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Biology > Exam #3 > Flashcards

Exam #3 Flashcards

1
Q

metabolism

A

the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions

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2
Q

metabolic pathway

A

begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product; each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme

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3
Q

how do catabolic pathways release energy?

A

by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

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4
Q

an example of a catabolic pathway…?

A

cellular respiration; the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen

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5
Q

anabolic pathways

A

consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

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6
Q

example of an anabolic pathway..?

A

the synthesis of protein from amino acids

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7
Q

bioenergetics

A

the study of how organisms manage their energy resources

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8
Q

energy

A

the capacity to cause change; do work

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9
Q

types of energy?

A

kinetic, thermal, potential, chemical

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10
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy associated with motion

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11
Q

thermal energy

A

kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

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12
Q

potential energy

A

energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

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13
Q

chemical energy

A

potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

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14
Q

thermodynamics

A

the study of energy transformations

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15
Q

first law of thermodynamics (AKA principle of conservation of energy)

A

energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed

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16
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe

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17
Q

spontaneous processes

A

occur without energy input; can happen quickly or slowly

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18
Q

free energy

A

energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform, as in a living cell

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19
Q

processes with a negative delta G are…? (deta G<0)

A

spontaneous

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20
Q

free energy is a measure of a system’s

A

instability, its tendency to change to a more stable state

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21
Q

exergonic reaction

A

proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous

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22
Q

endergonic reaction

A

absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is non-spontaneous

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23
Q

what three main kinds of work do cells do?

A

chemical, transport, and mechanical

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24
Q

to do work, cells manage energy resources by…

A

energy coupling

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25
energy coupling
the use of an exergonic process (Delta G < 0) to drive and endergonic one
26
the release of energy from ATP once phosphate bonds are broken comes from...
the chemical change to a state of lower free energy, NOT from the phosphate bonds themselves
27
catalyst
chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
28
enzyme
a catalytic protein
29
activation energy
the initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction
30
enzymes catalyze reactions by lowering the...
EA (energy activation) barrier
31
substrate
the reactant that an enzyme acts on
32
active site
region on the enzyme where the substrate binds
33
the active site can lower an EA barrier by...
orienting substrates correctly straining substrate bonds providing a favorable microenvironment covalently bonding to the substrate
34
an enzyme's activity can be affected by...
general environmental factors, such as temperature and pH | chemicals that specifically influence the enzyme
35
cofactors
nonprotein enzyme helpers
36
the breakdown (catabolism) of organic molecules is...
exergonic
37
fermentation
a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2
38
aerobic respiration
consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP
39
oxidation-reduction reactions (redox reactions)
chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants
40
oxidation
a substance loses electrons; is oxidized
41
when a substance loses electrons it is...
oxidized
42
reduction
a substance gains electrons; is reduced
43
when a substance gains electrons, it is...
reduced
44
reducing agent
electron donor
45
oxidizing agent
electron receptor
46
NAD+ is an electron recepto during cellular respiration, what does it function as?...
oxidizing agent
47
in cellular respiration, NADH passes the electrons to the...
electron transport chain
48
during cellular respiration, electrons travel in what order?
glucose --> NADH --> electron transport chain --> oxygen
49
what are the three stages of cellular respiration?
glycolysis citric acid cycle oxidative phosphorylation
50
glycolysis
breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
51
citric acid cycle
completes the breakdown of glucose
52
oxidative phosphorylation
accounts for most of the ATP synthesis
53
what process, during cellular respiration, generates most of the ATP?
oxidative phosphorylation
54
for each molecule of glucose degraded to CO2 and water by respiration, how many molecules of ATP are made?
32
55
what is the net product of the Krebs cycle (per turn; 1/2 glucose)?
1 ATP 3 NADH 2 FADH2 (x's two per glucose molecule)
56
following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, what accounts for most of the energy extracted from food?
NADH and FADH2
57
where is the electron transport chain located?
inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondrion
58
during cellular respiration, most energy flows in what sequence?
glucose -> NADH -> electron transport chain -> proton-motive force -> ATP
59
two common types of fermentation?
alcohol fermentation | lactic acid fermentation
60
obligate anaerobes
carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2
61
photosynthesis
the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy
62
autotrophs
sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms
63
herotrophs
obtain their organic material from other organisms
64
chlorophyll
the green pigment within chloroplasts
65
where are chloroplasts mainly found?
in cells of the mesophyll, the interior tissue of the leaf
66
stomata
microscopic pores through which CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf
67
thylakoids
connected sacs in the chloroplast
68
where is chlorophyll found?
in the membranes of thylakoids
69
stroma
a dense interior fluid contained within chloroplasts
70
compared to respiration, what direction do electrons flow in photosynthesis?
reverse
71
what type of process is photosynthesis?
endergonic; the energy boost is provided by light
72
photosynthesis consists of...
light reactions and Calvin cycle
73
what does the Calvin cycle use to form sugar from CO2?
ATP and NADPH from the light reactions
74
what phase does the Calvin cycle begin with?
carbon fixation
75
what is the first step of light reactions?
solar-powered transfers of an electron from a chlorophyll a molecule to the primary electron acceptor
76
what are the two types of photosystems in the thylakoid membrane?
Photosystem II and Photosystem I
77
for net synthesis of 1 G3P, how many times must the cycle take place?
three times
78
how many molecules of CO2 are fixed for the net synthesis of 1 G3P
3 molecules
79
What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle?
Carbon fixation Reduction Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP)
80
what type of pathway is the Citric acid cycle?
catabolic
81
In catabolic pathways, Delta G is...
Delta G is < 0
82
In anabolic pathways, Delta G is...
Delta G > 0
83
In an exergonic reaction, energy is being...
released
84
an exergonic reaction is spontaneous or non-spontaneous?
spontaneous; do not need to apply heat/pressure
85
an endergonic reaction is spontaneous or non-spontaneous?
non-spontaneous; need an input of energy
86
what type of pathway is an exergonic reaction?
catabolic
87
what type of pathway is an endergonic reaction?
anabolic
88
what are the types of catabolic pathways?
fermentation | aerobic respiration
89
which element is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?
oxygen
90
where does glycolysis occur and what does it produce?
glycolysis occurs in cytosol and produces pyruvate
91
where does the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) occur?
in the mitochondrion
92
where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
inner membrane of mitochondria
93
what is net gain from glycolysis?
2ATP, 2NADH, 0FADH2, 2 pyruvate
94
what is net gain per glucose (2 turns) in Krebs cycle?
2ATP, 6NADH, 2FADHs, 4CO2
95
what is produced in the electron transport chain?
ATP
96
where does the splitting of water during photosynthesis occur?
in photosystem II, water is split and oxygen is released
97
where do light reactions occur in photosynthesis?
thylakoids
98
what do light reactions do during photosynthesis?
convert solar energy to chemical energy (no sugar is produced) and generates ATP and ADP by photophosphorylation
99
where does the Calvin cycle occur?
stroma
100
what occurs during the Calvin cycle?
forms sugar from CO2 using ATP and NADPH from the light reactions
101
which element is the final electron acceptor in photosynthesis?
glucose
102
what is the product of Carbon fixation?
CO2
103
what is the product of reduction?
G3P
104
what is the product of regeneration of the CO2 acceptor?
RuBP

Biology (4 decks)

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