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cellular neuroscience > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical signaling consists of what three things

A

Molecular signal, receptor molecule, targe molecule

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2
Q

What are the two types of receptors

A

Ionotropic and metabotropic

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3
Q

What is an ionotropic receptor

A

Ligand gated channel, where the receptor is the channel

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4
Q

What is a metabotropic receptor

A

G-protein coupled receptors, where the receptor modulates the channel

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5
Q

What is an ionotropic receptor comprised of

A

4-5 protein subunits, mediate rapid postsynaptic effects

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6
Q

What is a feature of metabotropic receptors

A

Monomeric proteins with 7 transmembrane domains

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7
Q

Which domains make up the neurotransmitter binding reigion

A

2, 3, 6, and 7

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8
Q

What do G proteins bind to

A

loop between domains 5 and 6, and the c-terminus

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9
Q

Acetylcholine is known as what type of receptor

A

the nicotinic AChR

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10
Q

Acetylcholine consists of how many subunits, and what do each subunits consist of

A

5 subunits, each consist of 4 transmembrane spanning alpha helices

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11
Q

Which Acetylcholine subunit lines the pore

A

M2 subunit

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12
Q

Which subunits bind to acetylcholine

A

alpha subunits

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13
Q

The binding of acetylcholine to the two alpha subunits causes

A

15’ rotation of all M2 helices

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14
Q

The cytoplasm side of the nAChR has what

A

Rings of negative charge

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15
Q

What do the rings of negative charge determine

A

cation specificity of the receptor and remove hydration shell of ions

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16
Q

nAChR is what type of cation channel

A

non-selective cat ion channel

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17
Q

A higher driving force for Na results in

A

an inward curent and an EPSP

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18
Q

What are the two acetylcholine precursors

A

Acetyl coenzyme A, and Choline

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19
Q

What is the acetylcholine enzyme and what does it do

A

choline acetyltransferase, catalyzes acetylcholine

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20
Q

What does a vesicular ACh transporter do

A

loads ACh into vesicles

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21
Q

After release what does acetylcholinesterase do

A

breaks up ACh into acetate and choline

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22
Q

What is the target of nerve gases/pesticides

A

ACh esterase

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23
Q

What does a Na/choline transporter do

A

takes choline back up into presynaptic terminal

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24
Q

What is Myasthenia Gravis

A

chronic condition that causes muscle fatigue, characterized by a decreases in EPP

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25
Q

What is Myasthenia Gravis treated with

A

reversible acetylcholine-esterase inhibitors

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26
Q

What is Myasthenia Gravis caused by

A

an autoimmune disorder caused by circulating antibodies that block AChRs at the post synaptic neuromuscular junction

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27
Q

What are two Irreversible Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors

A

Insecticides and nerve gases

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28
Q

What do Irreversibile AChE inhibitors do

A

completely inhibit ACh breakdown

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29
Q

The lethal effect of AChE results from

A

Overstimulation

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30
Q

The main effect of AChE is

A

Neuromuscular paralysis

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31
Q

What are the three antagonists of nicotinic AChRs

A

Snake poisins, curare (plant), and conotoxins (fish)

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32
Q

What is an example of a nicotinic agonist

A

Betel nuts which release arecoline

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33
Q

What is atropine

A

a muscarinic antagonist

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34
Q

Muscarinic receptors are

A

GPCRs

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35
Q

what is the most prevalent excitatory transmitter

A

glutamate

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36
Q

what is the precursor to glutamate

A

glutamine, released by glia cell

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37
Q

What is glutamates enzyme and what does it do

A

glutaminase, catalyzes glutamate from glutamine

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38
Q

What is VGLUT

A

vesicular glutamate transporter

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39
Q

What is EAAT, and where is it found

A

excitatory amino acid transporter, 5 different types found in presynaptic terminals and glia cells

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40
Q

What are three Ionotropic receptors

A

NMDA, AMPA, Kainate

41
Q

What does NMDA-R do

A

serves as coincidence detector, requires glycine as co agonist

42
Q

Ca influx through NMDA-Rs results in

A

AMPA-R phosphorylation, gene transcription, and protein synthesis

43
Q

Describe mGluRs

A

metabotropic glutamate receptors, Slow responses; can be excitatory or inhibitory

44
Q

Group I (mGluRs 1 and 5)

A

excitatory, Gq-coupled, increase NMDA, mostly postsynaptic

45
Q

Group II (mGluRs 2 and 3)

A

inhibitory, Gi/Go- coupled, decrease NMDA, mostly presynaptic, and on glia cells

46
Q

Group III (mGluRs 4, 6, 7, and 8)

A

inhibitory, Gi/Go- coupled, Decrease NMDA, mostly presynaptic

47
Q

GAD

A

glutamate decarboxylase;

catalyzes glutamate to GABA

48
Q

VIATT

A

vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter

49
Q

GAT

A

GABA transporter

50
Q

What are the 4 effects of GABA agonists

A

anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing)
anesthetic
sedative-hypnotic
anti-convulsive

51
Q

What are some GABA agonists, and what do they do

A

benzodiazepines: increase length of chloride channel openings
barbiturates: increase frequency of chloride channels

52
Q

What does synaptic inhibition do

A

reduce the probability of firing an action potential

53
Q

Depolarizing synaptic potentials can inhibit neurons as long as

A

the ECl- is more hyperpolarized (negative) than the action potential threshold

54
Q

In developing neurons the intracellular Cl- concentration is controlled by the

A

Na+/K+/Cl- co-transporter, yielding high intracellular levels of Cl-

55
Q

In adult cells a K+/Cl- co-transporter does what

A

pumps Cl- out of the cell, lowering the internal Cl-, making ECl- much more negative.

56
Q

Describe shunting inhibition

A

If ECl- is equal to RMP, opening of Cl- channels does not hyperpolarize the cell, inhibitory on simultaneous EPSPs

57
Q

What do Metabotropic GABA receptors do

A

stimulate opening of K channels

58
Q

Activation of presynaptic GABAB autoreceptors can:

A

inhibit release of GABA from the terminal

59
Q

The GABAergic system is a what

A

major target for glial modulators

60
Q

What do catecholamines act as in the CNS

A

neuromodulators, can make EPSP or IPSP larger or smaller but cannot evoke them. Alters ion channels excitability

61
Q

What are the 7 catecholamines

A

Dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, TH, AADC, DBH, PNMT

62
Q

Tyrosine Hdroxylase (TH)

A

rate limiting enzyme of cathecholamines

63
Q

What is TH upregulated by

A

stress, caffeine, nicotine, morphine

64
Q

What is TH downregulated by

A

antidepressants

65
Q

What is dopamine

A

a catecholamine that deals with movement, motivation, addiction, schizophrenia

66
Q

What is norepinephrine

A

a catecholamine that deals with attention, wakefulness, stress, pain inhibition, ADHD

67
Q

What is epinephrine

A

A catecholamine that modulates hormones, stress, fight or flight, autonomic regulation

68
Q

what does intra cranial self stimulation (ICSS) effect, and what was it used for

A

Medial forebrain bundle, mapping anatomical boundaries of reward system

69
Q

How much more dopamine is released in drugs that are abused than normally

A

2-10 times

70
Q

VMAT

A

vesicular monoamine transporter

71
Q

DAT

A

Dopamine transporter

72
Q

COMT

A

catechol methytransferase, degrades all catecholamines

73
Q

MAO

A

monoamine oxidase, degrades all monoamines

74
Q

HVA

A

homovanillic acid

75
Q

what do cocaine and amphetamines inhibit

A

re uptake of dopamine
Cocaine: blocks DAT
Amphetamines: increase DA release

76
Q

What do SNRIs do

A

increase NE-mediated inhibition in the spinal cord

77
Q

The SNRI duloxetine is

A

effective for diabetic neuropathy pain

78
Q

What does serotonin do

A

Regulates Mood and Sleep Implicated in depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia.

79
Q

What is serotonins precursor

A

Tryptophan

80
Q

Many antidepressants are

A

SSRIs because they block the serotonin transporter

81
Q

5 groups of Neuropeptides:

A 
brain / gut peptides
 Opioid peptides
 Pituitary peptides
 Hypothalamic releasing hormones
 “other peptides”
82
Q

where are Pre-propeptides

A

rough ER

83
Q

where are Propeptides

A

trans-Golgi network

84
Q

what are opioids

A

Peptides that bind to the same postsynaptic receptors as bioactive opium extracts

85
Q

3 groups of endogenous opioid receptor ligands:

A

Endorphins, Enkephalins, Dynorphins

86
Q

3 major GPCRs bind opioid peptides:

A

Mu opioid receptors
Delta opioid receptors
Kappa opioid receptors

87
Q

2 types of cannabinoid receptors

A

G-protein coupled receptors: CB1 and CB2

88
Q

Where are CB1 receptors

A

Highly expressed in the brain

89
Q

Where are CB2 receptors

A

expressed primarily in immune cells

90
Q

Physiological effects of (Endo-) cannabinoids

A

inhibition of adenylate cyclase,
modulation of voltage-dependent calcium, and
potassium channels

91
Q

biogenic amines

A

Category of small-molecule neurotransmitters; includes the catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine), serotonin, and histamine

92
Q

histamine

A

A biogenic amine neurotransmitter derived from the amino acid histidine

93
Q

pre-propeptides

A

The first protein translation products synthesized in a cell

94
Q

substance P

A

An 11-amino acid neuropeptide; the first neuropeptide to be discovered

95
Q

c-fos

A

A transcription factor, binds as a heterodimer, activating gene transcription.

96
Q

cAMP response element binding protein (CREB)

A

A protein activated by cyclic AMP that binds to specific regions of DNA, thereby increasing the transcription rates of nearby genes

97
Q

G-proteins

A

Proteins that are activated by exchanging bound GDP for bound GTP

98
Q

nerve growth factor (NGF)

A

A neurotrophic protein required for survival and differentiation of sympathetic ganglion cells and certain sensory neurons

99
Q

paracrine

A

mediated locally rather than by the general circulation.

cellular neuroscience (3 decks)

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