Exam 3 Flashcards
Basic Research
Advances Knowledge about a subject without near-term expectations of commercial applications
Applied Research
Achieves commercial applications
The process of innovation
Research Development Process Engineering Industrial Engineering Manufacturing Engineering
Trends in Product & Service Design
- Reducing time to introduce new product/service
- Reducing time to produce the product/service
- Environmental concerns
- Designing products & services that are “user friendly”
Product Life Cycle
Introduction
Growth
Maturity
Decline
Customer Requirements Stage
Identifies product attributes desired by customer:
- Market Research Surveys
- Focus groups
- 1-on-1 interviews
Functional Specification Stage
Identifies product’s engineering characteristics
e.g. for printer– noise level, # pages/minutes, last versus ink jet quality
Benchmarking
Rate product compared to competitors
Product Specification Stage
Determines how product will be made, gives products physical specifications. Defined by engineering drawing -> Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
Reverse Engineering
Dismantling and inspecting of a competitors product to discover product improvements
Advantages of Standardization
1) Fewer parts to deal with in inventory & manufacturing
2) Less training costs and time
3) More routine purchasing, handling, and inspection procedures
4) Opportunities for long production runs and automation
Disadvantages of Standardization
1) Decreased variety (less consumer appeal)
2) Designs may be frozen with too many imperfections remaining
3) High cost of design changes
- increases resistance to improvements
Modular Design
- Balances the advantages of standardization and customization
- Allows for economy of scale from mass production of assembly modules
- allows for varieties through mixing and matching customer preferences to selected modules
Complementary Products
Snowmobiles and Jetskis - ones sales goes up other goes down.
Group Technology Characteristics
1) parts grouped into families
- similar, more standardized parts
2) Uses coding system
- Describing processes & physical characteristics
3) Part families produced in manufacturing cells
- mini-assembly lines
example: Product code: 1531 –> each number tells characteristics, which machine its using, material, function, etc.
Group Technology Benefits
1) Improved product design
2) Reduced material purchases
3) Reduced work-in-process inventory
4) Improved routing and machine loading
5) Reduced setup & production times
6) Simplified production planning & control
Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
Designing products at computer terminal or work station, often used with CAM
Benefits of CAD/CAM
- Shorter design time
- Improved product quality
- Reduced production costs
- Improved product design documentation
Concurrent Engineering
- The simultaneous development of product design functions
- open and interactive communication existing among all team members
- Reduces: time to market and cost
Types of processes
- Conversion - Iron to steel
- Fabrication - cltoh to clothes
- Assembly - Parts to sub assemblies
- Testing
Job Shop
Every patient different requirements. Highest variety, lowest volume.
– low volume, one of a kind
Batch
Some variety, lower volume (40 copies at kinkos)
– multiple products, low volume
Assembly Line
Volume high but varieties limited (models)
–Few major products, higher volume
Continuous flow
Volume extreme but variety is one. (bottle water, etc)
– high volume, high standardization
Process-Focused Strategy
- Facilities organized by processes
- similar processes are together
- low volume, high variety products
- Other names: job shop, intermittent process
- Examples: machine shop, hospital, bank
Advantages of Process Focused Strategy
- Greater product flexibility
- More general purpose equipment
- Lower initial capital investment
Disadvantages of process focused strategy
- More highly trained personnel
- More difficult production planning and control
- Low equipment uitilzation (5-25%)
Product-focused strategy
- Facilities organized by product
- high volume, low variety products
- -> characterized by modules –> parts & assemblies made previously
- Other names: assembly line, production line.
- Where found: discrete unit manufacturing, continuous process manufacturing
- Examples: Paper, Auto, fast-food (aka McD)
Advantages of Product-Focused Strategy
- Lower variable cost per unit
- lower but more specialized labor skills
- Easier production planning and control
- Higher equipment utilization (70-90%)
Disadvantages of Product-focused strategy
- Lower product flexibility
- more specialized equipment
- usually higher capital investment
Mass Customization
- Uses technology to rapidly mass-produce products that cater to unique customer desires
- Under mass cust. the three process models become so flexible and distinguishable
Dimensions of Quality for Goods
Performance Features Reliability Durability Conformance Serviceability Appearence Perceived Quality
Attribute
Go-no-Go information
- Defects: refers to the number of defects per unit, may be higher than the number of defectives (e.g. a lightbulb)
- Defectives: Refers to the acceptability of product across a range of characteristics
Variable
Measured on a continuous scale
- usually measured by the mean and the standard deviation
example: weight, length, volume (soda cans)
Natural causes of variability
Random variations
Assignable causes of variability
correctable problems (machine wear, unskilled workers, poor material
