Exam 3 Flashcards
Bronchial flow is what percent of total cardiac output?
1-2%
Bronchial Circulation (Pressure/Flow)
High-pressure
Low flow
Pulmonary Circulation (Pressure/Flow)
Low-pressure
High flow
Pulmonary artery compliance
7ml/mmHg
Due to shorter, thinner, larger diameter (less branching)
Right Atrium/Right ventricular diastolic
0-1 mm Hg
Right Ventricular Systolic/PA systolic pressure
25 mmHg
Mean pulmonary pressure
15 mmHg
PA diastolic blood presure
8mmHg
Pulmonary Capillary pressure
7 mmHg
Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
5 mmHg
Left atrial pressure
2 mmHg
What percent of total blood volume does blood hold?
9%
What is the blood volume in pulmonary capillaries?
70 mls
Normal alveolar surface area
770ft^2 to 1076ft^2
How much can blood volume of lungs change?
1/2 normal to 2 times normal
Left heart failure/mitral valve problems can cause what percent increase in volume?
100% increase in volume
What alveolar PO2 stimulates surrounding arterials to constrict limiting flow to the alveoli?
Alveolar PO2 less than 73 mmHg
Pascal’s Hydrostatic Law
P = pgh (density, gravity, height)
Pressure increases how many mmHg for every mm?
Pressure increases 1 mmHg for every 13.6mm due to force of gravity
How many mm in a cm?
10 mm in a cm
What is the pressure in the right atrium?
Approximately 0mmHg as heart will pump any excess blood
How tall are the lungs?
30 cm tall
What is the total pressure difference of the lungs?
Lungs are 30 cm tall= 300 mm
300mm/13.6 = 23 mmHg
Pressure at the top of the lungs?
15 mmHg lower from level of heart
Pcap = 7 mmHg - 15 mmHg = -8 mm Hg
Pressure at the bottom of lungs?
8 mmHg higher from level of heart
Pcap = 7 mmHg + 8 = 15 mmHg
Blood Flow Through Lungs (Zones)
Zone 1 = No blood flow at any time
Zone 2=Intermittent Blood Flow (Flow during systole when pulmonary cap P is higher than alveolar P)
Zone 3=Continuous blood flow
What type of blood flow is normally at the apex of lung?
Zone 2
What type of blood flow is normally in the rest of the lung (besides apex)?
Zone 3
How many can cardiac output increase during normal heavy exercise?
4 to 7 times normal
During exercise, how much do the number of open capillaries increase?
2x
During exercise, how much do capillaries decrease in overall resistance to flow?
3x
During left side failure, LA pressure can go as high as ____ to ____ mmHg?
40 to 50 mmHg
Pulmonary circulation can accomodate LA pressures up to approximately how many mmHg?
7 mmHg
LA pressure above how many mmHg will usually result in formation of pulmonary edema?
30 mmHg
During normal cardiac output, blood takes how long to travel through pulmonary capillaries?
0.8 seconds
During high cardiac output, blood can take how long to travel through pulmonary capillaries?
0.3 seconds
What is the systemic capillary pressure?
17 mmHg
Pulmonary interstitial fluid pressure
-5 to -8 mmHg
Systemic interstitial fluid pressure
-3 mmHg
Pulmonary interstitial oncotic pressure
14 mmHg
Systemic interstitial oncotic pressure
8 mmHg
Alveolar walls can be broke if interstitial pressure is greater than alveolar pressure. What pressure?
Greater than 0 mmHg
In humans, pulmonary capillary pressure must go from 7mmHg to _____ mmHg before edema formation.
28 mmHg
Lethal pulmonary edema
Pulmonary capillary pressure rises 25 to 30 mmHg (higher than safety level of 28 mmHg, patient will be dead in less than 30 minutes)
Pulmonary Edema Safety Level
28 mmHg
Lungs begin to compensate if pulmonary capillary pressure remains elevated for more than ____ weeks.
2 weeks
Large expansion in lymphatic blood vessels can increase carrying capacity up to _____ times normal.
10 x normal
Lungs compensating in chronic pulmonary edema allows patients w. chronic pulmonary capillary pressure greater than ______ mmHg to live without developing lethal pulmonary edema.
40 mmHg ( must occur gradually over time!!)
How much pressure keeps lungs expanded to normal resting size?
-4 mmHg
Ideal Gas Law
Pv=nRT p- partial pressure in atmospheres v- volume of gas occupies in liters n- amount of gas present t- temperature in degrees Kelvin r- gas constant (0.082)
What is the gas constant in pvnrt?
0.082
How many degrees C is 0 k?
0k= -273 degrees C
Boyle’s Law
At constant temperature, pressure of the gas is inversely proportional to the volume of the gas
P1V1=P2V2
P is proportional to 1/V
Charle’s Law
At constant pressure, the volume of the gas is proportional to the temperature of the gas
V1/T1 = V2/T2
V is proportional to T
Gay-Lussac’s Law
At a constant volume, the pressure of a gas is proportional to the temperature of the gas
P1/T1 = P2/T2
P is proportional to T
What is the pressure of atmospheric air?
760 mmHg
Water Vapor Pressure
47 mmHg
What percent of atmospheric air is N2, O2, and CO2?
N2: 79 %
O2: 21%
CO2: 0.04%
Partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in alveolar air
O2: 104.0 mmHg
CO2: 40.0 mmHg
Partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in expired air
O2: 120.0 mmHg
CO2: 27.0 mmHg
Henry’s Law
[Gas]= (PPgas) x (Solubility Coefficient)
Oxygen solubility coefficients (2)
- 024 ml O2/ Ml solution/ atmosphere
0. 003 mlO2/ 100 ml solution/ mmHg
CO2 is ____ times more soluble than nitrogen.
57 x
CO2 is ___ times more soluble than Helium.
71 x
Diffusion Equation
D prop. (P)(A)(S)/ (d)(sq rt MW)
What percent of oxygen is dissolved in plasma?
3%
What percent of oxygen is bound to hemoglobin?
97%
Normal p50?
27 mmHg
37 degrees: ______ml% oxygen dissolved in each mmHg pressure
0.003 ml %
20 degrees: ______ml% oxygen dissolved in each mmHg pressure
0.004 ml %
What percent of CO2 is dissolved in the blood?
7% total co2 content
0.07 ml CO2/dL/mmHg
What percent of total CO2 content in the blood is bound to protein?
23% (carbaminohemoglobin)
What percent of total CO2 content in the blood is chemically modified to HCO3-?
70%
Nonlethal Oxygen Limit
10-1000 mmHg
Nonlethal CO2 Limit
5-80 mmHg
Nonlethal Sodium ion limit
115-175 mmol/L
Nonlethal Potassium Ion limit
1.5-9.0 mmol/L
Nonlethal Calcium Ion Limit
0.5-2.0 mmol/L
Nonlethal Chloride Ion Limit
70-130 mmol/L
Nonlethal Bicarbonate Ion Limit
8-45 mmol/L
Nonlethal Glucose limit
20-1500 mg/dl
Nonlethal Body Temperature
65-110 F (18.3-43.3 C)
Nonlethal Acid-base pH
6.9-8.0 pH
How big are titin molecules?
3,000,000 Daltons
How big is a G-actin molecule?
42,000 Daltons
G-actin binding sites are staggered and have a binding site every _____ nanometers.
2.7 nanometers
How big are tropomyosin molecules?
70,000 Daltons
How long are tropomyosin molecules?
40 nm long
How many individual myosin molecules are in a myosin fiber?
200
How big is each myosin molecule?
480,000 Daltons
Anatomy of polypeptide chains in a myosin
6 polypeptide chains (2 heavy, 200,000 daltons each) (4 light, 20,000 daltons each)
Peak length of sarcomere in tension curve
2 - 2.2 microns
Law of Laplace
T = Px r T= total wall tension P= intraventricular pressure r= ventricular radius
