  3. Small lakes with low fetch/wind energy
  4. Warm climate
47
Q

What is the difference between waves and currents?

A

Waves do not involve the movement of water mass, just a vertical displacement.

Currents do involve the physical movement

48
Q

What two factors drive mixing?

A
  1. Wind
  2. Cooling and heating at the surface
49
Q

Surface gravity waves

A

Are a function of fetch, KE imparted by wind

No directional flow

Wave “breaks”

50
Q

Surface Seiches

A

Created when wind pushes the water to raise the level at one end of the lake and lower it at the other.

Can be Uninodal or Binodal

Amplitude: 2-160cm

Period: few mins to 12 hrs

Minor impacts on mixing

51
Q

Internal Seiches

A

Form when temperature layers within water get waves (remember video)

Speed - 30 cm/s

Cause movement of water, heat, nutrients between epilimnion and hypolimnion

Can erode the thermocline, resuspend sediments, and generate currents in hypolimnion

52
Q

Kelvin Waves

A

The effect of Surface Seiches + Coriolis (spinning) Effect

Looks like a coin at end of a spin

53
Q

Horizontal currents: wind

A

Wind literally blows water mass to create a current with 1-4% of wind speed

Coriolis Effect - wind deflected to right of wind direction

Counterclockwise in N Hemisphere

54
Q

Horizontal Currents: density

A

Differential cooling and warming in shallow vs deep waters.

Cool water flows down incline to create a current

55
Q

Langmuir currents

A

Alternating rotating vortexes of water that lead to white streaks in lakes and oceans. Caused by steady breeze over surface.

Cause rapid mixing of epilimnion and movement of phytoplankton throughout the mixed layer, which rapidly changes the light environment!

56
Q

Chemical stratification most strongly occurs in which type of -mictic lake?

A

Meromictic, because less diffusion from mixing.

57
Q

Mixolimnion

A

Layer where chemical mixing occurs in meromictic lakes. Can be stratified independent of temperature.

58
Q

Chemocline

A

Layer of rapid change in salinity in meromictic lakes.

59
Q

Monolimnion

A

Bottom layer of a meromictic lake, which has little to no oxygen.

60
Q

Halite

A

Salt AKA NaCl

61
Q

Major ions of interest to limnologists (Cations and anions)

A

CATIONS: Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, and also H+

ANIONS: HCO3- (bicarbonate), CO32- (carbonate), SO42-, Cl-, and also OH-.

62
Q

Nutrients (Major and Minor) of interest to limnologists

A

MAJOR: N, P, and Si

MINOR: Lots of them, many metals

63
Q

Dissolved Gases of interest to limnologists

A

Mostly O2 and CO2

But also CH4, N2O, and more

CH4 and N2O are more potent greenhouse gases than CO2!

64
Q

Equivalents

A

AKA effective charge; charge per weight. Small particle with +2 charge has more equivalents than a large particle with +2 charge

65
Q

Of which ions is dolomite a major source?

A

Calcium and Magnesium

66
Q

Of which ion(s) is Quartzite a major source?

A

Silicon

67
Q

What factors affect how much dissolved gas water can hold?

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Altitude (pressure)
  3. Salinity
68
Q

Supersaturation (of a gas)

A

More gas in water than chemical principles predict.

Effect: Gas bubbles into atmosphere (like soda)

69
Q

Subsaturation (of a gas)

A

Less gas dissolved than water can hold.

Effect: gas from atmosphere moves in

70
Q

When is the ATMOSPHERE a SOURCE?

When is it a SINK?

A

When the lake is SUBsaturated.

When it is SUPERsaturated.

71
Q

How can ecosystem metabolism affect super/sub-saturation?

How can temperature effect super/sub-saturation?

A

If P/R adds or removes O2/CO2 faster than they can diffuse in/out of the lake

If temperature changes quickly, it can increase/decrease too quickly for diffusion to maintain 100% saturation.

72
Q

What is the term to describe the behavior of this DO profile?

A

Clinograde

73
Q

What is the term to describe the behavior of this DO profile?

A

Orthograde

Usually not much biological activity

74
Q

What is the term to describe the behavior of this DO profile?

A

Positive Heterograde

75
Q

What is the term to describe the behavior of this DO profile?

A

Negative Heterograde

76
Q

What are the diel/diurnal changes in O2 and CO2 concentrations?

A

O2 INCREASES during day, DECREASES during night

CO2 DECREASES during day, INCREASES during night

77
Q

What does color have to do with the trophic state index of a lake?

A

Brown: Dystrophic, lots of organic and humic substances

Green: Phototrophic, lots of algae and photosynthesizers

Blue: Oligotrophic, low productivity and nutrient content

78
Q

What happens to O2, Organic Matter, and CO2 when GPP>R?

A

O2 PRODUCED

Organic matter PRODUCED

CO2 CONSUMED

79
Q

What happens to O2, Organic Matter, and CO2 when GPP<r>
</r>

A

O2 CONSUMED

Organic Matter CONSUMED

CO2 PRODUCED

80
Q

Gross Primary Production (GPP)

A

Total amount of organic matter produced in an ecosystem.

81
Q

Ecosystem Respiration (ER)

A

Breakdown of organic matter in an ecosystem

82
Q

Net Ecosystem Production (NEP)

A

NEP = GPP - R

83
Q

How do levels of the 3 forms of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) change with lake pH?

A
  • Lower than ~6.5 - H2CO3 (CO2) dominates
  • ~6.5 - 10.5 - HCO3- dominates
  • Higher than ~10.5 - CO32- dominates

Remember: this is a self-correcting system!

84
Q

Acid Neutralizing Capacity (ANC)

A

Water’s ability to buffer pH change, mostly determined by DIC system.

As acid is added, it combines with the anionic forms of DIC and is neutralized.

As base is added, it combines with H+ and H2CO3 and is neutralized.

85
Q

Where does DIC come from? How many bicarbs do carbonate and silicate minerals form?

A

Rock weathering (carbonate minerals form 2 bicarbs, silicates form 1 bicarb)

86
Q

Is ANC higher in NORTHERN Wisconsin lakes or SOUTHERN Wisconsin lakes?

A

It is HIGHER in SOUTHERN Wisconsin lakes.

87
Q

Allochthonous Organic Carbon

A

Produced OUTSIDE of the ecosystem.

Comes from leaves falling in, and is RECALCITRANT (not easily used by organisms)

88
Q

AUTOCHTHONOUS Organic Carbon

A

Produced INSIDE ecosystem

Comes from algae

Is LABILE (easily used by organisms)

89
Q

What is considered “the great modulator” in aquatic ecosystems and why?

A

Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC)

Because: it absorbs light, which affects stratification, photosynthesis, and UV protection

It is food for bacteria

Influences heavy metal availability and pH

Zoology 315 (3 decks)

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