Exam 3 Flashcards
What affects the Ecosystem?
Climate, Vegetation, Soils, Animals, Humans
Succession
Life span replacement of trees
Broadleaf Deciduous Forest
Midwest, North US. known for turning of the color of its leaves to brilliant reds, oranges, and golds in autumn.
Tropical Rainforest
Climate: wet, hot, and humid. Vegetation: evergreen, canopy, succession Soil: leaching, laterite (high in iron) Agriculture: low productivity, slash and burn
Boreal Forest
Climate: cold Vegetation: needle trees Poor Soil
Savanna
Climate: dry winter Vegetation: grassland Soil: moderate Agriculture: farming, herding
Subtropical Desert
Climate: dry year round Vegetation: xerophytic Soil: fertile Agriculture: irrigation, diverse crops
Soil formation factors that give you your soil profile
Parent Material, Topography, Climate, Natural Vegetation, Time
Organic Material
O Horizon
Top soil-plant Roots, OM
A horizon
Sub soil-roots
B horizon
Parent material: Limestone
C horizon
% sand, silt, and clay in soil
45%
% water in soil
25%
% air in soil
25%
% organic matter in soil
5%
What soil type is best for agriculture?
Sandy loam and Clay loam
What is sand’s water holding ability?
very poor, low CEC
What is silt’s water holding ability?
in between, intermediate CEC
What is clay’s water holding capacity?
very high, high CEC
Red Soil
a lot of Iron in soil, well drained
Black Soil
organic matter, poorly drained
High water table, hydric soil, hydrophytic plants
makes up wetlands
Purple loosestrife
kills off cocktails
Muck, Dark soils, has an O and C horizon
Histols
Occurs under pine trees, thin top soil, acidic, and has low fertility
Spodosols
Thicker top soil (6-8 in), occur under trees, acidic, moderate fertility, responds well to good management if growing crops, composed of A, B, and C horizon
Alfisol
Vegetation Factors of Biomes
Type (frost, grasses, desert), structure, diversity
Soil Factors
Type (highly acidic, high calcium, etc), Process (a lot of rainfall?, warm all year?), Fertility (ability to produce agriculture)
Tropical Rainforests
-near equator 5-10º -trees -found all the way around globe on the equator -rainy environments = humid climate -forest-dominant vegetation
Plant Succession
When people dont interfere with the process of plants growing.
Soils in Tropical Forest
-Leaching/percolation -solution/calcium -more water = more leaching and Ca that disappears -Laterite: very red, low Ca, wat down (6ft) -low fertility
Agriculture in Tropical Rainforest
-low productivity -low carrying capacity -slash and burn -semi migratory
Fortlandia
make land more productive
Savanna
-5-20º N and S of the equator, poleward margins, transition zones -dry wintersoils are moderate due to declined rainfall
Stream Drainage
streams collect two sources; groundwater and overland flow
Groundwater
when rain falls on the land surface, most of it soaks into the soil and accumulates as groundwater
Drainage Basin (watershed)
a stream drains groundwater and overland flow from an area called its drainage basin
Drainage Density
combined length by the area of a drainage basin
Floodplain
nearly level surface at the bottom of the valley through which the stream is flowing
Delta
where a rive enters the sea, the water velocity drops abruptly and the sediment may form a large area of deposited sediment
Longitudinal Profile
as you move downstream: i) slope decreases ii) cross-sectional shape becomes wider and shalower
Biomes
-ecosystems characterized by particular plant and animal types -usually named for a region’s climate or dominant vegetation
Boreal Forest
-thrives in cold, continental mid latitude climates -restricted to northern Hemisphere (50-70º N latitude)
Prairie (Tall Grass)
-semi arid climate featuring hot summers, cold winters, and moderate rainfall -more rainfall in tall grass
Prairie (short grass)
-semi arid climate featuring hot summers, cold winters, and moderate rainfall -less rainfall in short grass
Population Geography
the distribution of human kind across our planet
Emigration
departure of persons from one place
Immigration
when people move to a place from somewhere else
Demography
the study of individual populations in terms of specific group characteristics
Arithmetic Density
the number of people per unit of area
Physiological Density
density of population per unit of crop land
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
the annual number of births per 1,000 people
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
the average number of children that would be born to each woman in a given society if, during her childbearing years (15-49) she bore children at the current years rate for woman that age
Population Pyramid
represents fertility rates geographically by age and gender
Dependency Ratio
the ratio of the combined population of children under 15 years old and elderly people over 64 years
Demographic Transition Model (Stage 1)
Both the CDR and CBR are high, population does not increase rapidly
Demographic Transition Model (Stage 2)
incomes increase and medical science advances, CDR drops dramatically, CBR remain high
Demographic Transition Model (Stage 3)
CBR begin to fall, rising standards of living and education
Demographic Transition Model (Stage 4)
death rates and birth rates converge at a low and relatively constant level, population stabilizes (most wealthy industrialized countries)
Sex Ratio
about 105 male children are born for every 100 females
Push Factors
drive people away from wherever they are
Pull Factors
attract people to new destinations
Why are there less dams in lucustrine plain?
because it is flat
Continental Divide Elevation
10,759 ft
Major Watershed in the US
Mississippi watershed
Riparian Rights
“Use it but don’t abuse it” “Use but do not diminish the flow and quality”
Prior Appropriation
“First come, first serve” “First person to put water to beneficial use, get share first”
Black Water
acidic, fewer mosquitos, non agriculture
White Water
less acidic, more mosquitos, best for agriculture
MI population
9.8 million
Rate of Natural Increase (RNI%)
crude birth rate - crude death rate =
Baby Boom years
1946-1964
Top 4 population counties in MI
- Wayne 2. Oakland 3. Macomb 4. Kent
Counties in MI that are the fastest % growing counties
Clinton and Livingston
Ultisols
-thick A and B horizon -old -leaching: low fertility, nutrients leached out -high rainfall -with good management, soils are very productive -vegetation: forests
Mollisols
thick, black, fertile top soil, grasslands, prairies
Vertisols
thick, black, clay top soil, grasslands
Shrink and Swell
wet and dry; clay shrinks and swells most, sand least
Oxisols
heavily leached (rains a lot), nutrients far down, low natural fertility, good fertilizer -> good management
Kalkaska
the official state soil
Juniata twp
1800s land purchases
Lucustrine Plain
formed from bottom of a lake
Surface Water of MI
great lakes, inland lakes, and rivers and streams
Public Trust Doctrine 1934
-public has the right of access to any navigable river or lake -any stream that can transport a boat or canoe with one person aboard -any stream that floats or transport logs -any stream used as a public fishery
Population of USA
~314 million
Rank of USA Population
3rd largest
USA Population (1790)
3.9 million
Where do majority of USA population live?
East Coast
What % of the population lives in ETZ?
47%
What % of the population lives in CTZ?
33%
What % of the population is east of the meridian (500mm) line?
80%
Top 4 states in population?
- California 2. Texas 3. New York 4. Florida
What % of the population are hispanics? and Where?
17% (Texas, California, Nevada, New Mexico)
What % of the population is black? and Where?
13% (East of Texas to Washington DC, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Georgia)
What % of the population is Asian? and Where?
5% (California)
What % of the population is white?
63%
What states are most diverse?
California, Hawaii, Arizona, and Texas
What states have counties where whites are a minority?
Texas, California, Florida, and New Mexico
What % of MI population are black?
14%
What % of MI population are hispanic?
5%
What % of MI population are asian?
3%
What % of MI population are native american?
0.7%
What % of MI population are white?
76%
What Human Development Index (HDI) measures
Income (GDP) Life Expectancy Literacy Gender Equity
What is US ranked in HDI?
4th
What is South America population?
~400 million
What is Brazil’s population?
194 million
What is Colombia population?
47 million
What is Argentina’s population?
41 million
What is Peru’s population?
30 million
Indio + Euros
Mestizo
Euros + African
Mulatto
Indio + African
Zambo
What years is the census public information?
1790-1940
