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Nutrition 10 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Energy balance?

A

is the relationship between energy intake and energy expenditure

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2
Q

When does energy equilibrium occurs?

A

When the calories consumed from food and beverages (energy intake) match the amount of energy expended

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3
Q

What is positive and negative energy balance?

A

Negative energy balance results when energy intake is less than energy expenditure.
If energy intake exceeds energy expended, the result is a positive energy balance.

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4
Q

What is Basal metabolism (expressed as basal metabolic rate [BMR])

A

represents the minimum amount of energy expended in a fasting state (12 hours or more) to keep a resting, awake body alive in a warm, quiet environment.

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5
Q

what is basal metabolism

A

Minimum amount of energy the body uses to support itself when fasting, resting, and awake in a warm, quiet environment

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6
Q

what is thermic effect of food?

A

Energy the body uses to digest, absorb, transport, store, and metabolize nutrients.

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7
Q

what is thermogenesis?

A

Heat production by humans.

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8
Q

The thermic effect of food (TEF)

A

is the energy the body uses to digest, absorb, transport, store, and metabolize the nutrients consumed in the diet.

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9
Q

Direct calorimetry

A

estimates energy expenditure by measuring the amount of body heat released by a person.

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10
Q

Indirect calorimetry

A

, the most commonly used method to determine energy use by the body, involves collecting expired air from an individual during a specified amount of time (Fig. 10-5).

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11
Q

What is —

EER, AGE, PA, WT, HT

A 
EER = Estimated Energy Requirement
AGE = Age in years
PA = Physical Activity Estimate (see the accompanying table on page 320)
WT = Weight in kg (lb ± 2.2)
HT = Height in meters (inches ÷ 39.4)
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12
Q

ghrelin

A

Hormone made by the stomach that increases food intake

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13
Q

leptin

A

Hormone made by adipose tissue that influences long-term regulation of fat mass.

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14
Q

body mass index (BMI)

A

is the preferred weight-for-height standard because it is more closely related to body fat content

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15
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

Eating disorder involving a psychological loss or denial of appetite followed by self-starvation; it is related, in part, to a distorted body image and to social pressures.
Treatment: experience people
average time for recovery from anorexia nervosa is 7 years

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16
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

Eating disorder in which large quantities of food are eaten at one time (binge eating) and counteracted by purging food from the body, fasting, and/or excessive exercise.
Treatment: decrease the amount of food consumed in a binge session

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17
Q

binge-eating disorder

A

Eating disorder characterized by recurrent binge eating and feelings of loss of control over eating.

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18
Q

Metabolism

A

refers to the entire network of chemical processes involved in maintaining life.

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19
Q

metabolic pathway

A

A group of biochemical reactions that occur in a progression from beginning to end

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20
Q

what are intermediates.

A

Compounds formed in metabolic pathway

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21
Q

Anabolic

A

pathways use small, simpler compounds to build larger, more complex compounds

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22
Q

Ketone bodies

A

are products of incomplete fatty acid oxidation

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23
Q

Protein metabolism

A

takes place primarily in the liver…begins after proteins are degraded into amino acids…To use an amino acid for fuel, cells must first deaminate them (remove the amino group)

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24
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

produce glucose from certain amino acids

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25
Q

Alcohol Metabolism

A

alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) pathway is the main pathway for alcohol metabolism…alcohol is converted in the cytosol to acetaldehyde…., the acetaldehyde formed is converted to acetyl-CoA

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26
Q

what do ATP Concentrations do?

A

in a cell helps regulate metabolism..High ADP concentrations stimulate energy-yielding pathways

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27
Q

Effects of fasting and feasting

A

Both fasting and feasting affect metabolism. The form of each macronutrient and the rate at which it is used vary when the calorie supplies are insufficient or exceed needs

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28
Q

what type of drug is Alcohol

A

narcotic,reduces sensations and consciousness, and a central nervous system depressant.

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29
Q

What chemical is in alcohol we consume?

A

ethanol

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30
Q

What is standard drink for beer, wine cooler, wine glass, and hard liquor

A

to a 12-ounce beer, 10-ounce wine cooler, 5-ounce glass of wine, or 1.5-ounce pour of hard liquor.

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31
Q

How is alcohol absorbed?

A

by simple diffusion

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32
Q

How is alcohol metabolized?

A

alcohol is metabolized through a series of reactions called the ADH pathway in stomach…once too much alcohol is consumed MEOS takes over in the liver and then Catalase pathway helps out

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33
Q

What are some benefits to Alcohol intake?

A

reduced feeling of anxiety and stress… lower the risk of cardiovascular disease, overall mortality, heart disease.

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34
Q

Risks of excessive alcohol intake?

A

heart failure, certain forms of cancer, cirrhosis of the liver, motor vehicle and other accidents, and suicides

35
Q

fatty liver

A

Accumulation of triglycerides and other lipids inside liver cells; most often caused by excessive alcohol intake

36
Q

cirrhosis

A

Chronic degenerative disease, caused by poisons (e.g., alcohol) that damage liver cells, that results in a reduced ability to synthesize proteins and metabolize nutrients, drugs, and poisons.

37
Q

Wemicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

Thiamin deficiency disease caused by excessive alcohol consumption. Symptoms include eye problems, difficulty walking, and deranged mental function

38
Q

what are Effects of alcohol abuse on Nutritional Status?

A

to replace much of the food in their diets with alcohol,risk of developing many nutrient deficiencies…individual relies on alcohol for the majority of his or her energy needs, protein-energy malnutrition develops.

39
Q

Resistance exercise

A

defined as activities that use muscular strength to move a weight or work against a resistant load

40
Q

flexibility exercise.

A

type of exercise that increases the ability of a joint to move through its entire range of motion

41
Q

phosphocreatine

A

High-energy compound that can be used to re-form ATP from ADP..creatine (Cr) and is stored in small amounts in muscle

42
Q

What is creatine?

A

Creatine is an organic molecule in muscle cells that is synthesized from 3 amino acids: glycine, arginine, and methionine…

43
Q

What energy source for following level of activity? 2-4 seconds, 60 sec., Short-term/high intensity, Prolonged/long intensity?

A 
2-4 = ATP
60sec= Phosphocreatine
short/high= Carbohydrates 
prolong/low= fat
44
Q

What 3 things makes good experiment?

A

Quantifiable data: things that can be measured
Appropriate experimental group: experimental group
Proper controls: control group to compare your findings

45
Q

what is hypertrophy and atrophy

A

. Muscles enlarge after being made to work repeatedly,

atrophy= muscles diminish in size and lose strength

46
Q

What is ergogenic aid: examples, benefits, and risks)

A

Substance or treatment nutritional, psychological, pharmacological, mechanical, or physiological substance or treatment intended intended to directly improve exercise performance. example : creatin benefits: improve performance in athletes
risks: kidney damage

47
Q

ataxia

A

Inability to coordinate muscle activity during voluntary movement; incoordination.

48
Q

Body water is found in 2 body compartments

A 
intracellular = inside cells
extracellular = outside cells
49
Q

electrolytes

A

Compounds that separate into ions in water and, in turn, are able to conduct an electrical current. These include sodium, chloride, and potassium.

50
Q

ion

A

Atom with an unequal number of electrons and protons

51
Q

renin

A

Enzyme formed in the kidneys and released in response to low blood pressure. it acts on a blood protein called angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin

52
Q

hyponatremia

A

Low serum sodium

53
Q

What is catabolism vs. anabolism

A 
cata= building up 
ana= destorying
54
Q

What aree diffferent energy balances.. positive/negative?

A 
positive= more energy input than output 
negative= energy is less than output
55
Q

What is energy expenditure and what are 4 ways?

A 
all ways energy is output ... 
adaptive thermogensis
Phpysical activity 
Basal metabolic rate
thermic effect of food
56
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

excess iron, accumulates in liver

57
Q

What is scientific method?

A 
Observe
Hypothesis 
conduct experiment to test 
other people evaluate 
the results are confirmed or rejects
58
Q

What are 3 types of nutritional research? and define

A

Observational study- cross sectional-at given time or longitudinal changes over time
Human experiments- effects that result from altering diets
randomized control trail
Laboratory animal experiments - requirements and functions on animals not used on humans

59
Q

What are components of a research paper?

A

Abstract= brief background and topic and study preformed
Introduction= provides background info
Materials and methods =: lists materials used in experiment
Results
Discussion
References/acknowledgments

60
Q

When does puberty begin in girls and boys?

A 
girls = 10-13 
boys=  12-15
61
Q

Nutrient needs for boys and girls growth

A

The faster the growth rate, the greater the nutrient and calorie needs per pound of body weight

62
Q

Guidelines for feeding infants

A

Daily protein needs in infancy are roughly 1.5 g/kg…rapid growth and high metabolic rate pound for pound, to be 2 to 4 times greater than adults… needs fat

63
Q

Breastfeeding vs formula

A

Factors in human milk promote the maturation of the immune system and intestinal tract. Breastfed infants also have a reduced risk of health problems… formula = more expensive

64
Q

when should you introduce solid food to infants?

A

between 6-12 months.. needed for nutrition from solid foods.. wide varierty = willingness to taste new foods and more nutritious

65
Q

Guidelines for feeding infants

A

make sure all sanitary, 2-3ounce of human milk for every 2-4 hours

66
Q

When does food preferences start?

A

Food preferences begin to be established during fetal life and continue to develop in the years spanning infancy and adolescence

67
Q

Adult years Physiological changes

A

Physiological functions typically decline with age

68
Q

FAD diet, traits and problems

A

problem is anxiety around food
cost
repetitive
inadequate micro nutrients

69
Q

Atkins diet

A

low carbs
promote weight loss
dieters rely on fats to get energy

70
Q

Beta oxidation cycle

A

Acetly CoA –> Kerbs cycle –> oxidative phosphorylation

71
Q

Glycolysis has 2 roles

A

to break down carbohydrates to generate energy and to provide building blocks for synthesizing other needed compounds.

72
Q

risks related with Food insecurities

A

malnutrition, decreased immune system, asthma, hunger obesity paradox = prevalence of hunger and food insecurity

73
Q

2 protein amino acids

A

Ketogenic AA: directly —> Acetyl CoA

Glucogenic AA: indirectly —> glucose

74
Q

Iron role and deficiencies.

A

iron functions as a component of hemoglobin and other key compounds used in respiration D= anemia

75
Q

Calcium roles and deficiencies.

A

calcium Major mineral component of bones and teeth.. D=

76
Q

What is Ketogenesis?

A

the process in which ketone bodies are produced as a result of fayyu acid breakdown

77
Q

4 stages of Anaerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis= glucose to pyruvate
transition reaction- pyruvate to acetly CoA
Citric acid cycle- take CoA into Kerbs cycle
Electron transport chain- NADH turns into ATP and releases carbon dixoide

78
Q

How is alcohol produced? and define it

A

fermentation - occurs when yeast converts carbohydrates to alcohol and carbon dioxide

79
Q

Anaeobic vs aerobic mitochondria

A

Anaeobic will be used in a cell that doesn’t have mitochondria
aerobic for all cells with mitochondria

80
Q

beta oxidation

A

fatty acid converts into Acetyl CoA… NADH and

81
Q

SNAP define

A

SNAP = working, low income, cannot purchase certain foods

entitlement program- support everyone that applies

82
Q

WIC program define

A

WIC= qualify pregnant, breastfeeding, kids up to 5 at nutritional risk
not entitlement- they cannot support everyone

83
Q

NSLP define

A

NSLP= increase fruits and veges in lunch, only get 3$ per meal so cannot meet needs

84
Q

Entitlement vs. grant program

A

Entitlement money is provide for how many people sign up no matter what the cost…Grant is the program is awarded an amount of money to spend and thats it.

Nutrition 10 (5 decks)

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