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Physiology/Pathophysiology I > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Bronchial flow is what percent of total cardiac output?

A

1-2%

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2
Q

Bronchial Circulation (Pressure/Flow)

A

High-pressure

Low flow

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3
Q

Pulmonary Circulation (Pressure/Flow)

A

Low-pressure

High flow

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4
Q

Pulmonary artery compliance

A

7ml/mmHg

Due to shorter, thinner, larger diameter (less branching)

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5
Q

Right Atrium/Right ventricular diastolic

A

0-1 mm Hg

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6
Q

Right Ventricular Systolic/PA systolic pressure

A

25 mmHg

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7
Q

Mean pulmonary pressure

A

15 mmHg

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8
Q

PA diastolic blood presure

A

8mmHg

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9
Q

Pulmonary Capillary pressure

A

7 mmHg

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10
Q

Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure

A

5 mmHg

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11
Q

Left atrial pressure

A

2 mmHg

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12
Q

What percent of total blood volume does blood hold?

A

9%

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13
Q

What is the blood volume in pulmonary capillaries?

A

70 mls

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14
Q

Normal alveolar surface area

A

770ft^2 to 1076ft^2

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15
Q

How much can blood volume of lungs change?

A

1/2 normal to 2 times normal

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16
Q

Left heart failure/mitral valve problems can cause what percent increase in volume?

A

100% increase in volume

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17
Q

What alveolar PO2 stimulates surrounding arterials to constrict limiting flow to the alveoli?

A

Alveolar PO2 less than 73 mmHg

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18
Q

Pascal’s Hydrostatic Law

A

P = pgh (density, gravity, height)

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19
Q

Pressure increases how many mmHg for every mm?

A

Pressure increases 1 mmHg for every 13.6mm due to force of gravity

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20
Q

How many mm in a cm?

A

10 mm in a cm

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21
Q

What is the pressure in the right atrium?

A

Approximately 0mmHg as heart will pump any excess blood

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22
Q

How tall are the lungs?

A

30 cm tall

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23
Q

What is the total pressure difference of the lungs?

A

Lungs are 30 cm tall= 300 mm

300mm/13.6 = 23 mmHg

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24
Q

Pressure at the top of the lungs?

A

15 mmHg lower from level of heart

Pcap = 7 mmHg - 15 mmHg = -8 mm Hg

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25
Q

Pressure at the bottom of lungs?

A

8 mmHg higher from level of heart

Pcap = 7 mmHg + 8 = 15 mmHg

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26
Q

Blood Flow Through Lungs (Zones)

A

Zone 1 = No blood flow at any time
Zone 2=Intermittent Blood Flow (Flow during systole when pulmonary cap P is higher than alveolar P)
Zone 3=Continuous blood flow

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27
Q

What type of blood flow is normally at the apex of lung?

A

Zone 2

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28
Q

What type of blood flow is normally in the rest of the lung (besides apex)?

A

Zone 3

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29
Q

How many can cardiac output increase during normal heavy exercise?

A

4 to 7 times normal

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30
Q

During exercise, how much do the number of open capillaries increase?

A

2x

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31
Q

During exercise, how much do capillaries decrease in overall resistance to flow?

A

3x

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32
Q

During left side failure, LA pressure can go as high as ____ to ____ mmHg?

A

40 to 50 mmHg

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33
Q

Pulmonary circulation can accomodate LA pressures up to approximately how many mmHg?

A

7 mmHg

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34
Q

LA pressure above how many mmHg will usually result in formation of pulmonary edema?

A

30 mmHg

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35
Q

During normal cardiac output, blood takes how long to travel through pulmonary capillaries?

A

0.8 seconds

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36
Q

During high cardiac output, blood can take how long to travel through pulmonary capillaries?

A

0.3 seconds

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37
Q

What is the systemic capillary pressure?

A

17 mmHg

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38
Q

Pulmonary interstitial fluid pressure

A

-5 to -8 mmHg

39
Q

Systemic interstitial fluid pressure

A

-3 mmHg

40
Q

Pulmonary interstitial oncotic pressure

A

14 mmHg

41
Q

Systemic interstitial oncotic pressure

A

8 mmHg

42
Q

Alveolar walls can be broke if interstitial pressure is greater than alveolar pressure. What pressure?

A

Greater than 0 mmHg

43
Q

In humans, pulmonary capillary pressure must go from 7mmHg to _____ mmHg before edema formation.

A

28 mmHg

44
Q

Lethal pulmonary edema

A

Pulmonary capillary pressure rises 25 to 30 mmHg (higher than safety level of 28 mmHg, patient will be dead in less than 30 minutes)

45
Q

Pulmonary Edema Safety Level

A

28 mmHg

46
Q

Lungs begin to compensate if pulmonary capillary pressure remains elevated for more than ____ weeks.

A

2 weeks

47
Q

Large expansion in lymphatic blood vessels can increase carrying capacity up to _____ times normal.

A

10 x normal

48
Q

Lungs compensating in chronic pulmonary edema allows patients w. chronic pulmonary capillary pressure greater than ______ mmHg to live without developing lethal pulmonary edema.

A

40 mmHg ( must occur gradually over time!!)

49
Q

How much pressure keeps lungs expanded to normal resting size?

A

-4 mmHg

50
Q

Ideal Gas Law

A 
Pv=nRT
p- partial pressure in atmospheres
v- volume of gas occupies in liters
n- amount of gas present
t- temperature in degrees Kelvin 
r- gas constant (0.082)
51
Q

What is the gas constant in pvnrt?

A

0.082

52
Q

How many degrees C is 0 k?

A

0k= -273 degrees C

53
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

At constant temperature, pressure of the gas is inversely proportional to the volume of the gas

P1V1=P2V2

P is proportional to 1/V

54
Q

Charle’s Law

A

At constant pressure, the volume of the gas is proportional to the temperature of the gas

V1/T1 = V2/T2

V is proportional to T

55
Q

Gay-Lussac’s Law

A

At a constant volume, the pressure of a gas is proportional to the temperature of the gas

P1/T1 = P2/T2

P is proportional to T

56
Q

What is the pressure of atmospheric air?

A

760 mmHg

57
Q

Water Vapor Pressure

A

47 mmHg

58
Q

What percent of atmospheric air is N2, O2, and CO2?

A

N2: 79 %
O2: 21%
CO2: 0.04%

59
Q

Partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in alveolar air

A

O2: 104.0 mmHg
CO2: 40.0 mmHg

60
Q

Partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in expired air

A

O2: 120.0 mmHg
CO2: 27.0 mmHg

61
Q

Henry’s Law

A

[Gas]= (PPgas) x (Solubility Coefficient)

62
Q

Oxygen solubility coefficients (2)

A
  1. 024 ml O2/ Ml solution/ atmosphere

0. 003 mlO2/ 100 ml solution/ mmHg

63
Q

CO2 is ____ times more soluble than nitrogen.

A

57 x

64
Q

CO2 is ___ times more soluble than Helium.

A

71 x

65
Q

Diffusion Equation

A

D prop. (P)(A)(S)/ (d)(sq rt MW)

66
Q

What percent of oxygen is dissolved in plasma?

A

3%

67
Q

What percent of oxygen is bound to hemoglobin?

A

97%

68
Q

Normal p50?

A

27 mmHg

69
Q

37 degrees: ______ml% oxygen dissolved in each mmHg pressure

A

0.003 ml %

70
Q

20 degrees: ______ml% oxygen dissolved in each mmHg pressure

A

0.004 ml %

71
Q

What percent of CO2 is dissolved in the blood?

A

7% total co2 content

0.07 ml CO2/dL/mmHg

72
Q

What percent of total CO2 content in the blood is bound to protein?

A

23% (carbaminohemoglobin)

73
Q

What percent of total CO2 content in the blood is chemically modified to HCO3-?

A

70%

74
Q

Nonlethal Oxygen Limit

A

10-1000 mmHg

75
Q

Nonlethal CO2 Limit

A

5-80 mmHg

76
Q

Nonlethal Sodium ion limit

A

115-175 mmol/L

77
Q

Nonlethal Potassium Ion limit

A

1.5-9.0 mmol/L

78
Q

Nonlethal Calcium Ion Limit

A

0.5-2.0 mmol/L

79
Q

Nonlethal Chloride Ion Limit

A

70-130 mmol/L

80
Q

Nonlethal Bicarbonate Ion Limit

A

8-45 mmol/L

81
Q

Nonlethal Glucose limit

A

20-1500 mg/dl

82
Q

Nonlethal Body Temperature

A

65-110 F (18.3-43.3 C)

83
Q

Nonlethal Acid-base pH

A

6.9-8.0 pH

84
Q

How big are titin molecules?

A

3,000,000 Daltons

85
Q

How big is a G-actin molecule?

A

42,000 Daltons

86
Q

G-actin binding sites are staggered and have a binding site every _____ nanometers.

A

2.7 nanometers

87
Q

How big are tropomyosin molecules?

A

70,000 Daltons

88
Q

How long are tropomyosin molecules?

A

40 nm long

89
Q

How many individual myosin molecules are in a myosin fiber?

A

200

90
Q

How big is each myosin molecule?

A

480,000 Daltons

91
Q

Anatomy of polypeptide chains in a myosin

A

6 polypeptide chains (2 heavy, 200,000 daltons each) (4 light, 20,000 daltons each)

92
Q

Peak length of sarcomere in tension curve

A

2 - 2.2 microns

93
Q

Law of Laplace

A 
T = Px r
T= total wall tension
P= intraventricular pressure
r= ventricular radius

Physiology/Pathophysiology I (5 decks)

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