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Bio 205 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Restriction Endonucleases (enzymes)

A
  • origination in bacterial cells
  • Protect organism (bacteria) from foreign DNA (bacteriophage)
  • Cleaves DNA at phospate-sugar bonds
  • Recognizes palindromes of 4-10 base pairs where it cleaves DNA
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2
Q

Sticky Ends

A

Unpaired bases that are left where restriction endonucleas cleaved at DNA palindrome

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3
Q

Ligase

A

DNA ligase, rejoins base pairs

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4
Q

Reverse Transcriptase

A

Converts RNA to DNA

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5
Q

Four DNA analysis techniques

A
  • electrophoresis
  • hybridization and probes
  • Sequencing
  • PCR
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6
Q

Electrophorsis

A
  • DNA is cut with restriction endonucleauses to specific gene sequences
  • put in gel at (-) end and phosphates (base pairs) move towards the (+) end
  • Smaller sequences move farther
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7
Q

Probes

A
  • Small sequences of single stranded nucleic acids (olionucleotides)
  • Used to identify complementary sequences on single stranded DNA
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8
Q

Southern Blot

A
  • Method for detecting unknown DNA sequences

- electrophesis seperates DNA, denatured and transfered to filter paper, probes to visualize hybridization

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9
Q

DNA/RNA hybridization

A

-Degree of similarity between two different strands

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10
Q

Sequencing

A

Identify and order nucleotides

-Sanger Method

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11
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction

A
  • amplifiy’s DNA

- Can be used to detect diseases/infectious agents

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12
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

-DNA genetically manufactured to possess genetic material from multiple sources

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13
Q

Cloning Vectors

A
  • Carry significant piece of donor DNA readily accepted by cloning host
  • ex. plasmids, phages
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14
Q

Cloning Host

A 
Bacteria (prokaryote)
-E. coli
-will NOT excess introns from eukaryotic DNA
Yeast
-S. cerevisae
-will excess introns
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15
Q

Gene Therapy

A

Used to repair genetic defects such as: immunodeficiency diseases, cycstic fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anemia

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16
Q

In vivo Strategy

A
  • Gene therapy technique

- Done inside a live organism (rat, gerbil, human, etc.)

17
Q

Ex vivo strategy

A
  • Gene Theraoy technique

- Done with living cells but not in an organism

18
Q

Antisense DNA/RNA

A
  • Gene therapy technique

- A oligonucleotide (single stranded DNA/RNA) that binds to mRNA to prevent specific protein synthesis

19
Q

Triplex DNA

A

-Targets double stranded DNA and prevents transcription

20
Q

Three types of Genome Analysis

A

Maps
fingerprints
family trees

21
Q

3 types of Genome Maps

A
  • Linkage - relative proximity and locus of genes
  • Physical- proximity and size of genes
  • Sequence - exact order of bases
22
Q

Genome Maps

A

-Determine locus (location) and alleles

23
Q

Fingerprinting

A 
Emphasizes differences in genome
-techniques
endonucleases
PCR
Southern Blot
-Uses
forensics
hereditary diseases
24
Q

Family Trees

A
  • Determine genetic tree for diseases
  • Animal pedigrees
  • genetic diversity in animals
25
Q

Ideal Antimicrobic

A 
-Soluble in body fluids
selectively toxic
nonallergenic
reasonable half life
unlikely to elecit resistance
long shelf life 
good priced.
26
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Use of any chemical agent for disease treatment

27
Q

antibiotic

A

chemical substance made by microbe

28
Q

antimicrobic

A

synthetic version of a antibiotic

29
Q

Sources of antibiotics (3)

A
  • mold type fungi (Penicillium, Cephalosporium)
  • Bacillus strains (bacitracin)
  • Actinomycetes (soil bacteria)
30
Q

Broad Spectrum Antibiotic

A

treatment is effect against wide variety of microbes

31
Q

Narrow Spectrum Antibiotic

A

Treatment is effective against a limited number of similar microbes

32
Q

Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Test

A

-Antibiotic placed on plate with lawn of targeted bacteria, clear zones around antibiotic indicate effectiveness

33
Q

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

A

-lowest concentration that will inhibit growth

34
Q

5 Mechanisms of Action for Antibiotics

A
  • Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
  • disruption of cell membrane function
  • inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
  • anti-metabolic activity
35
Q

Cell Wall antibiotics

A
  • Penicillin, Cephalosporins
  • block transpeptididation (required in cell walls to cross link peptidoglycan)
  • Bacitracin utilizes different method due to topical application only
36
Q

Penicillins

A
  • 1945 (1st drug)
  • Sir Alexander Flemming
  • beta-lactam ring w/ variable R group
  • Targets transpeptidation
  • Also triggers autolysin (digests cell wall)

Bio 205 (3 decks)

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