Exam 3

Question 1

Diactric

Answer 1

Specialized phonetic symbol used in both systematic/impressionistic transcription as well as suprasegmental features of speech

Question 2

Broad Transcription

Answer 2

systematic phonemic transcription slash marks

Question 3

Narrow Transcription

Answer 3

Allophonic transcription brackets

Question 4

Citation Form

Answer 4

Pronounced in isolation. Phonemes are hyperarticulated (fully achieve artic. position)

Question 5

Connected Speech

Answer 5

Produced in sentences or in conversation

Question 6

Coarticulation

Answer 6

articulation overlaps -even in citation form

Question 7

Universal Coarticulation

Answer 7

Articulators have to physically move from one place to another

Question 8

Language Specific Coarticulation

Answer 8

Different languages can apply

Question 9

Hypoarticulation

Answer 9

Articulators do not fully achieve the ideal articulatory position for each phoneme

Question 10

Assimilation

Answer 10

change in phoneme to become more similar to another phoneme Assimilation results in change of place of articulation of a sound so multiple phonemes can be produced at the same place

Question 11

Regressive Assimilation

Answer 11

Phoneme changes to be more similar to a phoneme that FOLLOWS it also called anticipatory

Question 12

Progressive Assimilation

Answer 12

phoneme changes to be more similar to preceding phoneme

Question 13

Elision

Answer 13

Deletion of a phoneme during speech production

Question 14

Epenthesis

Answer 14

Addition of a phoneme or phonemes

Question 15

Metathesis

Answer 15

Reversal of the order of sounds during word production

Ex: ask → /æks/

Question 16

Vowel Reduction

Answer 16

change in the vowel quality

Question 17

Suprasegmentals

Answer 17

aspects of speech beyond the segment, which affect the entire world or utterance

Question 18

Stress

Answer 18

use of increased prominence of a syllable

Question 19

Intonation

Answer 19

modification in pitch

Question 20

Timing/Juncture

Answer 20

use of segmental duration and pauses to convey information about segment, word, and phrase boundaries

Question 21

Specialized phonetic symbol used in both systematic/impressionistic transcription as well as suprasegmental features of speech

Answer 21

Diactric

Question 22

systematic phonemic transcription

ball → /bal/

Answer 22

Broad Transcription

Question 23

Allophonic transcription

ball → [baɫ]

Answer 23

Narrow Transcription

Question 24

Pronounced in isolation. Phonemes are hyperarticulated (fully achieve artic. position)

Answer 24

Citation Form

Question 25

Produced in sentences or in conversation

Answer 25

Connected Speech

Question 26

articulation overlaps -even in citation form

Answer 26

Coarticulation

Question 27

Articulators have to physically move from one place to another

Answer 27

Universal Coarticulation

Question 28

Different languages can apply

Answer 28

Language Specific Coarticulation

Question 29

Articulators do not fully achieve the ideal articulatory position for each phoneme

Answer 29

Hypoarticulation

Question 30

change in phoneme to become more similar to another phoneme Assimilation results in change of place of articulation of a sound so multiple phonemes can be produced at the same place

Answer 30

Assimilation

Question 31

Phoneme changes to be more similar to a phoneme that FOLLOWS it also called anticipatory

Answer 31

Regressive Assimilation

Question 32

phoneme changes to be more similar to preceding phoneme

Answer 32

Progressive Assimilation

Question 33

Deletion of a phoneme during speech production

Answer 33

Elision

Question 34

Addition of a phoneme of phonemes

Answer 34

Epenthesis

Question 35

Reversal of the order of sounds during word production

Answer 35

Metathesis

Question 36

change in the vowel quality

Answer 36

Vowel Reduction

Question 37

aspects of speech beyond the segment, which affect the entire world or utterance

Answer 37

Suprasegmentals

Question 38

use of increased prominence of a syllable

Answer 38

Stress

Question 39

use of pitch to convey syntactic, semantic or pragmatic info

Answer 39

Intonation

Question 40

use of segmental duration and pauses to convey information about segment, word, and phrase boundaries

Answer 40

Timing/Juncture

Question 41

Three Levels of Stress

Answer 41

* Primary * Secondary * Unstressed

Question 42

Secondary Stress

Answer 42

indicates a syllable with a full vowel that is weaker than primary stress and is transcribed by a small vertical mark **below and to the left** of the syllable

Question 43

Content Words

Answer 43

words that contain salient information in a sentence Usually noun, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.

Question 44

Function Words

Answer 44

Mainly conveys **syntactic meaning** Usually pronoun, prepositions etc

Question 45

Contrastive Stress

Answer 45

a normally unstressed word is stressed to distinguish it from another alternative

Question 46

Intonational Phrase (IP)

Answer 46

A pattern of change in pitch of the voice that spans an utterance

Question 47

Nuclear Accent

Answer 47

In the IP, the nuclear syllable will receive the greatest pitch change **also called** tonic accnet or pitch accent

Question 48

Falling

Answer 48

used for unemotional statements, usually w/o much new information. Steady tone with fall at end, to indicate the end of the utterance

Question 49

Rise-Fall

Answer 49

Used for declarative statements. Steady tony with rise-fall occuring on the stressed syllable of stressed word.

Question 50

Rising

Answer 50

Used for yes/no questions and unfinished lists

Question 51

Syllable Structure Processes

Answer 51

Simplify words toward a CV(CV) pattern which has: * single consonant onset * nucleus w/ no coda * Multisyllabic words with "trochaic" pattern Four typical processes in this category: 1. final consonant deletion 2. weak syllable deletion 3. cluster reduction 4. reduplication

Question 52

Weak Syllable Deletion

Answer 52

omission of an unstressed syllable either preceding or following a stressed syllable telephone → /tEfon/

Question 53

Final Consonant Deletion

Answer 53

removes word final consonants to fit the CV syllable pattern Ex: "cat, cap" target [kæt], [kæp] → [kæ]

Question 54

Cluster Reduction

Answer 54

Deletes consonants from a consonant cluster to fit CV syllable pattern Ex: "brownie" : target [braʊnɪ] → [baʊnɪ]