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intro to MLT > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what removes dried oil from the lens the best?

A

xylene

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2
Q

numerical aperture

A

solid cone of light delivered to the specimen by the condenser and gathered by the objective

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3
Q

resolution

A

ability of scope to reveal fine detail

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4
Q

working distance

A

the distance from the center of the objective to the top of the specimen “focal length”

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5
Q

aberration

A

imperfect refraction or focalization of a lens (inability to bring light rays to a single focus)

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6
Q

mirror

A

reflects the beam of light upward

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7
Q

condenser

A

directs and focuses the light from the light source up to the specimen

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8
Q

aperture iris diaphragm

A

controls the amount of light

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9
Q

how do you calculate total magnification of a specimen on a microscope

A

ocular * objective

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10
Q

what are the three most common objectives used in a clinical lab and what are they otherwise known as

A

10x- low power
40x- high dry
100x- oil immersion

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11
Q

what magnification are most oculars?

A

10x

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12
Q

bright field

A

daylight/ light bulb with compound lens system

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13
Q

darkfield

A

special condenser makes background dark while specimen is light (light waves cross specimen instead of through it)

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14
Q

fluorescent

A

equipped with UV light source and special filter to allow shorter wave lengths

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15
Q

phase contrast

A

uses special diaphragm into or below condenser to view obtained structures

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16
Q

polarized

A

uses special filter that takes ordinary lightwaves and allows only light waves of only one orientation ( N & S ) to reach specimen illuminating objects that can rotate light

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17
Q

electron

A

substitution of an electron beam for light rays to achieve greater resolution

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18
Q

field of view

A

visible area through in focus lens

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19
Q

MSDS

A

material safety data sheet- provides information on all chemicals used in the laboratory and the potential hazards

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20
Q

diamond hazard symbols

A

yellow diamond- reactivity
red diamond- fire hazard
blue diamond health hazard

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21
Q

standard precautions

A

treat all specimens as infectious

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22
Q

class A bioterrorism agents

A 
anthrax 
botulism
plague 
smallpox
tularemia
aloviruses (Ebola & Marburg)
arenavirusess (lasso, machupo)
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23
Q

Class B Bioterrorism Agents

A 
brucellosis
shigella
ricin toxin
Venezuelan equine
encephalitis
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24
Q

Class C Bioterrorism Agents

A

emerging pathogens (niphha virus, hanta virus)

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25
Q

what is the single most effective way to reduce possibility of contaminating yourself

A

hand washing

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26
Q

how long is HBV stable in blood products at 25C

A

7 days

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27
Q

where should contaminated materials be disposed

A

biohazard waste disposal

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28
Q

explain what an employee should do if they were to get caustic chemicals on their skin or eyes?

A

skin should be washed for 5 minutes immediately after exposure. If splashed in the eyes wash eyes at eye station with water for 15 minutes and seek medical attention

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29
Q

name 5 safety features all clinical labs should have

A 
fire blankets
eye wash
first aid kit
ppe
shower station
30
Q

T.C.

A

to contain

contents of pipette should be rinsed out with solution is being added too

31
Q

T.D.

A

to deliver

designed to deliver a set volume contents of poppets should be blown out

32
Q

glassware that resists normal cleaning should be cleaned with what?

A

potassium or sodium dichromate and concentrated sulfuric acid

33
Q

name two brand names of heat resistant glassware

A

pyrex and kimax

34
Q

volumetric or transfer pipette

A

calibrated for fixed volume
greatest accuracy and precision
long narrow tube with elongated round bulb near middle
standard/unknown solution

35
Q

serological pipette

A

calibrated to tip
blow out pipette
“mark to mark”
not used for exact measurements

36
Q

Ostwald-folin pipette

A

specialized version of volumetric
used for whole blood more thick liquids
bulb near tip

37
Q

graduated or measuring pipette

A

long straight tube with graduating
“mark to tip”
no accuracy required

38
Q

what does an etched ring near the mouth of the pipette mean?

A

means blow out pipette on a serological pipette

39
Q

erlynmere flasks

A

flat bottom sides that slope up neck

holding, mixing, and heating noncritical volumes

40
Q

beakers

A

various sizes
used for estimating liquids
heat and chemical resistant

41
Q

graduated cylinders

A

cylindrical glassware w/ calibration marks
various sizes
measure specific volumes

42
Q

volumetric or Florence flasks

A

rounded bottom with long neck
calibrated for specific amount of liquid
volume for noncritical amounts

43
Q

what is low actinic glassware used for

A

light sensitive compounds

44
Q

polyethelyne

A

most common material used for plastic ware in the lab

45
Q

primary standard

A

a reference material that is of fixed and known composition and capable of being prepared in essentially pure form. (99.5% can be retrieved)

46
Q

secondary standard

A

a reference material in which the analyte concentration has been ascertained by reference to a primary standard by an acceptable reference method (most common)

47
Q

A.R.

A

analytical reagent

has higher degree of purity, used routinely in lab

48
Q

C.P.

A

chemically pure
limit of impurities that are tolerated
suitable for general application

49
Q

N.F.

A

national formulary

50
Q

U.S.P.

A

united states pharmacopeia

less pure than chemically pure but reagents meet specifications (used in medicines)

51
Q

distilled water

A

water is boiled, steam forms/ is cooled, vapors collect and condense any minerals remaining
contains dissolved gases and organic solvents

52
Q

deionized water

A

most often used
water is passed through a column of charged resin particles
particles combine with ions present to remove them (dissolved gases and organic compounds)

53
Q

double distilled water

A

distilled water that has been redistilled to higher degree of proper/ammonia free

54
Q

reagent grade water

A

prepared by reverse osmosis most idea used in place of deionized or distilled water to improve control no preservatives

55
Q

what is the proper storage of chemicals and reagents?

A

proper temperate
storing powders in a cool, dry place
flammable items stored in flame cabinets away from heat source
properly labeled

56
Q

five things a reagent label most contain

A 
name and concentration of reagent
initials of prepper
expiration date
use
receive date/when purchased/prepared from manufacturer/ date reconstituted/opened
57
Q

what is the expiration date of a reagent if it is not specified

A

1 month from opening if not specified

58
Q

what steps must you take once you have transferred a chemical from the weigh boat into a receiving vessel to ensure an accurately prepared solution?

A

volumetric flask must be of the correct size and correct balance used funnel and weigh boat used must be rinsed 2-3 times with solvent
rinse weigh boat and funnel with solvents

59
Q

fixed angle rotor centrifuge

A

centrifuge cups are positioned rigidly at a fixed angle around the shaft copes enclosed by a metal case.
7000 rpm

60
Q

horizontal rotor centrifuge

A

cups in a vertical position when not in use and horizontal position cups 3000 rpm particles being spun must travel the entire length of liquid column to reach the tube bottom

61
Q

ultracentrifuge

A

100,000 rpm can be either of fixed or horizontal
may require several hours/days to finish
receptor assays, protein fractionation, drug binding assays, and in clarification of lipemic sera

62
Q

microhematocrit centrifuge

A

used most often in hematology to centrifuge small amounts of blood to determine hematocrit

63
Q

refrigerated blood bank centrifuge

A

table or floor model that is refrigerated and can spin large amounts of blood

64
Q

serofuge

A

small centrifuge at a constant speed (low/high) used for spinning serum cell mixture before reading result

65
Q

cell washers

A

used in blood bank to wash RBC’S and centrifuge tubes as mentioned with serofuge

66
Q

cytospin centrifuge

A

makes slides in a monolayer usually used in hematology or where body fluid analyses take place

67
Q

list precautions that should be taken when operating a centrifuge

A

make sure tubes are balanced
make sure tubes in use can withstand force exerted
if breakage occurs make to extract all blood and glass
centrifuge lid should be closed until fully stopped

68
Q

trip balance accuracy

A

nearest 0.1g

69
Q

analytical balance accuracy

A

0.1 mg or less

70
Q

proper placement of an analytical balance

A

vibration free area of the lab
level work area
away from heat

71
Q

glass enclosure (analytical balance)

A

prevents dust from collecting and prevents air currents from interfering

72
Q

balancing screws (analytical balance)

A

balance must be properly leveled and these screws are used to adjust the balance until level indicator is centered

intro to MLT (5 decks)

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