FINAL

Question 1

normal flora

Answer 1

-natural bacteria living in and on normal human
-increase host fitness by increasing immune system, out competing other pathogens
-

Question 2

Gnotobiotes

Answer 2

Expiremental animals with no flora, show decreased fitness

Question 3

Pathogens (4 kinds)

Answer 3

True/frank/primary - cause disease in healthy host

• opportunistic - cause disease in immunocomprimised humans
• Endogenous - part of the normal flora that infects a compromised system
• exogenous - pathogen from external source

Question 4

Localized Infection

Answer 4

Contained in a specific area

Question 5

Systemic Infection

Answer 5

Throughout entire body

Question 6

septic Infection

Answer 6

BACTERIAL infection of the blood

Question 7

mixed Infection

Answer 7

multiple different organisms in single infection

Question 8

primary Infection

Answer 8

initial infection, generally by true pathogen

Question 9

secondary Infection

Answer 9

generally an opportunistic pathogen that piggy backs on a primary

Question 10

Acute Infection

Answer 10

Infection is RAPID, usually short and self limiting

Question 11

Chronic Infection

Answer 11

Progresses slowly, persist for long period of time

Question 12

Stages of Infection

Answer 12

Incubation Period
Period of Invasion
Convalescent Period

Question 13

Symptoms

Answer 13

How the patient FEELS

Question 14

Signs

Answer 14

Signs that a clinician can physically see and measure

• swelling
• edema
• redness

Question 15

Signs of blood infection

Answer 15

-Change in WBC counts
Leukocytosis - increase in WBCs
Leukopenia - decrease in WBCs

Question 16

Spread of Infection (4 ways)

Answer 16

Communicble (horizontal) - one host to another
non-communicable - can NOT be passed from host to host
direct - can be obtained from direct contact between uninfected and infected
indirect - use of a vehicle (food, water, vector)

Question 17

Epidemiology

Answer 17

Study of disease through population

Question 18

Endemic

Answer 18

always found in low concentration in a population

Question 19

sporadic

Answer 19

occasional cases, at irregular intervals

Question 20

epidemic

Answer 20

increased prevalence of infection in particular population

Question 21

pandemic

Answer 21

spread of endemic across continents

Question 22

Skin Defences

Answer 22

Sebum - low pH to resist bacteria
Sweat - Low pH and high salt/ contains lysozyme (breaks down peptidoglycan)
antimicrobial peptides - positively charged chemicals that disrupt pathogen membranes