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ISS 310 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What affects the Ecosystem?

A

Climate, Vegetation, Soils, Animals, Humans

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2
Q

Succession

A

Life span replacement of trees

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3
Q

Broadleaf Deciduous Forest

A

Midwest, North US. known for turning of the color of its leaves to brilliant reds, oranges, and golds in autumn.

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4
Q

Tropical Rainforest

A

Climate: wet, hot, and humid. Vegetation: evergreen, canopy, succession Soil: leaching, laterite (high in iron) Agriculture: low productivity, slash and burn

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5
Q

Boreal Forest

A

Climate: cold Vegetation: needle trees Poor Soil

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6
Q

Savanna

A

Climate: dry winter Vegetation: grassland Soil: moderate Agriculture: farming, herding

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7
Q

Subtropical Desert

A

Climate: dry year round Vegetation: xerophytic Soil: fertile Agriculture: irrigation, diverse crops

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8
Q

Soil formation factors that give you your soil profile

A

Parent Material, Topography, Climate, Natural Vegetation, Time

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9
Q

Organic Material

A

O Horizon

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10
Q

Top soil-plant Roots, OM

A

A horizon

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11
Q

Sub soil-roots

A

B horizon

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12
Q

Parent material: Limestone

A

C horizon

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13
Q

% sand, silt, and clay in soil

A

45%

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14
Q

% water in soil

A

25%

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15
Q

% air in soil

A

25%

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16
Q

% organic matter in soil

A

5%

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17
Q

What soil type is best for agriculture?

A

Sandy loam and Clay loam

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18
Q

What is sand’s water holding ability?

A

very poor, low CEC

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19
Q

What is silt’s water holding ability?

A

in between, intermediate CEC

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20
Q

What is clay’s water holding capacity?

A

very high, high CEC

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21
Q

Red Soil

A

a lot of Iron in soil, well drained

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22
Q

Black Soil

A

organic matter, poorly drained

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23
Q

High water table, hydric soil, hydrophytic plants

A

makes up wetlands

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24
Q

Purple loosestrife

A

kills off cocktails

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25
Q

Muck, Dark soils, has an O and C horizon

A

Histols

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26
Q

Occurs under pine trees, thin top soil, acidic, and has low fertility

A

Spodosols

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27
Q

Thicker top soil (6-8 in), occur under trees, acidic, moderate fertility, responds well to good management if growing crops, composed of A, B, and C horizon

A

Alfisol

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28
Q

Vegetation Factors of Biomes

A

Type (frost, grasses, desert), structure, diversity

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29
Q

Soil Factors

A

Type (highly acidic, high calcium, etc), Process (a lot of rainfall?, warm all year?), Fertility (ability to produce agriculture)

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30
Q

Tropical Rainforests

A

-near equator 5-10º -trees -found all the way around globe on the equator -rainy environments = humid climate -forest-dominant vegetation

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31
Q

Plant Succession

A

When people dont interfere with the process of plants growing.

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32
Q

Soils in Tropical Forest

A

-Leaching/percolation -solution/calcium -more water = more leaching and Ca that disappears -Laterite: very red, low Ca, wat down (6ft) -low fertility

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33
Q

Agriculture in Tropical Rainforest

A

-low productivity -low carrying capacity -slash and burn -semi migratory

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34
Q

Fortlandia

A

make land more productive

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35
Q

Savanna

A

-5-20º N and S of the equator, poleward margins, transition zones -dry wintersoils are moderate due to declined rainfall

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36
Q

Stream Drainage

A

streams collect two sources; groundwater and overland flow

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37
Q

Groundwater

A

when rain falls on the land surface, most of it soaks into the soil and accumulates as groundwater

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38
Q

Drainage Basin (watershed)

A

a stream drains groundwater and overland flow from an area called its drainage basin

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39
Q

Drainage Density

A

combined length by the area of a drainage basin

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40
Q

Floodplain

A

nearly level surface at the bottom of the valley through which the stream is flowing

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41
Q

Delta

A

where a rive enters the sea, the water velocity drops abruptly and the sediment may form a large area of deposited sediment

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42
Q

Longitudinal Profile

A

as you move downstream: i) slope decreases ii) cross-sectional shape becomes wider and shalower

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43
Q

Biomes

A

-ecosystems characterized by particular plant and animal types -usually named for a region’s climate or dominant vegetation

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44
Q

Boreal Forest

A

-thrives in cold, continental mid latitude climates -restricted to northern Hemisphere (50-70º N latitude)

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45
Q

Prairie (Tall Grass)

A

-semi arid climate featuring hot summers, cold winters, and moderate rainfall -more rainfall in tall grass

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46
Q

Prairie (short grass)

A

-semi arid climate featuring hot summers, cold winters, and moderate rainfall -less rainfall in short grass

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47
Q

Population Geography

A

the distribution of human kind across our planet

48
Q

Emigration

A

departure of persons from one place

49
Q

Immigration

A

when people move to a place from somewhere else

50
Q

Demography

A

the study of individual populations in terms of specific group characteristics

51
Q

Arithmetic Density

A

the number of people per unit of area

52
Q

Physiological Density

A

density of population per unit of crop land

53
Q

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

A

the annual number of births per 1,000 people

54
Q

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

A

the average number of children that would be born to each woman in a given society if, during her childbearing years (15-49) she bore children at the current years rate for woman that age

55
Q

Population Pyramid

A

represents fertility rates geographically by age and gender

56
Q

Dependency Ratio

A

the ratio of the combined population of children under 15 years old and elderly people over 64 years

57
Q

Demographic Transition Model (Stage 1)

A

Both the CDR and CBR are high, population does not increase rapidly

58
Q

Demographic Transition Model (Stage 2)

A

incomes increase and medical science advances, CDR drops dramatically, CBR remain high

59
Q

Demographic Transition Model (Stage 3)

A

CBR begin to fall, rising standards of living and education

60
Q

Demographic Transition Model (Stage 4)

A

death rates and birth rates converge at a low and relatively constant level, population stabilizes (most wealthy industrialized countries)

61
Q

Sex Ratio

A

about 105 male children are born for every 100 females

62
Q

Push Factors

A

drive people away from wherever they are

63
Q

Pull Factors

A

attract people to new destinations

64
Q

Why are there less dams in lucustrine plain?

A

because it is flat

65
Q

Continental Divide Elevation

A

10,759 ft

66
Q

Major Watershed in the US

A

Mississippi watershed

67
Q

Riparian Rights

A

“Use it but don’t abuse it” “Use but do not diminish the flow and quality”

68
Q

Prior Appropriation

A

“First come, first serve” “First person to put water to beneficial use, get share first”

69
Q

Black Water

A

acidic, fewer mosquitos, non agriculture

70
Q

White Water

A

less acidic, more mosquitos, best for agriculture

71
Q

MI population

A

9.8 million

72
Q

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI%)

A

crude birth rate - crude death rate =

73
Q

Baby Boom years

A

1946-1964

74
Q

Top 4 population counties in MI

A
  1. Wayne 2. Oakland 3. Macomb 4. Kent
75
Q

Counties in MI that are the fastest % growing counties

A

Clinton and Livingston

76
Q

Ultisols

A

-thick A and B horizon -old -leaching: low fertility, nutrients leached out -high rainfall -with good management, soils are very productive -vegetation: forests

77
Q

Mollisols

A

thick, black, fertile top soil, grasslands, prairies

78
Q

Vertisols

A

thick, black, clay top soil, grasslands

79
Q

Shrink and Swell

A

wet and dry; clay shrinks and swells most, sand least

80
Q

Oxisols

A

heavily leached (rains a lot), nutrients far down, low natural fertility, good fertilizer -> good management

81
Q

Kalkaska

A

the official state soil

82
Q

Juniata twp

A

1800s land purchases

83
Q

Lucustrine Plain

A

formed from bottom of a lake

84
Q

Surface Water of MI

A

great lakes, inland lakes, and rivers and streams

85
Q

Public Trust Doctrine 1934

A

-public has the right of access to any navigable river or lake -any stream that can transport a boat or canoe with one person aboard -any stream that floats or transport logs -any stream used as a public fishery

86
Q

Population of USA

A

~314 million

87
Q

Rank of USA Population

A

3rd largest

88
Q

USA Population (1790)

A

3.9 million

89
Q

Where do majority of USA population live?

A

East Coast

90
Q

What % of the population lives in ETZ?

A

47%

91
Q

What % of the population lives in CTZ?

A

33%

92
Q

What % of the population is east of the meridian (500mm) line?

A

80%

93
Q

Top 4 states in population?

A
  1. California 2. Texas 3. New York 4. Florida
94
Q

What % of the population are hispanics? and Where?

A

17% (Texas, California, Nevada, New Mexico)

95
Q

What % of the population is black? and Where?

A

13% (East of Texas to Washington DC, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Georgia)

96
Q

What % of the population is Asian? and Where?

A

5% (California)

97
Q

What % of the population is white?

A

63%

98
Q

What states are most diverse?

A

California, Hawaii, Arizona, and Texas

99
Q

What states have counties where whites are a minority?

A

Texas, California, Florida, and New Mexico

100
Q

What % of MI population are black?

A

14%

101
Q

What % of MI population are hispanic?

A

5%

102
Q

What % of MI population are asian?

A

3%

103
Q

What % of MI population are native american?

A

0.7%

104
Q

What % of MI population are white?

A

76%

105
Q

What Human Development Index (HDI) measures

A

Income (GDP) Life Expectancy Literacy Gender Equity

106
Q

What is US ranked in HDI?

A

4th

107
Q

What is South America population?

A

~400 million

108
Q

What is Brazil’s population?

A

194 million

109
Q

What is Colombia population?

A

47 million

110
Q

What is Argentina’s population?

A

41 million

111
Q

What is Peru’s population?

A

30 million

112
Q

Indio + Euros

A

Mestizo

113
Q

Euros + African

A

Mulatto

114
Q

Indio + African

A

Zambo

115
Q

What years is the census public information?

A

1790-1940

ISS 310 (4 decks)

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