Exam 1 - Vocab Flashcards
advanced practice nurses
nurses with advanced education beyond the baccalaureate degree who are prepared to manage and deliver health care services to individuals, families, groups, communities, and populations; includes clinical nurse specialists, nurse practitioners, nurse-midwives, nurse anesthetists, and others.
advocacy
activities for the purpose of protecting the rights of others while supporting the client’s responsibility for self-determination; involves informing, supporting, and affirming a client’s self-determination in health care decisions; pleads someone’s cause or act on someone’s behalf, with a focus on developing the capacity of the community, system, individual, or family to plead their own cause or act on their own behalf.
affective domain
an arena of learning that includes changes in attitudes and the development of values. For affective learning, nurses consider and attempt to influence what individuals, families, communities, and populations feel, think, and value.
aggregate
a collection of individuals who have in common one or more personal or environmental characteristics.
American Nurses Association
the national professional association of registered nurses in the United States, founded in 1896.
American Public Health Association
a national organization founded in 1872 to facilitate interdisciplinary efforts and to promote the health of the public.
American Red Cross
a national organization that seeks to reduce human suffering through various health, safety, and disaster relief programs in affiliation with the International Committee of the Red Cross.
andragogy
the art and science of teaching adults and individuals with some health-related knowledge about a topic.
appropriate technology
refers to affordable social, biomedical, and health services that are relevant and acceptable to individuals’ health, needs, and concerns.
assessment
systematic data collection on the population, monitoring of the population’s health status, and making information available on the health of the community.
Assessment Protocol for Excellence in Public Health (APEXPH)
a planning tool developed for local health officials to assess the organization and management of the health department, provide a framework for working with community members and other organizations to assess the health status of the community, and establish the leadership role of the health department in the community.
assurance
the role of public health agencies in ensuring that essential population-centered health services are available, which may include providing essential personal health services for those who would otherwise not receive them. Assurance also refers to making certain that a competent public health and personal health care workforce is available.
barriers to access
financial or nonfinancial impediments to obtaining health care. May include lack of funds to pay for health care or inadequate insurance coverage. Also may include cultural obstacles and practical problems, such as lack of transportation or inconvenient clinic hours.
beneficence
ethical principle stating that one should do good and prevent or avoid doing harm.
bioethics
a branch of ethics that applies the knowledge and processes of ethics to the examination of ethical problems in health care.
block grant
intended to enable local areas to have more control in deciding how to spend funds so that they can respond to local needs and conditions.
Breckinridge, Mary
woman who established the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS) in 1925 to emulate systems of care used in the Highlands and islands of Scotland.
brokering health services
coordinating services provided by multiple agencies. Case managers often coordinate services to provide comprehensive care for clients.
built environment
includes the physical parts of the environment where people live and work (e.g., homes, buildings, streets, open spaces, and infrastructure) (CDC, 2006).
carve outs
the care for a specific population has been carved out of an overall managed care plan for all other clinical populations.
case finding
locates individuals and families with identified risk factors and connects them with resources.
case management
interchangeable term with care management. Used to describe a service given to clients that contains the following activities: screening, assessment, care planning, arranging for service delivery, monitoring, reassessment, evaluation, and discharge. Case management is a process that enhances continuity and appropriateness of care. Most often used with clients whose health problems are actually or potentially chronic and complex.
change agent
nursing role that facilitates change in client or agency behavior to more readily achieve goals. This role stresses gathering and analyzing facts and implementing programs.
change partner
the nurse whose role is to act as an enabler-catalyst, teacher of problem-solving skills, and activist advocate with the client to create a positive outcome on the client’s behalf.
chronosystems
refer to time-related contexts where changes that have occurred over time may influence any or all of the other levels/systems.
client system
multidimensional system with nursing and health care targeting the multiple levels of clients.
coalition building
promotes and develops alliances among organizations or constituencies for a common purpose. It builds linkages, solves problems, and/or enhances local leadership to address health concerns.
code of ethics
moral standards that delineate a profession’s values, goals, and obligations.
cognitive domain
a domain of learning that includes memory, recognition, understanding, reasoning, application, and problem solving and is divided into a hierarchical classification of behaviors.
cohesion
attraction of group members to one another and to the group.
collaboration
mutual sharing and working together to achieve common goals in such a way that all persons or groups are recognized and growth is enhanced.
communitarianism
the foundation of ethics is derived from communal goals and values, directed toward the common good.
community
people and the relationships that emerge among them as they develop and use in common some agencies and institutions and a physical environment; a locality-based entity composed of systems of formal organizations reflecting society’s institutions, information groups, and aggregates and whose function or expressed intent is to meet a wide variety of collective needs. The target of population-centered practice.
community assessment
process of critically thinking about the community and getting to know and understand the community as a client. Assessments help identify community needs, clarify problems, and identify strengths and resources.
community collaboration
health services with an emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention, community involvement, multisectoral cooperation, appropriate technology; includes accessible, acceptable, and affordable public and primary health care services.
community competence
process whereby the parts of a community—organizations, groups, and advocates—are able to collaborate effectively in identifying the problems and needs of the community, can achieve a working consensus on goals, and can collaborate effectively on the required actions.
community health
the meeting of collective needs by identifying problems and managing interactions within the community and the larger society; a function of the energy, the individuality, and the relationships of the community as a whole and of all its constituents. The goal of population-centered practice.
Community Health Improvement Process (CHIP)
a method for improving the health of the population on a communitywide basis. The CHIP method brings together key elements of the public health and personal health care systems in one framework.
community health problem
actual or potential difficulties within a target population with identifiable causes and consequences in the environment.
Community Health Promotion model
a continuous nine-step community problem-solving process in Healthy Communities and Cities that provides broad community participation in all steps.
community health strength
resources available to meet a community health need.
community organizing
helps community groups to identify common problems or goals, mobilize resources, and develop and implement strategies for reaching the goals they collectively have set (Minkler, 1997).
community participation
participation of well-informed and motivated community members in planning, implementing, and evaluating health programs.
community partnership
collaborative decision-making process in which community members and professionals participate.
community reconnaissance
the Web-based equivalent of a physical assessment for an individual; “reconnaissance” refers to the use of Web-based resources to collect community-related data.
community-as-partner model
an assessment guide model developed by Anderson and McFarlane in 1995 that illustrates how communities change and grow best by full involvement and self-empowerment. It presents an assessment wheel with people in the center and eight subsystems that affect and are affected by people surrounding them.
community-based participatory research (CBPR)
collaborative approach to research that equitably involves all partners in the research process and recognizes the unique strengths that each brings. CBPR begins with a research topic of importance to the community, and has the aim of combining knowledge with action and achieving social change to improve health outcomes and eliminate health disparities.
community-level practice
changes community norms, community attitudes, community awareness, community practices, and community behaviors.
comprehensive primary health care
health services with an emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention, community involvement, multisectoral cooperation, appropriate technology; includes accessible, acceptable, and affordable public and primary (ambulatory and community based) health care services.
comprehensive services
services that completely meet an individual’s or family’s needs.
confidentiality
controlling the disclosure of personal information and limiting the access of others to sensitive information.
conflict
the opposite of harmony; a state of interference that people want to guard against; antagonistic points of view.
consequentialism
ethical decisions based on consequences or outcomes.
consultation
interactional or communication process between two or more persons; one is a consultant, and the other is the consultee. The consultant seeks to help the consultee solve a problem or improve or broaden skills.
counseling
establishes an interpersonal relationship with a community, a system, family, or individual intended to increase or enhance their capacity for self-care and coping. Counseling engages the community, a system, family, or individual at an emotional level.
culturally and linguistically appropriate care
fits with the cultural expectations and norms of a particular group to the extent possible and that is provided in the language of that group.
cumulative risk factors
related risks that increase in effect with each added risk.
cycle of vulnerability
the feedback effect of factors that predispose one to vulnerability and lead to negative health outcomes, which then increase the predisposing factors and so on.
data collection
the process of acquiring existing information or developing new information.
data gathering
the process of obtaining existing, readily available data.
data generation
the development of data, frequently qualitative rather than numerical, by the data collector.
database
collection of gathered and generated data.
delegated functions
direct-care tasks a registered professional nurse carries out under the authority of a health care practitioner as allowed by law. Delegated functions also include any direct care tasks a registered professional nurse entrusts completion of by other appropriate personnel.
democratic leadership
position that is cooperative in nature and promotes and supports members’ involvement in all aspects of decision making and planning.
deontology
ethical theory that bases moral obligation on duty and claims that actions are obligatory irrespective of the good or bad consequences that they produce. Because human beings are rational, they have absolute value. Therefore persons should always be treated as ends in themselves and never as a mere means.
determinants of health
factors that influence health status across the life cycle.
differential vulnerability hypothesis
vulnerable population groups are those who not only are particularly sensitive to risk factors but also possess multiple, cumulative risk factors.
disadvantaged
lacking in the basic resources or conditions believed to be necessary for an equal position in society.
disease and other health event investigation
systematically gathers and analyzes data regarding threats to the health of populations, ascertains the source of the threat, identifies cases and others at risk, and determines control measures.
distributive justice
requirement that there be a fair distribution of the benefits and burdens on society based on the needs and contributions of its members. This principle requires that, consistent with the dignity and worth of its members and within the limits imposed by its resources, a society must determine a minimum level of goods and services to be available to its members. For community and public health professionals, this principle assumes considerable importance.
district nursing
the style of public health nursing organization in which a nurse is assigned to a geographic area to provide a wide variety of nursing services. This generalized approach to practice contrasts with a specialist approach in which several nurses may visit in the same home for different purposes.
district nursing association
a term used by William Rathbone for the organization that provided district nurses.
dysfunctional families
a popular term in recent years to describe nonhealthy families. Other terms, such as noncompliant, resistant, or unmotivated, label families that are not functioning well with each other or in the world.
early adopters
individuals and/or groups with cosmopolitan rather than local orientations, with abilities to adopt new ideas from mass media rather than face-to-face information sources, and with specialized rather than global interests.
ecological approach
interventions to initiate or maintain healthy behaviors and directed systematically toward the multiple targets of the individual, family, group, community, and society.
ecomap
a visual diagram of the family unit in relation to other units or subsystems in the family’s community.
education
the establishment and arrangement of events to facilitate learning; emphasizes the provider of knowledge and skills.
empowerment
helping people acquire the skills and information necessary for informed decision making and ensuring that they have the authority to make decisions that affect them.
equity
providing accessible services in order to promote the health of populations most at risk to health problems.
established groups
these types of groups are those in which membership ties already exist and the existing structure can be used.
ethical decision making
the component of ethics that focuses on the process of how decisions are made in an orderly process that considers ethical principles, client values, and professional obligations.
ethical dilemmas
puzzling moral problems in which a person, group, or community can envision morally justified reasons for both taking and not taking a certain course of action.
ethical issues
moral challenges facing oneself or one’s profession.
ethics
a branch of philosophy that includes both a body of knowledge about the moral life and a process of reflection for determining the morally correct response to challenges throughout life.
evaluation
provides a systematic and logical method for making decisions to improve an educational program (Babcock and Miller, 1994). determining whether a service is needed and can be used when conducted as planned, and whether the service actually helps people in need.
exosystems
external environments that have an indirect influence on the family.
family cohesion
balanced families that have the ability to allow family members to be independent from the family, yet remain connected to the family as a whole.
family flexibility
families that have the ability to adapt to situations.
family health
a condition including the promotion and maintenance of physical, mental, spiritual, and social health for the family unit and for individual family members.
family nursing assessment
through a systematic process, identifying family problem areas and family strengths, which are used as the building blocks for interventions and to facilitate family resiliency. Building the interventions with family-identified problems and strengths allows for equal family and provider commitment to the solutions and ensures more successful interventions.
family policy
government actions that have a direct or indirect effect on families.
family systems theory
used to understand how a family is an organized whole as well as composed of individuals. The purpose of the family system is to maintain stability through adaptation to internal and external stresses that are created by change.
federal poverty guideline
a federal poverty measure given by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). It helps agencies determine eligibility for certain programs. It is based upon how many people live in poverty as HHS defines poverty yearly.
federally qualified health centers
provide population-based comprehensive care in medically underserved areas, and possess the appropriate mission, organizational, and governance structure.
feminine ethic
a referral to the components of an ethic of care that are associated with the female gender.
feminist ethics
encompasses the tenets that women’s thinking and moral experiences are important and should be taken into account in any fully developed moral theory and that the oppression of women is morally wrong.
feminists
women and men who hold a worldview advocating economic, social, and political equality for women that is equivalent to that of men.
focus of care
the focus of care in the integrative model includes health promotion, illness (disease or disability) prevention, and illness care.
food insecurity
lack of access to sufficient food for an active and healthy lifestyle because of inadequate economic resources.
formal groups
have a defined membership and a specific purpose.
Frontier Nursing Service
a rural nursing service founded in 1925 by Mary Breckinridge in Kentucky as the Kentucky Committee for Mothers and Babies. The FNS influenced the development of nurse midwifery in the United States.
functional health literacy
includes the ability to read and understand numbers in order to use this health information to make informed decisions (DeWalt, Boone, and Pignone, 2007) and to understand the consequences when instructions or plans of action are not followed (Speros, 2005).
genogram
displays pertinent family information in a family tree format that shows family members and their relationships over at least three generations (McGoldrick, Schellenburger, & Petry, 2008).
goals
the end or terminal point toward which intervention efforts are directed.
grants
financial support for health care funding projects.
group
a collection of interacting individuals who have a common purpose(s).
group culture
this is formed from group norms related to task, maintenance, and reality.
group purpose
the reason that a group is formed; for example, groups may be formed in response to particular community needs, problems, or opportunities.
health
a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Four models of health, ordered from narrow to broad, are (1) clinical health, the absence of disease; (2) role-performance health, the ability to satisfactorily perform one’s social roles; (3) adaptive health, flexible adaptation to the environment; and (4) eudaemonistic health, self-actualization and the attainment of one’s greatest human potential.
health behavior
any health-related action undertaken by a person to prevent or detect disease, protect health, or promote a higher level of health.
Health Belief Model (HBM)
used in planning programs in which the motivation of learners is a concern.
health disparities
refers to the wide variations in health services and health status between certain population groups.
health literacy
“the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions” (Ratzan and Parker, 2000).
health maintenance
behavior directed toward keeping a current state of health.
health promotion
“the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health” (Ottawa Charter, WHO, 1986, p 1). Five major aspects of health promotion, in order of priority, are building health-promoting public policy, creating supportive environments, strengthening community action, developing personal skills, and reorienting health services. behavior directed toward achieving a greater level of health.
health teaching
communicates facts, ideas, and skills that change knowledge, attitudes, values, beliefs, behaviors, and practices of individuals, families, systems, and/or communities.
Healthy Communities and Cities
an international movement of cities and communities focused on mobilizing local resources and political, professional, and community members.
Healthy People 2020
a set of principles comprised of a large number of objectives related to 38 topic areas. These objectives are designed to serve as a road map for improving the health of all people in the United States during the second decade of the twenty-first century.
Healthy People 2020 educational objectives
emphasize the importance of educating various populations (based on age and ethnicity) about health promotion activities in the priority areas of unintentional injury, violence, suicide, tobacco use and addiction, alcohol or other drug use, unintended pregnancy, HIV/AIDS, and STD infection, unhealthy dietary patterns, and inadequate physical activity (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010).
healthy public policy
future-oriented health policies that deal with local and global health problems and issues that are based on an ecologic perspective with multisectoral and participatory strategies.
illness care
the nurse initiates care at the individual level with a goal of resolving the failure to thrive.
illness prevention
behavior directed toward reducing the threat of illness or disease.
implementation
involves the work and activities aimed at achieving goals and objectives.
individual-level practice
changes knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, practices, and behaviors of individuals.
informal groups
in these types of groups the ties between members are multiple, and the purposes are unwritten yet understood by members.
informant interviews
directed conversation with selected members of a community about community members or groups and events. A direct method of assessment.
interacting groups
a cluster of individuals who are linked by personal relationships. The links may be either primary, such as in family, or secondary, such as in a voluntary association.
interdependent
the involvement between different groups or organizations within the community that are mutually reliant upon each other.
intermediate goals
process goals to accomplish changes in an individual’s knowledge, attitudes, motivation, beliefs, values, skills, practices, and behavior that lead to desired changes in health status.
international cooperation
health promotion efforts that transcend national borders to ensure that all individuals have access to accessible, affordable, acceptable health care that incorporates community participation in achieving social, physical, and mental health.
intervention activities
the strategies used to meet the objectives, the ways change will be effected, and the ways the problem cycle will be broken.
interventions
“actions taken on behalf of communities, systems, individuals, and families to improve or protect health status” (ANA, 2003).
iterative assessment process
obtaining only as much assessment data as necessary at one time; then obtaining additional data as needed.
language concordance
the language used by the person providing health information is the same as that of the client hearing the information.
late adopters
individuals and/or groups who are the last to embrace change.
lay advisors
individuals who are influential in approving or vetoing new ideas and from whom others seek advice and information about new ideas.
leadership
this consists of behaviors that guide or direct members and determine and influence group action.
learning
this emphasizes the recipient of knowledge and skills and results in behavioral changes; it is considered to be the process of gaining knowledge and expertise.
levels of practice
involves nursing interventions with three clients: population, community, individual/family.
lifestyle
a general way of living and individual patterns of behavior, which may be beneficial or detrimental to health.
long-term evaluation
this is a type of follow-up that is designed to assess the lasting effects of the education program.
maintenance functions
these serve to help members stay with the group and feel accepted and include the ability to help people resolve conflicts and ensure social and environmental comfort.
maintenance norms
these create group pressures to affirm members and maintain their comfort.
managed care
refers to integrating payment for services with delivery of services and emphasizing cost-effective service delivery along a continuum of care.
mass media
newspapers, TV, radio, or other modes of communication to large audiences.
mediating structures
act both to support and to prevent change efforts at the community and individual levels.
member interaction
each member influences and is in turn influenced by every other member to some extent.
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
with assistance from Lillian Wald, instituted the first community health program for employees in 1909. It also began a cooperative program with visiting nurse associations to provide care for sick policy holders.
Mobilizing for Action through Planning and Partnerships (MAPP)
facilitated by public health leaders, this framework helps communities apply strategic thinking to prioritize public health issues and identify resources to address them.
moral distress
a state that occurs when a person is unable to act in a way that he or she thinks is right.
morality
shared and generational societal norms about what constitutes right or wrong conduct.
motivation
a motivating force, stimulus, or influence incentive, drive.
multilevel intervention
addresses health outcomes for patients, as well as at least two additional levels of contextual influence. helps people enter the health care system earlier, with greater ease and confidence, and continue in care long enough to realize positive outcomes. This approach also recognizes that one size does not meet all the needs and interests of the target population.
multisectoral cooperation
coordinated health care action by all parts of a community, from local government officials, health and community organizations, to grassroots community members.
National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL)
the largest literacy study first conducted in the United States in 1992. The literacy scales used in the 2003 study included prose literacy, document literacy (including health literacy) and quantitative literacy.
National League for Nursing
a national organization for nurses that is composed of nurses and consumers and was created in 1952 with the closure of the National Organization for Public Health Nursing and other professional nursing organizations.
National Nursing Centers Consortium (NNCC)
an organization with offices in Philadelphia and Washington D.C. that provides regional training for the federally qualified health center (FQHC) application process.
National Organization for Public Health Nursing
an early organization for public health nurses, founded in 1912. It was dissolved in 1952, and many of its functions were distributed primarily to the National League for Nursing.
Nightingale, Florence
a woman who is considered to be the founder of nursing. She led a mission to the Crimean War and developed nursing procedures and care in the British hospitals in Scutari. She wrote the first texts on nursing and founded a movement of Nightingale training schools for nurses.
nominal groups
groups in which individuals work in the presence of one another but do not interact.
nonmaleficence
doing no harm.
norms
standards that guide, control, and regulate individuals and communities.
Nurse-Family Partnership
work-home visitation partnership.
nurse-managed health center (NMHC)
a nurse-practice arrangement, managed by advanced practice nurses, that provides primary care or wellness services to underserved or vulnerable populations and is associated with a school, college, university, or department of nursing, federally qualified health center, or an independent nonprofit health or social services agency.
nursing models of care
constructs for health care services involving the intersection of persons, environment, health, and nursing; based on nurses’ belief that health is a resource for everyday life.
objectives
a precise behavioral statement of achievement that will accomplish partial or total realization of a goal. The date by which the achievement is expected is specified.
official (health) agencies
a government agency addressing health services, health planning, and/or health policy at the city, county, state, or federal level.
outcome health status indicators
indicators to measure the impact of interventions on population health.
outcomes
the end results of a program that show whether or not the program has been successful.
outreach
locates populations-of-interest or populations-at-risk and provides information about the nature of the concern, what can be done about it, and how services can be obtained.
participant observation
conscious and systematic sharing in the life activities and occasionally in the interests and effects of a group of persons; observational methods of assessment; a direct method of data collection.
partnership
a relationship between individuals, groups, or organizations in which the parties are working together to achieve a joint goal. Often used synonymously with coalitions and alliances, although partnerships usually have focused goals, such as jointly providing a specific program. Partnerships involve informed, flexible, and negotiated distribution of power among all participants in the process of change for community health. The means for improved community health.
patriarchal leadership
controlling members through rewards and threats, often keeping them in the dark about the goals and rationale behind prescribed actions.
pedagogy
this is a term for learning strategies for children and individuals with little knowledge about a health-related topic.
photovoice
combines grassroots organizing with photography for individuals with the least access to people who make decisions directly impacting their lives. Photovoice allows participants to photograph, contemplate, and then verbalize stories or simple descriptions about their photo(s) taken in response to a particular prompt, thereby allowing their voices to be heard.
Planned Approach to Community Health (PATCH)
a process that involves and enables members of a community to plan, implement, and evaluate health promotion and disease prevention programs. The PATCH process helps a community establish a health promotion team, collect and use local data, set health priorities, and design and evaluate interventions.
policy development
developing policies that support the health of the population, including the use of the scientific knowledge base in making decisions about policy.
policy enforcement
compels others to comply with the laws, rules, regulations, ordinances, and policies created in conjunction with policy development.
population
collection of individuals who have one or more personal or environmental characteristics in common.
population at risk
a population with a common identified risk factor or risk-exposure that poses a threat to health.
population of interest
a population that is essentially healthy but that could improve factors that promote or protect health.
population-centered practice
a clinical approach in which the nurse and community join in partnership and work together for healthful change.
population-focused practice
problems and solutions are implemented for or with a defined population or subpopulation in mind.
Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM)
a model dealing with change that occurs in stages and over time.
prevention
?“anticipatory action taken to prevent the occurrence of an event or to minimize its effect after it has occurred” (Turnock, 2004).
primary health care
primary care is the provision of integrated, accessible health care services by health care professionals; the aim of primary health care is to address the majority of personal health care needs, develop a sustained partnership with patients, and practice in the context of family and community.
primary health care
health promotion and education.
principlism
an approach to problem solving in bioethics that uses the principles of respect for autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice as the basis for organization and analysis.
priority population groups
those groups targeted by national governments for special emphasis on health care goals because they have particularly poor health status.
probability
likelihood that an intervention activity can be implemented.
problem analysis
process of identifying problem correlates and interrelationships and sustaining them with relevant data.
problem correlates
contributing factors to a problem.
problem prioritizing
evaluation of problems and establishment of priorities according to predetermined criteria.
process evaluation
examines the dynamic components of the educational program. It follows and assesses the movements and management of information transfer and attempts to make sure that the objectives are being met.
program planning model
a program planning technique that uses normal groups to assess client problems and find ways to solve the problems.
psychomotor domain
this is an area of learning that includes the performance of skills that require some degree of neuromuscular coordination and emphasizes motor skills.
public health
organized community and multidisciplinary efforts aimed at preventing disease and promoting health.
public health core functions
the core functions of public health are assessment, policy development, and assurance.
public health nurses
provide outreach, social support, and an array of public health programs. The public health programs include health education, screening, immunizations, lead poisoning prevention, work home visitation, Early Head Start, environmental health initiatives, and other preventive community based health services
public health nursing
the synthesis of nursing theory and public health theory applied to promoting and preserving the health of populations. The focus of practice is the community as a whole and the effect of the community’s health status (resources) on the health of individuals, families, and groups. Care is provided within the context of preventing disease and disability and promoting and protecting the health of the community as a whole.
Quad Council
a group of public health nursing organizations that has developed levels of skills to be obtained by public health nurses for each of the competencies.
Rathbone, William
a British philanthropist who founded the first district nursing association, in Liverpool, England. He and Florence Nightingale then spread the concept throughout England.
reality norms
individuals look to others to reinforce or to challenge and correct their ideas of what is real. Groups serve to examine the life situations confronting individuals.
referral and follow-up
assists individuals, families, groups, organizations, and/or communities to identify and access necessary resources to prevent or resolve problems or concerns.
reimbursement systems
the process by which health care service providers receive payment, either by the client or by three major funding sources: Medicare, Medicaid, and third-party health insurance.
respect for autonomy
based on human dignity and respect for individuals; autonomy requires that individuals be permitted to choose those actions and goals that fulfill their life plans unless those choices result in harm to another.
risk
an epidemiologic term meaning that some people have a higher probability of illness than others.
risk appraisal
individuals supply information about their health practices, demographic characteristics, and personal and family medical history for comparison with data from epidemiologic studies.
role negotiation
two or more persons deciding together which tasks, activities, or responsibilities each will accept in a defined situation.
role structure
refers to the expected ways in which members behave toward one another. The role that each person assumes serves a purpose in the group.
safety net providers
increase access to health and social services for vulnerable populations with limited financial ability to pay for care (Institute of Medicine, 2000; Hansen-Turton, 2005).
screening
identifies individuals with unrecognized health risk factors or asymptomatic disease conditions in populations.
secondary analysis
method of assessment in which existing data are used.
secondary prevention
screening and providing health care.
settlement houses
neighborhood-based and population-centered services for health and social services, such as Chicago’s Hull House, founded by Jane Addams. Many were built in urban areas to serve immigrant and poor working-class neighborhoods.
Sheppard-Towner Act
officially the Maternity and Infancy Act of 1921, the act provided federal matching funds to establish maternal and child health divisions in state health departments. It was ended in 1929 in response to concerns by organized medicine that it gave too much power to the federal government and too closely resembled socialized medicine.
short-term evaluation
immediate followup that is designed to assess the immediate health and behavioral effects of the health education program.
social determinants of health
factors such as economic status, education, environmental factors, nutrition, stress, and prejudice that lead to resource constraints, poor health, and health risk (Wilensky and Satcher, 2009).
social determinants of health (SDOH)
“are the circumstances in which people are born, grow up, live, work and age, and the systems put in place to deal with illness. These circumstances are in turn shaped by a wider set of forces: economics, social policies, and politics” (WHO, 2010).
social justice
providing humane care and social supports for the most disadvantaged members of society.
social marketing
uses commercial marketing principles and technologies for programs designed to influence the knowledge, attitudes, values, beliefs, behaviors, and practices of the population-of-interest.
social policy
the use by a government of its resources to intervene into the accustomed behavior of some of its citizens to produce more or less of that behavior.
Social Security Act of 1935
federal legislation that attempted to overcome the national setbacks of the Depression. Title VI of this act provided funding for expanded opportunities for health protection and promotion through education and employment of public health nurses and provided funds to establish and maintain adequate health services.
special care centers
provide programs targeting specific health conditions, such as diabetes, or population groups, such as the frail elderly.
subpopulations
particular segments of a population.
surveillance
describes and monitors health events through ongoing and systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data for the purpose of planning, implementing, and evaluating public health interventions (adapted from MMWR, 1988).
surveys
method of assessment in which data from a sample of persons are reported to the data collector.
systems-level practice
changes organizations, policies, laws, and power structures within communities.
target of practice
the client to be served by the nurse, such as individual, family, group, community, or population. May also be called unit of service.
task function
these are things that members do to deliberately contribute to the group’s purpose, such as displaying problem-solving skills, providing access to material resources, and demonstrating skills in directing.
task norm
the commitment to return to the group’s central goals.
tertiary prevention
continued long-term health care.
Town and Country Nursing Service
the later name of the American Red Cross’s Rural Nursing Service.
Transtheoretical Model (TTM)
a model dealing with change that occurs in stages and over time.
typologies
the study of classification of communities by types.
utilitarianism
an ethical theory based on the weighing of morally significant outcomes or consequences regarding the overall maximizing of good and minimizing of harm for the greatest number of people.
value
belief about how one should or should not behave. Beliefs about the worth or importance of what is right or esteemed. Values are organized into value systems, and individual value systems reflect culture, reference groups, and personal needs.
values
beliefs about how one should or should not behave. Beliefs about the worth or importance of what is right or esteemed. Values are organized into value systems, and individual value systems reflect culture, reference groups, and personal needs.
virtue ethics
an ethical approach that is concerned with those positive aspects of a person’s character that would enable that person to flourish; focuses on the question: “What kind of person should I be?”
virtues
acquired, excellent traits of behavior that dispose humans to act in accord with their natural goodness.
visiting nurse
professional nurse who provides health promotion, disease prevention, screening, illness, and rehabilitation services in the home of individuals and families; usually as part of visiting nurse associations.
vulnerable population group
a subgroup of the population that is more likely to develop health problems as a result of exposure to risk or to have worse outcomes from these problems than the population as a whole.
waiver
an agreement between a health care payer and entities such as an organization or a state that gives the entity permission to waive certain usual payer requirements. Probably the most well-known type of waiver is a Medicaid waiver. These waivers are provided to states in order to test unique approaches to providing health care in specific lo-cal areas. These waivers have been used in most cases to develop varied forms of managed care arrangements for all or part of the Medicaid beneficiaries in a state. Some waivers are for physical health services, and others are for mental or behavioral health care.
Wald, Lillian
the first public health nurse in the United States and a social reformer whose influence established the context for community and public health nursing. She founded the Henry Street Settlement in New York in 1893, whose health services later became the Visiting Nurse Service of New York.
wedges
grouping of interventions that are frequently used in conjunction in practice; they are color-coded for ease of identification.
wellness centers
nurse-managed centers with a focus on health promotion and disease prevention and management programs.
windshield surveys
the motorized equivalent of a physical assessment for an individual; “windshield” refers to looking through the care windshield as the community health nurse drives through the community collecting data.
wrap-around services
social and economic services that are provided, either directly or through referrals, in addition to comprehensive health services. In this way, social and economic services that will help ensure effectiveness of health services are “wrapped around” health services.
