Exam 3 Flashcards
cost-benefit
studies that assess the desirability of a program by placing a specific dollar amount on all costs and benefits.
mainstream smoke
smoke inhaled and exhaled by the smoker.
process model consultation
helps the client assess both the problem and the kind of help needed to solve the problem.
biopsychosocial model
provides a framework for understanding addiction as being the result of the interaction of multiple factors.
systems thinking
promotes sensitivity to the interdependence of parts of a system and the potential causes and consequences of organizational actions.
assisted living
covers a wide variety of choices, from a single shared room to independent living accommodations in a full-service, life-care community. The differences are related to the type and extent of the amenities provided and the contract signed for them. The role of the nurse varies depending on the philosophy and leadership of the management of the facility.
Children’s Health Insurance Plan
the result of federally mandated legislature passed in 1997 to expand health insurance to the nation’s uninsured children.
intensive case management models
approaches that enhance the frequency of contact between consumer and clinician to help prevent relapse.
paternity
fatherhood.
survivors
family members and friends of victims of violent acts, especially those victims who have died.
media
in addition to television and movies, media now includes the Internet, video and computer games, and cell phones.
body mass index
a body mass index is the relationship of body weight and height. A body mass index of 25 to 29.9 is defined as overweight, whereas a body mass index of 30 and above is considered obese.
variance analysis
identifying the variation between actual and planned results, determining the cause of the variation, and correcting problems when they exist.
gynecologic age
number of years from menarche.
learning organizations
refers to organizations in which people not only learn to improve the way they work, but also are encouraged to question even the basic assumptions and goals of work in an effort to constantly increase value.
abuse
: encompasses physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, as well as exploitation, neglect, and abandonment.
program evaluation
collection of methods, skills, and activities necessary to determine whether a service is needed, likely to be used, conducted as planned, and actually helps people. Assessment of the effects of a program on the ultimate objectives, including changes in health and social benefits or quality of life; in contrast to evaluation of program development efforts or its impact on participant.
reproductive health
implies that people are able to have a responsible, satisfying and safer sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so. Implicit in this are the right of men and women to be informed of and to have access to safe, effective, affordable and acceptable methods of birth control of their choice; and the right of access to appropriate health care services that will enable women to go safely through pregnancy and childbirth and provide couples with the best chance of having a healthy infant (WHO).
seasonal farmworker
works cyclically in agriculture but does not migrate.
community mental health centers
comprehensive centers that implement community mental health model of care.
brief interventions
include effective strategies nurses can initiate for early intervention before a person needs more extensive or specialized treatment.
pesticide exposure
health risk to farmworkers who work in fields that have been treated with pesticides. Residue from pesticides also enters farmworkers’ homes and their food. Risks include mild psychological and behavioral deficits, and acute severe poisoning that can result in death.
preconceptual counseling
addresses risks before conception and includes education, assessment, diagnosis, and intervention. The purpose is to reduce and/or eliminate health risks for women and infants.
low birth weight
birth weight of less than 5.5 pounds.
unintentional injuries
any injuries sustained by accident such as falls, drowning, or motor vehicle accidents.
enabling
the act of shielding or preventing the addict from experiencing the consequences of the addiction. Also applies to general shielding of individuals from the consequences of their actions.
lesbian
a term most widely used to describe sexual and romantic desire between females. The word may be used as a noun, to refer to women who identify themselves or who are characterized by others as having the primary attribute of female homosexuality, or as an adjective, to describe characteristics of an object or activity related to female same-sex desire.
program effectiveness
the success of a program that may help the nurse evaluator determine both client and provider satisfaction with the program activities.
long acting contraception
provides effective contraception for an extended period of time without requiring user action.
codependency
a condition characterized by preoccupation and extreme dependency (emotionally, socially, and sometimes physically) on a person. Eventually this dependence on another person becomes a pathological condition that affects the person in all of his or her relationships.
do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order
physician’s order that prohibits medical intervention when client is dying.
policy
settled course of action to be followed by a government or institution to obtain a desired end.
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
lay, self-help group that practices a 12-step approach to recovery for persons suffering from alcoholism.
program
an organized approach to meet the assessed needs of individuals, families, groups, populations, or communities by reducing the effect of or eliminating one or more health problems.
budget
a plan stated in financial terms that identifies the costs associated with implementing a program.
initiation phase
the first contact between the nurse and the family. It provides the foundation for an effective therapeutic relationship.
quality assurance
the promise or guarantee that certain standards of excellence are being met in the delivery of care.
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act
law that targeted women who received public assistance and changed the previous Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) to Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF).
Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)
provides certain employees with up to 12 weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave per year. It also requires that their group health benefits be maintained during the leave.
impoverished
reduced to poverty; poverty-stricken.
passive neglect
unintentional failure to provide basic physical, emotional, and safety needs of children or the lack of fulfilling caretaking responsibilities of the elderly.
rape
natural or unnatural sexual intercourse forced on an unwilling person by threat of bodily injury or loss of life.
prohibition
originally referred to the period during 1920 to 1933, during which the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States. Currently, drug prohibition refers to the outlawing of the manufacturing (or growing), sale, and/or use of certain drugs.
family health
a condition including the promotion and maintenance of physical, mental, spiritual, and social health for the family unit and for individual family members.
cancer
any of various malignant neoplasms that manifest invasiveness and a tendency to metastasize to new sites.
traditional beliefs and practices
the traditions and beliefs practiced by an ethnic group that set that group apart. These may encompass certain beliefs about foods and the healing arts that are not embraced by mainstream medical practices.
Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act of 1987
PL 100-77 passed in 1987 officially involved the federal government in meeting the needs of homeless persons. It was intended to respond to the range of emergency needs facing homeless Americans, such as food, shelter, and health care.
community assessment
process of critically thinking about the community and getting to know and understand the community as a client. Assessments help identify community needs, clarify problems, and identify strengths and resources.
population needs assessment
a method of collecting data that focuses on the characteristics of a specific population, their health needs, and the resources available to address those needs.
child abuse
active forms of maltreatment of children.
neglect
: the failure of a caregiver to provide services that are necessary for the physical and mental health of an individual.
caregivers
those persons, professional and non-professional, who provide for the social and health needs of others; filling a role of providing care for family members, such as children, grandchildren, partners, and aging parents.
migrant health centers
provide comprehensive primary and preventive health care to migrant and seasonal farmworkers and their families. They offer services on a sliding fee scale to patients regardless of immigration status.
hospice
palliative system of health care for terminally ill people; takes place in the home with family involvement under the direction and supervision of health professionals, especially the visiting nurse. Hospice care takes place in the hospital when severe complications of terminal illness occur or when there is family exhaustion or loss of commitment.
delegation
sharing responsibility for a task with another who is competent to perform the task. The person who delegates the task retains responsibility and ultimate accountability for the effective completion of the task.
bulimia
a persistent concern with the shape of the body along with body weight, recurrent episodes of binge eating, a loss of control during these binges, and use of extreme methods to prevent weight gain, such as purging, strict dieting, fasting, use of laxatives or diuretics, or vigorous exercise.
physical activity
consistent exercise throughout life that may help decrease risk factors for hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, or diabetes.
child maltreatment
defined as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by an adult that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child.
consumer advocacy
a group dedicated to the protection of the rights of consumers, particularly those of people with mental illness.
food landscape
evaluates the accessibility and availability of healthy foods.
peer pressure
influence that teens (or others) place on each other to engage in certain behaviors. Generally considered in areas of negative influence, including smoking cigarettes, using controlled substances, engaging in sexual activity, and getting pregnant.
cost-efficiency
analysis that determines the actual cost of performing a number of program services.
summative evaluation
a method used to assess program outcomes or as a follow-up of the results of program activities.
women’s health
concerned with identifying, preventing, and treating conditions that are most common or specific to women.
men’s health
concerned with identifying, preventing, and treating conditions that are most common or specific to men.
business plan
operational and fiscal plan that enables an organization to meet goals and objectives; includes activities/services, marketing and public relations, staff, administrative and overhead costs of operations, sources of and methods for generating revenue, research and development for the future.
consultation contract
a working agreement between the consultant and consultee for services provided by the consultant. The contract stipulates the responsibilities held by both the consultant and the consultee.
food desert
defined as having limited access to affordable and nutritious foods.
homicide
a killing of one human being by another.
previsit phase
contact between nurse and family before an actual home visit is made.
contracting
making an agreement between two or more parties, involving a shift in responsibility and control toward a shared effort by client and professional as opposed to an effort by the professional alone.
occupational health risks
those activities done as part of seeking and maintaining gainful employment that increase the likelihood of experiencing negative health consequences. Common examples in migrant farmworkers include lumbar strain from stooping to harvest produce to systemic poisonings from pesticide exposure.
transitions
movement from one developmental or health stage or condition to another that may be times of potential risk for families.
Women, Infants, and Children
a special supplemental food program administered by the Department of Agriculture through the state health departments. Provides nutritious foods that add to the diets of pregnant and nursing women, infants, and children less than 5 years of age. Eligibility is based on income and nutritional risk as determined by a health professional.
evidence-based practice
includes the best available evidence from a variety of sources, including research studies, evidence from nursing experience and expertise, and evidence from community leaders.
obesity
a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater is representative of obesity. Also, for women a waistline greater than 35 inches is indicative of obesity. defined as a body mass index at or above the ninety-fifth percentile for children of the same age and sex when plotted on the CDC growth charts.
prenatal care
care of a pregnant woman during the entire term of her pregnancy; includes consistent monitoring of fetus, recommending vitamins, ultrasounds, and so on. Half of all teenage girls who are pregnant do not get prenatal care until the second trimester; one quarter of all women wait until the second trimester.
Older Americans Act (OAA)
originally passed in 1965, the OAA established the Administration on Aging (AOA) and state agencies to provide for the social service needs of older people. The mission of the AOA is to help older adults maintain dignity and live independently in their communities through a comprehensive and coordinated network across the United States.
political advocate
individual or organization who seeks to bring attention to or change policy related to improving work, living, social, and health conditions.
cross-tolerance
blocks a drug’s effects and decreases the craving for the drug of choice.
psychosocial development
combination of emotional and social development.
prematurity
birth that occurs before 37 weeks of gestation.
risk
the probability of some event or outcome within a specified period of time.
prostate cancer
cancer that occurs in a man’s prostate?a small walnut-shaped gland that produces the seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm. It is the most common nonskin cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States.
crisis poverty
a situation of hardship and struggle; may be transient or episodic. Can result from lack of employment, lack of education, domestic violence, or similar issues. These issues lead to persistent poverty.
negotiation
working with others in a formal way to achieve agreement on areas of conflict, using principles of communication, conflict resolution, and assertiveness. Negotiation may be relatively informal, as when two staff members negotiate which vacation times they will have. It may also be formal, as when labor and management negotiate a contract in a unionized environment.
sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE)
a registered nurse specially trained to provide care to sexual assault patients. The SANE conducts medical forensic examinations and can serve as an expert witness.
intimate partner violence
physical or emotional mistreatment of one’s partner.
Federal Income Poverty Guidelines
a definition of poverty drafted by the Social Security Administration in 1964. The federal government defines poverty in terms of income, family size, the age of the head of household, and the number of children under 18 years of age. The guidelines change annually to be consistent with the consumer price index.
health program planning
a continuous social process by which data about a program are collected and evaluated for the purpose of creating a strategy to guide change in health care delivery.
adult day health
for individuals whose mental or physical function requires them to obtain more health care and supervision. It serves as more of a medical model than the senior center, and often individuals return home to their caregivers at night.
elder abuse
a form of violence against older adults. May include neglect and failure to provide adequate food, clothing, shelter, and physical and safety needs; can also include roughness in care and actual violent behavior toward the elderly.
abortion
termination of a pregnancy by spontaneous expulsion of a human fetus during the first 12 weeks of gestation or by induced abortion.
cultural and linguistic competence
a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals that enables effective work in cross-cultural situations.
psychoactive drugs
drugs that affect mood, perception, and thought.
life expectancy
a measure that is often used to gauge the overall health of a population.
recovery
another term for wellness.
community-based models
provide care in these key community health areas: management of complex chronic illness, illness and injury prevention, and promotion of quality of life.
Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN)
defined by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration as “those who have or are at increased risk for a chronic, physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional condition and who also require health and related service of a type or amount beyond that required by children generally” (Maternal and Child Health Bureau, 2008).
incest
sexual abuse among family members, typically a parent and a child.
wellness recovery action plans
teach patients recovery and self-management skills and strategies and promote higher levels of wellness, stability, and quality of life.
coalition
a relationship between two agencies in which they agree to cooperate in some way.
emergency housing
shelters for persons who are already homeless. Especially important for prevention of health problems for persons who are recently homeless.
sidestream smoke
smoke that can enter the atmosphere from the lighted end of the cigarette and be inhaled by others in the vicinity.
planning
selecting and carrying out a series of actions to achieve stated goals.
homelessness
the federal government defines a homeless person as one who lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate address or has a primary nighttime residence in a supervised publicly or privately operated shelter for temporary accommodations.
deinstitutionalization
effort to move long-term psychiatric patients out of the hospital and back into their own community.
life-event risk
age-related risks to a person’s health that often occur during transitions from one developmental stage to another.
distribution effects
the effects that a policy may have on people other than those for which it was intended.
cost studies
studies performed to find the actual cost of a program.
interactive health communication (IHC)
defined as the use of an electronic device or communication technology to access or transmit health information or provide health-related support to any consumer or health care professional (Science Panel on Interactive Communication and Health).
media discourses
communication of thoughts and attitudes through literature, film, art, television, and newspapers.
Social Model of Disability
in this model, emphasis is placed on systemic barriers as well as societal attitudes and stigmas that contribute to the perception that those with limitations or physical illnesses are disabled. In this model the focus is on the need to change society and not the individual with a disability. This model has led to a focus on civil rights for the disabled and the need for legislation addressing discrimination (Scullion, 2010).
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)
a work program that mandates that women heads-of-household find employment to retain their benefits.
emotional abuse
extreme debasement of a person’s feelings so that he or she feels inept, undesirable, and worthless.
growth
increase in size of the whole or parts of an organism.
Patient Self-Determination Act
part of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990. Requires all health care agencies that receive Medicare or Medicaid funds to inform clients that they have the right to refuse medical and surgical care.
anorexia
a fear of gaining weight coupled with disturbances in perceptions of the body.
suicide
the act or instance of taking one’s own life voluntarily and intentionally.
immunization
a process of protecting an individual from a disease through introduction of a live, killed, or partial component of the invading organism into the individual’s system.
setting
the influence of the physical, social, and cultural environment within which the use occurs. Social conditions can influence the use of drugs.
Interagency Council on the Homeless
a council composed of the heads of 16 federal agencies that have programs or activities for the homeless; created by the Stewart B. McKinney Act to coordinate and direct federal homeless activities.
violence
non-accidental acts, interpersonal or intrapersonal, that result in physical or psychological injury to one or more of the people involved.
assault
a violent physical or verbal attack.
alliances
a relationship between two agencies in which they agree to cooperate in some way.
Community Support Program
a program funded by the Institute of Mental Health to provide grant monies to states for the development of comprehensive services for persons discharged from psychiatric institutions.
weight gain
strong predictor of infant birth weight during pregnancy. It is recommended that women gain between 25 and 35 pounds during pregnancy. If less weight is gained, the risk of a low?birth-weight baby is greater.
emotional neglect
the omission of the basic nurturing, acceptance, and caring essential for healthy personal development.
hallucinogens
drugs that stimulate the nervous system and produce varied changes in perception and mood.
burden of chronic disease
the economic, physical, and emotional/psychological burden of coping with the hardships engendered by the presence of a chronic disease.
chronic disease
a disease for which a cure is not expected. Therefore the focus is on healing (a unique process resulting in a shift in the body-mind-spirit system) rather than curing.
consumer price index
the basic indicator of inflation?a measurement of inflation by comparison of prices overall and of categories of consumed goods and services purchased by urban wage earners and their families over a certain period of time.
financial exploitation
the illegal or improper act or process of an individual, including a caregiver, using the resources of an older individual for monetary or personal benefit, profit, or gain.
harm reduction
a public health approach to substance abuse problems. This approach acknowledges, without judgment, that licit and illicit drug use is a reality, and the focus of interventions is to minimize these drugs’ harmful effects rather than to simply ignore or condemn them.
behavioral risk
personal health habits and behaviors (e.g., diet patterns) that contribute to individual and family health status.
home visits
provision of community health nursing care where the individual resides.
development
: increase in complexity of the function and progression of physical, social, and mental skills throughout life.
gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
a condition characterized by carbohydrate intolerance that is first identified or develops during pregnancy.
Migrant Health Act
United States legislation that funds more than 100 migrant health projects that have 364 actual clinic sites and serve more than 500,000 farmworkers and their families in 40 states and Puerto Rico.
structure
in groups, the particular arrangement of group parts that helps to describe the group as a whole. An organizational arrangement including mission, goals, services, and workforce.
withdrawal
physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a drug upon which a person is dependent is removed.
blood alcohol concentration
the amount of alcohol in the blood, commonly expressed as grams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood. Most state legal limits of intoxication while driving are 0.08% or 0.1%.
consumers
the recipients of health care. Primary clients are the current or former recipients of care; secondary consumers are the client’s family or significant others.
coaching
encouraging another in acquiring certain skills. This may include making suggestions, giving feedback, and praising as goals are met.
menopause
the time when the levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone change in a woman’s body, leading to the cessation of menstruation.
stroke
the sudden, severe onset of a malady such as apoplexy.
unintended pregnancy
a pregnancy that was not planned and not necessarily wanted.
biological risk
a potential health danger for a person who may be prone to certain illnesses because of inherited genetics or family lifestyle patterns.
complex adaptive systems
a theory that accounts for the unpredictability of the behavior of people and organizations (Holden, 2005).
health
a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Four models of health, ordered from narrow to broad, are (1) clinical health, the absence of disease; (2) role-performance health, the ability to satisfactorily perform one’s social roles; (3) adaptive health, flexible adaptation to the environment; and (4) eudaemonistic health, self-actualization, and the attainment of one’s greatest human potential.
National Institute of Mental Health
the federal agency charged with developing and supporting education and research programs for mental health.
health screening
tests or examinations intended to prevent and identify disease before onset so that preventive measures/treatments may be given.
health risk reduction
application of selected interventions to control or reduce risk factors and minimize the incidence of associated disease and premature mortality. Risk reduction is reflected in greater congruity between appraised and achievable ages.
community health planning
planning for population-focused health care that places the well-being of the public above private interests.
sexually transmitted disease
communicable diseases, such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, and HIV infection, that can be transmitted by sexual activity.
built environment
defined as the person’s man-made or modified surroundings in which they live, work, and partake in recreation (Renalds, Smith, and Hale, 2010).
injury
damage of or to a person that may be accidental or self-inflicted.
substance abuse
use of any substance that threatens a person’s health or impairs the person’s social or economic functioning.
work disability
the inability to perform work because of a mental, physical, or other health condition.
cost-effectiveness analysis
comparison of the money spent for the outcomes across two or more interventions.
cognitive development
the progressive process of acquisition of skills for thinking, reasoning, and language use.
Temporary Assistance to Needy Families
formerly called Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), a federal and state program to provide financial assistance to needy children deprived of parental support because of death, disability, absence from the home, or, in some states, unemployment. This program mandates that women heads-of-household find employment to retain their benefits.
termination phase
when the purpose of a home visit has been accomplished, the nurse reviews with the family what has occurred and what has been accomplished. This provides a basis for planning further home visits.
sudden infant death syndrome
defined as the sudden death of an infant less than 1 year of age, which remains unexplained after a thorough case investigation, including performance of a complete autopsy, examination of the death scene, and review of the clinical history (AAP, 2005).
addiction treatment
focuses on the addiction process by helping clients view addiction as a chronic disease and assisting them in making lifestyle changes to halt the progression of the disease.
institutionalization
placement of psychiatric patients into large, long-term care, state-operated psychiatric hospitals.
long-term care
provides a safe environment, special diets and activities, routine personal care, and the treatment and management of health care needs for those needing rehabilitation, as well as those needing a permanent supportive residence.
mental health
the psychological state of someone who is functioning at a satisfactory level of emotional and behavioral adjustment.
managed care
refers to integrating payment for services with delivery of services and emphasizing cost-effective service delivery along a continuum of care.
strategic planning
involves the successful matching of client needs with specific provider strengths and competencies and agency resources.
frail elderly
a geriatric syndrome that places older adults at risk for adverse health outcomes, including falls, worsening disability, institutionalization, and death. It is a complex state of impairment that signifies loss in areas of physical functioning, physiological resiliency, metabolism, and immune-response.
fetal alcohol syndrome
a condition that may occur when a woman has consumed alcohol regularly during pregnancy (about six drinks per day). Infants tend to be of low birth weight and mentally retarded, and may have behavioral, facial, limb, genital, cardiac, or neurological impairments.
overweight
defined by the CDC as a body mass index at or above the eighty-fifth percentile and lower than the ninety-fifth percentile.
evaluation
determining whether a service is needed and can be used when conducted as planned, and whether the service actually helps people in need.
stimulants
drugs that increase the activity of the CNS, causing wakefulness.
posttraumatic stress disorder
reaction of people who have suffered from severe and/or long-term trauma. Can include hypervigilance and flashbacks of abusive experiences.
medical home
incorporates preventive, acute, and chronic care from birth through transition to adulthood. The medical home emphasizes an integrated health system with collaboration of care from an interprofessional team of primary care physicians, specialists and subspecialists, other health professionals, hospitals and health care facilities, public health, and the community working with children and families (AMCHP, 2010).
human ecology theory
emphasizes the complex relationship between the growing child and his/her immediate environment.
child neglect
physical or emotional neglect. Physical neglect refers to failure to provide adequate food, clothing, shelter, hygiene, or necessary medical care; emotional neglect refers to the omission of basic nurturing, acceptance, and caring essential for healthy development.
cultural attitudes
the beliefs and perspectives that a society values.
formative evaluation
an ongoing evaluation instituted for the purpose of assessing the degree to which objectives are met or activities are being conducted.
Office of Men’s Health
created by the Men’s Health Act of 2005 to improve the health of American men by advancing and coordinating a comprehensive men’s health agenda through the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
process
the ongoing activities and behaviors of health providers engaged in conducting client care. Refers to whether the care that was given was good, competent, or preferred. Use of process in program evaluation may consist of observing practice but more likely consists of review of records.
National Alliance for the Mentally Ill
an organization that advocates for better services for people with mental illness.
physical neglect
failure to provide adequate food, proper clothing, shelter, hygiene, or necessary medical care.
grant writing
preparing a written proposal with a plan for a program that fits the criteria set forth by the funding agency.
forensic
pertaining to the law.
severe mental disorders
disorders that are persistent and disabling; they are determined by diagnoses and criteria that evaluate degree of functional disability.
internal consultant
a nurse who is employed on a full-time salaried basis by a community agency in which the consultation takes place.
cardiovascular disease
the class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels (arteries and veins).Although the term technically refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system, it usually refers to those related to atherosclerosis (arterial disease).
alcoholism
addiction to alcohol.
injection drug users
includes intravenous and subcutaneous drug injection, with the latter usually being over the abdominal area and called “popping.” The sharing of paraphernalia to prepare or inject the drug can result in transmission of bloodborne pathogens, such as HIV.
osteoporosis
a disease characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to bone fragility and an increased risk of fractures of the hip, spine, and wrist.
home health
in home health, nurses provide individual and environmental assessments, direct skilled care and treatment, and short-term guidance and instruction. Nurses often function independently in the home and must rely on their own resources and knowledge to improvise and adapt care to meet the client’s unique physical and social circumstances.
birth control
control of the number of children born, especially by preventing or lessening the frequency of conception.
weight control
maintaining weight means calories eaten must equal energy burned.
microsystem
the systems, people, information, and behaviors that take place at the point of client care (Nelson et al, 2008).
program management
consists of assessing, planning, implementing, and evaluating a program.
health status indicators
the quantitative or qualitative measures used to describe the level of well-being or illness present in a defined population or to describe related attributes or risk factors.
detoxification
process of allowing time for the body to metabolize and/or excrete accumulations of a drug. Called social detoxification if the withdrawal symptoms are not life threatening and do not require medication, or medical detoxification if the symptoms require medical management.
child feeding practices
include the level of control the parent or caregiver exerts over the type and amount of food the child eats, the role modeling of eating behaviors, the feeding cues given to the child, and the actual mealtime environment and routine.
physical abuse
one or more episodes of extreme discipline or displaced aggression or frustration, often resulting in serious physical damage to the internal organs, bones, central nervous system, or sense organs.
disability
the condition of being disabled; inability to pursue an occupation because of a physical or mental impairment; a program providing support to one affected by a disability; lack of legal qualification to do something or a disqualification, restriction, or disadvantage.
repeat pregnancy
a closely spaced second pregnancy. For teen mothers, it often leads to poorer education and economic outcomes.
cost-effectiveness
analysis that measures the quality of a program as it relates to cost.
Medical Model of Disability
in this model, disability is considered to be a function of physical characteristics or conditions that place an individual at a disadvantage as compared with those without the characteristic or condition. This model places emphasis on the disabled person and the need to modify the course of illness, or as much as possible to give the disabled person a ?normal? life.
drug addiction
a pattern of abuse characterized by an overwhelming preoccupation with the use (compulsive use) of a drug, securing its supply, and a high tendency for relapse if the drug is removed.
vertical integration
the system owns all of the services that clients might need, for example, clinics, hospitals, laboratories, and home health agencies.
food insecurity
lack of access to sufficient food for an active and healthy lifestyle because of inadequate economic resources.
functional limitations
the level to which a disability can impact a function, such as hearing, seeing, grasping, moving, climbing, or reading.
adoption
a process whereby a person assumes the parenting for another and, in so doing, permanently transfers all rights and responsibilities from the original parent or parents.
depressants
drugs that reduce the activity of the central nervous system.
sexually transmitted infection (STI)
A term often used synonymously with sexually transmitted diseases (STD) but with a broader meaning of an invasion and multiplication of microorganisms within the body (Shuford, 2008).
relapse management
activities of a case manager designed to foster coping and competency and manage symptoms to prevent a relapse of illness.
low food security
a lack of available food and access to food on a regular basis.
dual diagnosis
generally means a substance abuse disorder concurrent with a mental illness disorder (Horsfall et al, 2009). For children with developmental disabilities, dual diagnosis usually means that a mental illness disorder is present simultaneously with mental retardation.
motivational interviewing
a focused communication strategy in which the parents are encouraged to set goals, identify personal barriers, and identify potential mechanisms to overcome the barriers to make safety and health promotion changes for their child.
living will
: a legal document that allows the client to express wishes regarding the use of medical treatments in the event of a terminal illness.
outcome
refers to results of client care and restoration of function and survival (Donabedian, 1982), but is also used in the sense of changes in health status or changes in health-related knowledge, attitude, and behavior. Thus program outcomes may be expressed in terms of mortality, morbidity, and disability for given populations, such as infants, but they could be expressed in a broader sense through health promotion behaviors such as weight control, exercise, and abstinence from tobacco and alcohol.
social risks
risky social situations that can contribute to the stressors experienced by families. If adequate resources and coping processes are not available, breakdowns in health can occur.
sexual abuse
abuse ranging from fondling to rape; robs children of the feeling of being in control of themselves and emphasizes their vulnerability.
H1N1
commonly known as the swine flu, this new strain of influenza virus contained a combination of swine, avian, and human influenza virus genes. Cases were reported in all 50 states.
tracer
method of evaluating programs based on the premise that health status and care can be assessed by viewing specific health problems.
partnership
a relationship between individuals, groups, or organizations in which the parties are working together to achieve a joint goal. Often used synonymously with coalitions and alliances, although partnerships usually have focused goals, such as jointly providing a specific program. Partnerships involve informed, flexible, and negotiated distribution of power among all participants in the process of change for community health. The means for improved community health.
testicular cancer
the most common solid tumor diagnosed in males between 15 and 40 years of age, with the peak incidence between 18 and 40 years of age.
statutory rape
sexual intercourse with a female who is below the age of consent. Varies by state.
service delivery networks
a group of organizations that provide health and human services. Generally, the services are complementary, although some overlap is often seen. Clients may receive comprehensive services from the agencies in the network.
rehabilitation
a combination of physical, occupational, psychological, and speech therapy to help debilitated persons maintain or recover their physical capacities.
erectile dysfunction
the consistent inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance.
supervision
the process of directing, coaching, and monitoring the work of others to whom tasks have been delegated.
low-income housing
affordable housing that is available to all persons.
health risks
the factors that determine or influence whether disease or other unhealthy results occur.
seamless system of care
with vertical integration, freestanding agencies that are all owned by one system are able to collaborate and contract with one another to provide clients with smooth, continuous service.
coercive sex
sexual relations that occur with force, intimidation, or authority.
systems theory
a useful framework for the community mental health practice because it emphasizes the relationship of the elements of a unit to the whole.
power dynamics
use of power to promote effective health care by influencing decision makers in organizations, in governments, and on community boards.
collaborative
a group of similar organizations that agree to use common processes for providing clinical care and share certain types of data so all may learn.
tolerance
in pharmacology, the need for increasing doses of a drug over time to maintain the same effect.
supportive housing
subsidized housing for vulnerable population groups.
poverty
refers to having insufficient financial resources to meet basic living expenses. These expenses include cost of food, shelter, clothing, transportation, and medical care.
Chronic Care Model (CCM)
an organizing framework for improving chronic illness care and a tool for improving care at both the individual and population level. The model is based on the assumption that improvement in care requires an approach that incorporates patient, provider, and system level interventions.
caregiver burden
role strain experienced by individuals who undertake multiple roles including the provision of care, often coupled with financial difficulties.
spouse abuse
physical or emotional mistreatment of one’s partner.
sexual debut
first experience with intercourse.
set
refers to the individual using the drug, as well as that person’s expectations, including unconscious expectations, about the drug being used.
advanced medical directives
refers to treatment preferences and the designation of a surrogate decision- maker in the event that a person should become unable to make medical decisions on her or his own behalf.
drug dependence
a state of neuroadaptation (a physiological change in the central nervous system) caused by the chronic, regular administration of a drug in which continued use of the drug becomes necessary to prevent withdrawal symptoms.
homeless persons
one who lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate address or has a primary nighttime residence in a supervised publicly or privately operated shelter for temporary accommodations.
wife abuse
physical or emotional mistreatment of one’s partner.
family crisis
a situation whereby the demands of the situation exceed the resources and coping capacity of the family.
gay
commonly refers to a male or female whose sexual orientation is attraction to persons of the same sex.
projects
smaller, organized activities with a limited time frame.
reinstitutionalization
shifting people from one institution to another by placing persons with mental illness in nursing homes, assisted living facilities, and jails. This action prompted additional legislation and advocacy efforts.
in-home phase
the actual nurse visit to the home that gives the nurse the opportunity to assess the family’s neighborhood and community resources, as well as the home and family interactions.
developmental screening
a process designed to identify children who should receive more intensive assessment or diagnosis of potential developmental delays. These delays may be in any of the developmental domains: gross motor, fine motor, language, or social skills. Developmental screening promotes early detection of delays and improves child health and well-being for identified children.
heart disease
organic or functional abnormalities of the heart.
post-visit phase
after a home visit is concluded, the nurse documents the visit and services provided.
community mental health model
the primary system of care for people with serious and persistent mental illness. Components and implementation vary from state to state but services are generally received through comprehensive community mental health centers.
consultation
interactional or communication process between two or more persons; one is a consultant, and the other is the consultee. The consultant seeks to help the consultee solve a problem or improve or broaden skills.
Medicaid
a jointly sponsored state and federal program established by the Social Security Act in 1965 that pays for medical services for the aged, poor, blind, disabled, and families with dependent children.
hypertension
or high blood pressure, is a cardiac chronic medical condition in which the systemic arterial blood pressure is elevated.
empowerment
helping people acquire the skills and information necessary for informed decision making and ensuring that they have the authority to make decisions that affect them.
political skills
bargaining and negotiation skills based on an understanding of others’ wants and needs and the effects of decisions on others’ goals and achievement.
sexual victimization
suffering from a destructive or injurious sexual action.
near poor
people who earn slightly more than the government-defined poverty level, are unable to meet living expenses, and are not eligible for government assistance programs.
personal beliefs
ideas about the world that an individual believes to be true.
conflict resolution
a process of assisting clients in resolving issues between competing needs and resources.
abusive head trauma
also known as shaken baby syndrome, results from violent shaking or shaking and impacting of the head of an infant or young child.
case registers
systematic gathering and registering of information about contagious, acute, and chronic diseases (e.g., cancer and myocardial infarction) that may be used for evaluating and planning services, preventing disease, providing care, and monitoring changes in patterns and care.
Office of Women’s Health
established in 1991 to improve the health of American women by advancing and coordinating a comprehensive women’s health agenda through the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Elizabethan poor laws
laws during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England that address poverty and assistance measures.
polysubstance use or abuse
use of drugs from different categories together or at different times to regulate how the person feels.
denial
a primary symptom of addiction. The person may lie about use, play down use, and place blame for use on others or the situation; also may use anger or humor to avoid acknowledging the problem to self and others.
environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)
exhaled smoke, smoke from burning tobacco, or smoke from the mouthpiece or filter end of a cigarette, cigar, or pipe.
diabetes
a chronic disease of pancreatic etiology, marked by insulin deficiency.
nongenital sexual behavior
sexual behavior without engaging in traditional notions of genital sex, that is, intercourse involved with genital comingling.
migrant lifestyle
the process of a family or individual moving from a home-based site to obtain temporary work and live in temporary housing.
persistent poverty
refers to individuals and families who remain poor for long periods of time.
migrant farmworker
an individual whose principal employment within the past 24 months is in agriculture on a seasonal basis and who establishes for the purpose of such employment a temporary abode.
health disparities
refers to the wide variations in health services and health status between certain population groups.
managed care organizations
agencies that may both pay for and provide services and contract with selected health care providers to actually provide services for the enrollees in the managed care organization.
cost-accounting
studies that are performed to find the actual cost of a program.
family-centered medical home
a partnership between a child or adolescent, the child or adolescent’s family, and the pediatric team who oversees the child or adolescent’s health and well-being within a community-based system that provides uninterrupted care to promote optimal health outcomes.
durable medical power of attorney
the legal way for the client to designate someone else to make health care decisions when the client is unable to do so, for example, a do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order.
Poverty Threshold Guidelines
a definition of poverty drafted by the Social Security Administration in 1964. The federal government defines poverty in terms of income, family size, the age of the head of household, and the number of children under 18 years of age. The guidelines change annually to be consistent with the consumer price index.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
an act passed in 1990 providing protection against discrimination to millions of Americans with disabilities. This legislation requires government and businesses to provide disabled individuals with equal opportunities for jobs, education, access to transportation and public buildings and other accommodations for both physical and mental limitations.
mental health problems
difficulties related to a person’s ability to manage daily life events without experiencing undue social isolation, emotional distress, or behavioral incapacity.
neighborhood poverty
refers to spatially defined areas of high poverty, characterized by dilapidated housing and high levels of unemployment.
planning process
a planning method that contains five stages of planning: formulating, conceptualizing, detailing, evaluating, and implementing.
health risk appraisal
process of identifying and analyzing an individual’s prognostic characteristics of health and comparing them with those of a standard age-group, thereby providing a prediction of a person’s likelihood of prematurely developing the health problems that have high morbidity and mortality in this country.
economic risk
a possible danger to a family’s health determined by the relationship between family financial resources and the demands on those resources.
external consultant
a nurse who is employed temporarily on a contractual basis by the client.
developmental disability
any mental or physical disability manifested before 22 years of age that may continue indefinitely and result in substantial limitation in three or more of the following life activities: self-care, receptive and expressive language, learning mobility, self-direction, independent living, and economic sufficiency.
assertive community treatment
individualized services provided by a multidisciplinary team that follows the client’s progress during reintegration into the community.
