mouth- salivary amylase small intestine- pancreatic amylase >>> stored glycogen-breaks off maltose/glucose

exam 3 Flashcards by Sky Lightner

digestion

mouth- salivary amylase
small intestine- pancreatic amylase&raquo_space;>

stored glycogen-breaks off maltose/glucose

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digestion

mouth- salivary amylase
small intestine- pancreatic amylase&raquo_space;>

stored glycogen-breaks off maltose/glucose

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digestion

mouth- salivary amylase
small intestine- pancreatic amylase&raquo_space;>

stored glycogen-breaks off maltose/glucose

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monosaccs

get absorbed + go via blood stream >liver glucose>goes out to body
Fructose>fatty acids>stored in abdominal adipose
gal>turns into glucose

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glycemic index

a foods effect in blood glucose level compared to a standard > white bread

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high glycemic

rapid/hi increase blood glucose
candy, white rice, soda, fruit
wears

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low glycemic

low/more steady increase blood glucose…

add fat or protein- slowing gastric emptying< functional fiber< pectin in apple

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high fructose corn syrup

corn starch>use enzymatic isomerization>turns glucose into frutose> 60% fructose
does not stimulate insulin so it does not stimulate leptin> get no satiety

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beverage difference over time

1977......soda(29%)      milk(50)
now ....           54                23 
2/3 teens > 1 soda/day
20 . 3 sodas/day
toddlers > 20%

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simple sugars in diet

less then 10% of total caloric intake

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monosaccs

get absorbed + go via blood stream >liver glucose>goes out to body
Fructose>fatty acids>stored in abdominal adipose
gal>turns into glucose

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glycemic index

a foods effect in blood glucose level compared to a standard > white bread

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high glycemic

rapid/hi increase blood glucose
candy, white rice, soda, fruit
wears

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low glycemic

low/more steady increase blood glucose…

add fat or protein- slowing gastric emptying< functional fiber< pectin in apple

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high fructose corn syrup

corn starch>use enzymatic isomerization>turns glucose into frutose> 60% fructose
does not stimulate insulin so it does not stimulate leptin> get no satiety

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beverage difference over time

1977......soda(29%)      milk(50)
now ....           54                23 
2/3 teens > 1 soda/day
20 . 3 sodas/day
toddlers > 20%

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simple sugars in diet

less then 10% of total caloric intake

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hormones that increase bld glucose

epinephrine- fight or flight>causes glycogenolysis(breakdown of glycogon into glucose)
cortisol-chroninc stress>gluconeogenesis(ccreating glucose from scratch)
growth hormone>growth during childhood(glyconeogenesis)
glucagon>working 24/7 during fasting(sleep) > glygenolysis gluconeogenesis

glycemic index

a foods effect in blood glucose level compared to a standard > white bread

high glycemic

rapid/hi increase blood glucose
candy, white rice, soda, fruit
wears

low glycemic

low/more steady increase blood glucose…

add fat or protein- slowing gastric emptying< functional fiber< pectin in apple

high fructose corn syrup

corn starch>use enzymatic isomerization>turns glucose into frutose> 60% fructose
does not stimulate insulin so it does not stimulate leptin> get no satiety

beverage difference over time

1977......soda(29%)      milk(50)
now ....           54                23 
2/3 teens > 1 soda/day
20 . 3 sodas/day
toddlers > 20%

simple sugars in diet

less then 10% of total caloric intake

sweetners- benchmark

sucrose>4 cal/gram> dental caries>bacteria digestsugar>fatty acids>erode enamal>

sugar alcohols

2-3 cal/gram > bacteria doesnt matabolize

diabetic candy kids

too much cause diarrhea > dehydration

saccharin

sweet and low 200x sweeter

aspartane

equal 200x

neotame

700-13000x heat stable

sucralose

slenda 600x heat stable

acesulfame k

sweetone 200x heat stable

regulation of bld. glu

hyperglycemic> hi | hypoglycemic>low >40-50 ug/dL

hormones that increase bld glucose

epinephrine- fight or flight>causes glycogenolysis(breakdown of glycogon into glucose) cortisol-chroninc stress>gluconeogenesis(ccreating glucose from scratch) growth hormone>growth during childhood(glyconeogenesis) glucagon>working 24/7 during fasting(sleep) > glygenolysis gluconeogenesis

insulin

lowers bld. glucose | produced in beta cells of islets of langerhansin pancreas

how does insulin work

operates by binding a receptor on all body cells(except the brain and kidney)which causes a channel to open+glucose to enter cell

type 1

10% > beta cells are killed by immune system

type 2

90% receptors dont work. they are resistant to insulin cant open channels so bld glucose remains elevated.

who did type 2 effect

adults until obese epidemic now in kids

diagnosis

bld glucose oral glucose challenge hemoglobin a1c presence of glucose in the urine

bld glucose

fasting >100 mg/dL | random 126mg/dL

hemoglobin a1c

hemoglobin a1c concentration in blood >7% | *moniter long term complience

glucose challenge test

>200 mg/dL @ 2 hrs

systoms of ^ bld glucose

excessive thirst weight loss increased urine output muscle cramps blurred vision poor wound healing fruity breath fatigue headache