Exam 3 Flashcards
cost-benefit
studies that assess the desirability of a program by placing a specific dollar amount on all costs and benefits.
mainstream smoke
smoke inhaled and exhaled by the smoker.
process model consultation
helps the client assess both the problem and the kind of help needed to solve the problem.
biopsychosocial model
provides a framework for understanding addiction as being the result of the interaction of multiple factors.
systems thinking
promotes sensitivity to the interdependence of parts of a system and the potential causes and consequences of organizational actions.
assisted living
covers a wide variety of choices, from a single shared room to independent living accommodations in a full-service, life-care community. The differences are related to the type and extent of the amenities provided and the contract signed for them. The role of the nurse varies depending on the philosophy and leadership of the management of the facility.
Children’s Health Insurance Plan
the result of federally mandated legislature passed in 1997 to expand health insurance to the nation’s uninsured children.
intensive case management models
approaches that enhance the frequency of contact between consumer and clinician to help prevent relapse.
paternity
fatherhood.
survivors
family members and friends of victims of violent acts, especially those victims who have died.
media
in addition to television and movies, media now includes the Internet, video and computer games, and cell phones.
body mass index
a body mass index is the relationship of body weight and height. A body mass index of 25 to 29.9 is defined as overweight, whereas a body mass index of 30 and above is considered obese.
variance analysis
identifying the variation between actual and planned results, determining the cause of the variation, and correcting problems when they exist.
gynecologic age
number of years from menarche.
learning organizations
refers to organizations in which people not only learn to improve the way they work, but also are encouraged to question even the basic assumptions and goals of work in an effort to constantly increase value.
abuse
: encompasses physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, as well as exploitation, neglect, and abandonment.
program evaluation
collection of methods, skills, and activities necessary to determine whether a service is needed, likely to be used, conducted as planned, and actually helps people. Assessment of the effects of a program on the ultimate objectives, including changes in health and social benefits or quality of life; in contrast to evaluation of program development efforts or its impact on participant.
reproductive health
implies that people are able to have a responsible, satisfying and safer sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so. Implicit in this are the right of men and women to be informed of and to have access to safe, effective, affordable and acceptable methods of birth control of their choice; and the right of access to appropriate health care services that will enable women to go safely through pregnancy and childbirth and provide couples with the best chance of having a healthy infant (WHO).
seasonal farmworker
works cyclically in agriculture but does not migrate.
community mental health centers
comprehensive centers that implement community mental health model of care.
brief interventions
include effective strategies nurses can initiate for early intervention before a person needs more extensive or specialized treatment.
pesticide exposure
health risk to farmworkers who work in fields that have been treated with pesticides. Residue from pesticides also enters farmworkers’ homes and their food. Risks include mild psychological and behavioral deficits, and acute severe poisoning that can result in death.
preconceptual counseling
addresses risks before conception and includes education, assessment, diagnosis, and intervention. The purpose is to reduce and/or eliminate health risks for women and infants.
low birth weight
birth weight of less than 5.5 pounds.
unintentional injuries
any injuries sustained by accident such as falls, drowning, or motor vehicle accidents.
enabling
the act of shielding or preventing the addict from experiencing the consequences of the addiction. Also applies to general shielding of individuals from the consequences of their actions.
lesbian
a term most widely used to describe sexual and romantic desire between females. The word may be used as a noun, to refer to women who identify themselves or who are characterized by others as having the primary attribute of female homosexuality, or as an adjective, to describe characteristics of an object or activity related to female same-sex desire.
program effectiveness
the success of a program that may help the nurse evaluator determine both client and provider satisfaction with the program activities.
long acting contraception
provides effective contraception for an extended period of time without requiring user action.
codependency
a condition characterized by preoccupation and extreme dependency (emotionally, socially, and sometimes physically) on a person. Eventually this dependence on another person becomes a pathological condition that affects the person in all of his or her relationships.
do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order
physician’s order that prohibits medical intervention when client is dying.
policy
settled course of action to be followed by a government or institution to obtain a desired end.
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
lay, self-help group that practices a 12-step approach to recovery for persons suffering from alcoholism.
program
an organized approach to meet the assessed needs of individuals, families, groups, populations, or communities by reducing the effect of or eliminating one or more health problems.
budget
a plan stated in financial terms that identifies the costs associated with implementing a program.
initiation phase
the first contact between the nurse and the family. It provides the foundation for an effective therapeutic relationship.
quality assurance
the promise or guarantee that certain standards of excellence are being met in the delivery of care.
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act
law that targeted women who received public assistance and changed the previous Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) to Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF).
Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)
provides certain employees with up to 12 weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave per year. It also requires that their group health benefits be maintained during the leave.
impoverished
reduced to poverty; poverty-stricken.
passive neglect
unintentional failure to provide basic physical, emotional, and safety needs of children or the lack of fulfilling caretaking responsibilities of the elderly.
rape
natural or unnatural sexual intercourse forced on an unwilling person by threat of bodily injury or loss of life.
prohibition
originally referred to the period during 1920 to 1933, during which the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States. Currently, drug prohibition refers to the outlawing of the manufacturing (or growing), sale, and/or use of certain drugs.
family health
a condition including the promotion and maintenance of physical, mental, spiritual, and social health for the family unit and for individual family members.
cancer
any of various malignant neoplasms that manifest invasiveness and a tendency to metastasize to new sites.
traditional beliefs and practices
the traditions and beliefs practiced by an ethnic group that set that group apart. These may encompass certain beliefs about foods and the healing arts that are not embraced by mainstream medical practices.
Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act of 1987
PL 100-77 passed in 1987 officially involved the federal government in meeting the needs of homeless persons. It was intended to respond to the range of emergency needs facing homeless Americans, such as food, shelter, and health care.
community assessment
process of critically thinking about the community and getting to know and understand the community as a client. Assessments help identify community needs, clarify problems, and identify strengths and resources.
population needs assessment
a method of collecting data that focuses on the characteristics of a specific population, their health needs, and the resources available to address those needs.
child abuse
active forms of maltreatment of children.
neglect
: the failure of a caregiver to provide services that are necessary for the physical and mental health of an individual.
caregivers
those persons, professional and non-professional, who provide for the social and health needs of others; filling a role of providing care for family members, such as children, grandchildren, partners, and aging parents.
migrant health centers
provide comprehensive primary and preventive health care to migrant and seasonal farmworkers and their families. They offer services on a sliding fee scale to patients regardless of immigration status.
hospice
palliative system of health care for terminally ill people; takes place in the home with family involvement under the direction and supervision of health professionals, especially the visiting nurse. Hospice care takes place in the hospital when severe complications of terminal illness occur or when there is family exhaustion or loss of commitment.
delegation
sharing responsibility for a task with another who is competent to perform the task. The person who delegates the task retains responsibility and ultimate accountability for the effective completion of the task.
bulimia
a persistent concern with the shape of the body along with body weight, recurrent episodes of binge eating, a loss of control during these binges, and use of extreme methods to prevent weight gain, such as purging, strict dieting, fasting, use of laxatives or diuretics, or vigorous exercise.
physical activity
consistent exercise throughout life that may help decrease risk factors for hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, or diabetes.
child maltreatment
defined as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by an adult that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child.
consumer advocacy
a group dedicated to the protection of the rights of consumers, particularly those of people with mental illness.
food landscape
evaluates the accessibility and availability of healthy foods.
peer pressure
influence that teens (or others) place on each other to engage in certain behaviors. Generally considered in areas of negative influence, including smoking cigarettes, using controlled substances, engaging in sexual activity, and getting pregnant.
cost-efficiency
analysis that determines the actual cost of performing a number of program services.
summative evaluation
a method used to assess program outcomes or as a follow-up of the results of program activities.
women’s health
concerned with identifying, preventing, and treating conditions that are most common or specific to women.
men’s health
concerned with identifying, preventing, and treating conditions that are most common or specific to men.
business plan
operational and fiscal plan that enables an organization to meet goals and objectives; includes activities/services, marketing and public relations, staff, administrative and overhead costs of operations, sources of and methods for generating revenue, research and development for the future.
consultation contract
a working agreement between the consultant and consultee for services provided by the consultant. The contract stipulates the responsibilities held by both the consultant and the consultee.
food desert
defined as having limited access to affordable and nutritious foods.
homicide
a killing of one human being by another.
previsit phase
contact between nurse and family before an actual home visit is made.
contracting
making an agreement between two or more parties, involving a shift in responsibility and control toward a shared effort by client and professional as opposed to an effort by the professional alone.
occupational health risks
those activities done as part of seeking and maintaining gainful employment that increase the likelihood of experiencing negative health consequences. Common examples in migrant farmworkers include lumbar strain from stooping to harvest produce to systemic poisonings from pesticide exposure.
transitions
movement from one developmental or health stage or condition to another that may be times of potential risk for families.
Women, Infants, and Children
a special supplemental food program administered by the Department of Agriculture through the state health departments. Provides nutritious foods that add to the diets of pregnant and nursing women, infants, and children less than 5 years of age. Eligibility is based on income and nutritional risk as determined by a health professional.
evidence-based practice
includes the best available evidence from a variety of sources, including research studies, evidence from nursing experience and expertise, and evidence from community leaders.
obesity
a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater is representative of obesity. Also, for women a waistline greater than 35 inches is indicative of obesity. defined as a body mass index at or above the ninety-fifth percentile for children of the same age and sex when plotted on the CDC growth charts.
prenatal care
care of a pregnant woman during the entire term of her pregnancy; includes consistent monitoring of fetus, recommending vitamins, ultrasounds, and so on. Half of all teenage girls who are pregnant do not get prenatal care until the second trimester; one quarter of all women wait until the second trimester.
Older Americans Act (OAA)
originally passed in 1965, the OAA established the Administration on Aging (AOA) and state agencies to provide for the social service needs of older people. The mission of the AOA is to help older adults maintain dignity and live independently in their communities through a comprehensive and coordinated network across the United States.
political advocate
individual or organization who seeks to bring attention to or change policy related to improving work, living, social, and health conditions.
cross-tolerance
blocks a drug’s effects and decreases the craving for the drug of choice.
psychosocial development
combination of emotional and social development.
prematurity
birth that occurs before 37 weeks of gestation.
risk
the probability of some event or outcome within a specified period of time.
prostate cancer
cancer that occurs in a man’s prostate?a small walnut-shaped gland that produces the seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm. It is the most common nonskin cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States.
crisis poverty
a situation of hardship and struggle; may be transient or episodic. Can result from lack of employment, lack of education, domestic violence, or similar issues. These issues lead to persistent poverty.
negotiation
working with others in a formal way to achieve agreement on areas of conflict, using principles of communication, conflict resolution, and assertiveness. Negotiation may be relatively informal, as when two staff members negotiate which vacation times they will have. It may also be formal, as when labor and management negotiate a contract in a unionized environment.
sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE)
a registered nurse specially trained to provide care to sexual assault patients. The SANE conducts medical forensic examinations and can serve as an expert witness.
intimate partner violence
physical or emotional mistreatment of one’s partner.
Federal Income Poverty Guidelines
a definition of poverty drafted by the Social Security Administration in 1964. The federal government defines poverty in terms of income, family size, the age of the head of household, and the number of children under 18 years of age. The guidelines change annually to be consistent with the consumer price index.
health program planning
a continuous social process by which data about a program are collected and evaluated for the purpose of creating a strategy to guide change in health care delivery.
adult day health
for individuals whose mental or physical function requires them to obtain more health care and supervision. It serves as more of a medical model than the senior center, and often individuals return home to their caregivers at night.
elder abuse
a form of violence against older adults. May include neglect and failure to provide adequate food, clothing, shelter, and physical and safety needs; can also include roughness in care and actual violent behavior toward the elderly.
abortion
termination of a pregnancy by spontaneous expulsion of a human fetus during the first 12 weeks of gestation or by induced abortion.
cultural and linguistic competence
a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals that enables effective work in cross-cultural situations.
psychoactive drugs
drugs that affect mood, perception, and thought.
life expectancy
a measure that is often used to gauge the overall health of a population.
recovery
another term for wellness.
community-based models
provide care in these key community health areas: management of complex chronic illness, illness and injury prevention, and promotion of quality of life.
Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN)
defined by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration as “those who have or are at increased risk for a chronic, physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional condition and who also require health and related service of a type or amount beyond that required by children generally” (Maternal and Child Health Bureau, 2008).
incest
sexual abuse among family members, typically a parent and a child.
wellness recovery action plans
teach patients recovery and self-management skills and strategies and promote higher levels of wellness, stability, and quality of life.
coalition
a relationship between two agencies in which they agree to cooperate in some way.
emergency housing
shelters for persons who are already homeless. Especially important for prevention of health problems for persons who are recently homeless.
sidestream smoke
smoke that can enter the atmosphere from the lighted end of the cigarette and be inhaled by others in the vicinity.
planning
selecting and carrying out a series of actions to achieve stated goals.
homelessness
the federal government defines a homeless person as one who lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate address or has a primary nighttime residence in a supervised publicly or privately operated shelter for temporary accommodations.
deinstitutionalization
effort to move long-term psychiatric patients out of the hospital and back into their own community.
life-event risk
age-related risks to a person’s health that often occur during transitions from one developmental stage to another.
distribution effects
the effects that a policy may have on people other than those for which it was intended.
cost studies
studies performed to find the actual cost of a program.
interactive health communication (IHC)
defined as the use of an electronic device or communication technology to access or transmit health information or provide health-related support to any consumer or health care professional (Science Panel on Interactive Communication and Health).
media discourses
communication of thoughts and attitudes through literature, film, art, television, and newspapers.
Social Model of Disability
in this model, emphasis is placed on systemic barriers as well as societal attitudes and stigmas that contribute to the perception that those with limitations or physical illnesses are disabled. In this model the focus is on the need to change society and not the individual with a disability. This model has led to a focus on civil rights for the disabled and the need for legislation addressing discrimination (Scullion, 2010).
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)
a work program that mandates that women heads-of-household find employment to retain their benefits.
emotional abuse
extreme debasement of a person’s feelings so that he or she feels inept, undesirable, and worthless.
growth
increase in size of the whole or parts of an organism.
Patient Self-Determination Act
part of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990. Requires all health care agencies that receive Medicare or Medicaid funds to inform clients that they have the right to refuse medical and surgical care.
