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485 Project Management > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Basic Research

A

Advances Knowledge about a subject without near-term expectations of commercial applications

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2
Q

Applied Research

A

Achieves commercial applications

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3
Q

The process of innovation

A 
Research
Development
Process Engineering
Industrial Engineering
Manufacturing Engineering
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4
Q

Trends in Product & Service Design

A
  • Reducing time to introduce new product/service
  • Reducing time to produce the product/service
  • Environmental concerns
  • Designing products & services that are “user friendly”
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5
Q

Product Life Cycle

A

Introduction
Growth
Maturity
Decline

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6
Q

Customer Requirements Stage

A

Identifies product attributes desired by customer:

  • Market Research Surveys
  • Focus groups
  • 1-on-1 interviews
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7
Q

Functional Specification Stage

A

Identifies product’s engineering characteristics

e.g. for printer– noise level, # pages/minutes, last versus ink jet quality

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8
Q

Benchmarking

A

Rate product compared to competitors

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9
Q

Product Specification Stage

A

Determines how product will be made, gives products physical specifications. Defined by engineering drawing -> Computer-Aided Design (CAD)

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10
Q

Reverse Engineering

A

Dismantling and inspecting of a competitors product to discover product improvements

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11
Q

Advantages of Standardization

A

1) Fewer parts to deal with in inventory & manufacturing
2) Less training costs and time
3) More routine purchasing, handling, and inspection procedures
4) Opportunities for long production runs and automation

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12
Q

Disadvantages of Standardization

A

1) Decreased variety (less consumer appeal)
2) Designs may be frozen with too many imperfections remaining
3) High cost of design changes
- increases resistance to improvements

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13
Q

Modular Design

A
  • Balances the advantages of standardization and customization
  • Allows for economy of scale from mass production of assembly modules
  • allows for varieties through mixing and matching customer preferences to selected modules
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14
Q

Complementary Products

A

Snowmobiles and Jetskis - ones sales goes up other goes down.

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15
Q

Group Technology Characteristics

A

1) parts grouped into families
- similar, more standardized parts
2) Uses coding system
- Describing processes & physical characteristics
3) Part families produced in manufacturing cells
- mini-assembly lines
example: Product code: 1531 –> each number tells characteristics, which machine its using, material, function, etc.

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16
Q

Group Technology Benefits

A

1) Improved product design
2) Reduced material purchases
3) Reduced work-in-process inventory
4) Improved routing and machine loading
5) Reduced setup & production times
6) Simplified production planning & control

17
Q

Computer-Aided Design (CAD)

A

Designing products at computer terminal or work station, often used with CAM

18
Q

Benefits of CAD/CAM

A
  • Shorter design time
  • Improved product quality
  • Reduced production costs
  • Improved product design documentation
19
Q

Concurrent Engineering

A
  • The simultaneous development of product design functions
  • open and interactive communication existing among all team members
  • Reduces: time to market and cost
20
Q

Types of processes

A
  1. Conversion - Iron to steel
  2. Fabrication - cltoh to clothes
  3. Assembly - Parts to sub assemblies
  4. Testing
21
Q

Job Shop

A

Every patient different requirements. Highest variety, lowest volume.
– low volume, one of a kind

22
Q

Batch

A

Some variety, lower volume (40 copies at kinkos)

– multiple products, low volume

23
Q

Assembly Line

A

Volume high but varieties limited (models)

–Few major products, higher volume

24
Q

Continuous flow

A

Volume extreme but variety is one. (bottle water, etc)

– high volume, high standardization

25
Q

Process-Focused Strategy

A
  • Facilities organized by processes
  • similar processes are together
  • low volume, high variety products
  • Other names: job shop, intermittent process
  • Examples: machine shop, hospital, bank
26
Q

Advantages of Process Focused Strategy

A
  • Greater product flexibility
  • More general purpose equipment
  • Lower initial capital investment
27
Q

Disadvantages of process focused strategy

A
  • More highly trained personnel
  • More difficult production planning and control
  • Low equipment uitilzation (5-25%)
28
Q

Product-focused strategy

A
  • Facilities organized by product
  • high volume, low variety products
  • -> characterized by modules –> parts & assemblies made previously
  • Other names: assembly line, production line.
  • Where found: discrete unit manufacturing, continuous process manufacturing
  • Examples: Paper, Auto, fast-food (aka McD)
29
Q

Advantages of Product-Focused Strategy

A
  • Lower variable cost per unit
  • lower but more specialized labor skills
  • Easier production planning and control
  • Higher equipment utilization (70-90%)
30
Q

Disadvantages of Product-focused strategy

A
  • Lower product flexibility
  • more specialized equipment
  • usually higher capital investment
31
Q

Mass Customization

A
  • Uses technology to rapidly mass-produce products that cater to unique customer desires
  • Under mass cust. the three process models become so flexible and distinguishable
32
Q

Dimensions of Quality for Goods

A 
Performance
Features
Reliability
Durability
Conformance
Serviceability
Appearence
Perceived Quality
33
Q

Attribute

A

Go-no-Go information

  • Defects: refers to the number of defects per unit, may be higher than the number of defectives (e.g. a lightbulb)
  • Defectives: Refers to the acceptability of product across a range of characteristics
34
Q

Variable

A

Measured on a continuous scale

  • usually measured by the mean and the standard deviation
    example: weight, length, volume (soda cans)
35
Q

Natural causes of variability

A

Random variations

36
Q

Assignable causes of variability

A

correctable problems (machine wear, unskilled workers, poor material

485 Project Management (5 decks)

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