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Biology > Exam #3 > Flashcards

Exam #3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

metabolism

A

the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions

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2
Q

metabolic pathway

A

begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product; each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme

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3
Q

how do catabolic pathways release energy?

A

by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

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4
Q

an example of a catabolic pathway…?

A

cellular respiration; the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen

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5
Q

anabolic pathways

A

consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

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6
Q

example of an anabolic pathway..?

A

the synthesis of protein from amino acids

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7
Q

bioenergetics

A

the study of how organisms manage their energy resources

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8
Q

energy

A

the capacity to cause change; do work

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9
Q

types of energy?

A

kinetic, thermal, potential, chemical

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10
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy associated with motion

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11
Q

thermal energy

A

kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

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12
Q

potential energy

A

energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

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13
Q

chemical energy

A

potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

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14
Q

thermodynamics

A

the study of energy transformations

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15
Q

first law of thermodynamics (AKA principle of conservation of energy)

A

energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed

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16
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe

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17
Q

spontaneous processes

A

occur without energy input; can happen quickly or slowly

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18
Q

free energy

A

energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform, as in a living cell

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19
Q

processes with a negative delta G are…? (deta G<0)

A

spontaneous

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20
Q

free energy is a measure of a system’s

A

instability, its tendency to change to a more stable state

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21
Q

exergonic reaction

A

proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous

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22
Q

endergonic reaction

A

absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is non-spontaneous

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23
Q

what three main kinds of work do cells do?

A

chemical, transport, and mechanical

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24
Q

to do work, cells manage energy resources by…

A

energy coupling

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25
Q

energy coupling

A

the use of an exergonic process (Delta G < 0) to drive and endergonic one

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26
Q

the release of energy from ATP once phosphate bonds are broken comes from…

A

the chemical change to a state of lower free energy, NOT from the phosphate bonds themselves

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27
Q

catalyst

A

chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

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28
Q

enzyme

A

a catalytic protein

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29
Q

activation energy

A

the initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction

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30
Q

enzymes catalyze reactions by lowering the…

A

EA (energy activation) barrier

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31
Q

substrate

A

the reactant that an enzyme acts on

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32
Q

active site

A

region on the enzyme where the substrate binds

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33
Q

the active site can lower an EA barrier by…

A

orienting substrates correctly
straining substrate bonds
providing a favorable microenvironment
covalently bonding to the substrate

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34
Q

an enzyme’s activity can be affected by…

A

general environmental factors, such as temperature and pH

chemicals that specifically influence the enzyme

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35
Q

cofactors

A

nonprotein enzyme helpers

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36
Q

the breakdown (catabolism) of organic molecules is…

A

exergonic

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37
Q

fermentation

A

a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2

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38
Q

aerobic respiration

A

consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP

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39
Q

oxidation-reduction reactions (redox reactions)

A

chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants

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40
Q

oxidation

A

a substance loses electrons; is oxidized

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41
Q

when a substance loses electrons it is…

A

oxidized

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42
Q

reduction

A

a substance gains electrons; is reduced

43
Q

when a substance gains electrons, it is…

A

reduced

44
Q

reducing agent

A

electron donor

45
Q

oxidizing agent

A

electron receptor

46
Q

NAD+ is an electron recepto during cellular respiration, what does it function as?…

A

oxidizing agent

47
Q

in cellular respiration, NADH passes the electrons to the…

A

electron transport chain

48
Q

during cellular respiration, electrons travel in what order?

A

glucose –> NADH –> electron transport chain –> oxygen

49
Q

what are the three stages of cellular respiration?

A

glycolysis
citric acid cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

50
Q

glycolysis

A

breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate

51
Q

citric acid cycle

A

completes the breakdown of glucose

52
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

accounts for most of the ATP synthesis

53
Q

what process, during cellular respiration, generates most of the ATP?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

54
Q

for each molecule of glucose degraded to CO2 and water by respiration, how many molecules of ATP are made?

A

32

55
Q

what is the net product of the Krebs cycle (per turn; 1/2 glucose)?

A

1 ATP
3 NADH
2 FADH2
(x’s two per glucose molecule)

56
Q

following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, what accounts for most of the energy extracted from food?

A

NADH and FADH2

57
Q

where is the electron transport chain located?

A

inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondrion

58
Q

during cellular respiration, most energy flows in what sequence?

A

glucose -> NADH -> electron transport chain -> proton-motive force -> ATP

59
Q

two common types of fermentation?

A

alcohol fermentation

lactic acid fermentation

60
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2

61
Q

photosynthesis

A

the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy

62
Q

autotrophs

A

sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms

63
Q

herotrophs

A

obtain their organic material from other organisms

64
Q

chlorophyll

A

the green pigment within chloroplasts

65
Q

where are chloroplasts mainly found?

A

in cells of the mesophyll, the interior tissue of the leaf

66
Q

stomata

A

microscopic pores through which CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf

67
Q

thylakoids

A

connected sacs in the chloroplast

68
Q

where is chlorophyll found?

A

in the membranes of thylakoids

69
Q

stroma

A

a dense interior fluid contained within chloroplasts

70
Q

compared to respiration, what direction do electrons flow in photosynthesis?

A

reverse

71
Q

what type of process is photosynthesis?

A

endergonic; the energy boost is provided by light

72
Q

photosynthesis consists of…

A

light reactions and Calvin cycle

73
Q

what does the Calvin cycle use to form sugar from CO2?

A

ATP and NADPH from the light reactions

74
Q

what phase does the Calvin cycle begin with?

A

carbon fixation

75
Q

what is the first step of light reactions?

A

solar-powered transfers of an electron from a chlorophyll a molecule to the primary electron acceptor

76
Q

what are the two types of photosystems in the thylakoid membrane?

A

Photosystem II and Photosystem I

77
Q

for net synthesis of 1 G3P, how many times must the cycle take place?

A

three times

78
Q

how many molecules of CO2 are fixed for the net synthesis of 1 G3P

A

3 molecules

79
Q

What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle?

A

Carbon fixation
Reduction
Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP)

80
Q

what type of pathway is the Citric acid cycle?

A

catabolic

81
Q

In catabolic pathways, Delta G is…

A

Delta G is < 0

82
Q

In anabolic pathways, Delta G is…

A

Delta G > 0

83
Q

In an exergonic reaction, energy is being…

A

released

84
Q

an exergonic reaction is spontaneous or non-spontaneous?

A

spontaneous; do not need to apply heat/pressure

85
Q

an endergonic reaction is spontaneous or non-spontaneous?

A

non-spontaneous; need an input of energy

86
Q

what type of pathway is an exergonic reaction?

A

catabolic

87
Q

what type of pathway is an endergonic reaction?

A

anabolic

88
Q

what are the types of catabolic pathways?

A

fermentation

aerobic respiration

89
Q

which element is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?

A

oxygen

90
Q

where does glycolysis occur and what does it produce?

A

glycolysis occurs in cytosol and produces pyruvate

91
Q

where does the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) occur?

A

in the mitochondrion

92
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

inner membrane of mitochondria

93
Q

what is net gain from glycolysis?

A

2ATP, 2NADH, 0FADH2, 2 pyruvate

94
Q

what is net gain per glucose (2 turns) in Krebs cycle?

A

2ATP, 6NADH, 2FADHs, 4CO2

95
Q

what is produced in the electron transport chain?

A

ATP

96
Q

where does the splitting of water during photosynthesis occur?

A

in photosystem II, water is split and oxygen is released

97
Q

where do light reactions occur in photosynthesis?

A

thylakoids

98
Q

what do light reactions do during photosynthesis?

A

convert solar energy to chemical energy (no sugar is produced) and generates ATP and ADP by photophosphorylation

99
Q

where does the Calvin cycle occur?

A

stroma

100
Q

what occurs during the Calvin cycle?

A

forms sugar from CO2 using ATP and NADPH from the light reactions

101
Q

which element is the final electron acceptor in photosynthesis?

A

glucose

102
Q

what is the product of Carbon fixation?

A

CO2

103
Q

what is the product of reduction?

A

G3P

104
Q

what is the product of regeneration of the CO2 acceptor?

A

RuBP

Biology (4 decks)

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