exam 3-2 Flashcards
(Fractures) Pelvis
Fractures can result from direct trauma to the bone (e.g. automobile accident) or can be caused by forces transmitted to the bone during a fall on the feet or knees. Areas most prone to fractures: pubic rami, acetabulum, region of the sacroiliac joint, and most lateral aspect of the ilium.
(Mortality with Fractures) Pelvis
Fractures {here} may cause injury to soft tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and organs. There is a high morbidity and mortality rate associated with these types of fractures because of hemorrhagic shock and organ damage. Internal damage assumed until proven otherwise.
(Trauma to) Pelvis
Since {this} is a solid bony ring it often responds to trauma by suffering fractures in two places - one where the force is directly applied and the second 180° opposite that.
Acetabular Fossa
The rough non-articular center portion of the acetabulum.
Acetabular Notch
The deficient at the inferior end of the acetabular rim which is bridged by the transverse acetabular ligament.
Acetabulum
Area where ilium, ischium, and pubis come together located near the middle of the lateral surface of the innominate bone. It receives the head of the femur to form the hip joint.
Adductor Brevis (General)
A small muscle found deep to the pectineus and the adductor longus.
Anterior, Posterior, and Inferior Gluteal Lines
The bony origins of the gluteal muscles found on the lateral surface of the ilium.
Anthropoid Pelvis
Exaggerated male pelvis.
Arcuate Line
The curved line inferior to the iliac fossa that marks the boundary between the major (or false) pelvis from the minor (or true) pelvis.
Arterial Embolism (Popliteal Artery)
The result of a bifurcation of the popliteal artery may become {this} which would result in loss of blood flow to the leg and foot.
Articularis Genu
The distinct bundle of fibers that occasionally separates from the deepest layers of the vastus intermedius and becomes attached to the synovial membrane of the knee joint.
Auricular Surface
Area posterior to the iliac fossa and inferior to the iliac tuberosity on the medial surface of the ilium where each innominate articulates with the sacrum.
Avulsion of the Ischial Tuberosity
{This} may result from forcible flexion of the hip when the knee is extended.
Biceps Femoris (General)
These are the most laterally situated of the hamstring muscles. The long head has common origin with the other hamstring muscles on the ischial tuberosity, but its short head originates on the linea aspera of the femur.
Bipartite (or Tripartite) Patella
Condition of the patella in which the superior lateral angle ossifies independently. It occurs in about 3% of the population and is usually bilateral. The clinical significance of this type of patella is to be able to recognize it and not confuse it with a fracture of the patella.
Body (Ischium)
The portion of ischium which enters into the formation of the acetabulum.
Body (Pubis)
The portion of the pubis where the symphyseal surface, which articulates with the pubis from the opposite innominate, is found.
Charley Horse
A term that is used to refer to a cramping of the quadriceps muscles. It usually is due to a blow to the muscles which causes a tearing and contusions of the muscle fibers leading to ruptured blood vessels and the formation of a hematoma.
Common Fibular (Nerve)
Part of sciatic nerve formed from the posterior division which wraps around the neck of the fibular and has two branches (deep and superficial) that supply the muscles and skin of the anterior leg, lateral leg, and dorsum of the foot.
Coxa Valga
An increase in the angle of inclination that can occur with developmental dysplasia of the hip (formerly congenital dislocation).
Coxa Vara
A decrease in the angle of inclination that occurs in fractures of the proximal part of the femur and the condition known as Rickets. It causes a mild shortening of the affected limb(s).
Descending Genicular (Artery)
Artery which arises from the medial side of the femoral artery and supplies the knee and medial aspect of the leg.
Distal End (Femur)
Portion of the femur consisting of three articular surfaces: the lateral condyle, the medial condyle, and the patellar facet. Found just above each condyle are the epicondyles.
Fascia Lata
The deep fascia of the thigh, which encloses it like a pant leg. It provides a dense envelope for the thigh and prevents bulging outward of thigh muscles during contraction. It functions to enhance the effectiveness of the contraction of these muscles. It attaches proximally to the pelvic bone and distally to the tibia.
Female (Acetabulum)
Acetabulum: faces more anteriorly
Female (Anterior Superior Iliac Spines)
Anterior Superior Iliac Spines: further apart
Female (Greater Sciatic Notch)
Greater Sciatic Notch: wider
Female (Obturator Foramen)
Obturator Foramen: triangle shaped
Female (Pelvic Arch)
Pelvic Arch: obtuse angle (>90°)
Female (Pelvic Bone General Structure)
Pelvic Bone General Structure: thinner, less prominent processes, shorter
Female (Pelvic Inlet)
Pelvic Inlet: round or oval shaped
Female (Pelvic Outlet)
Pelvic Outlet: wider
Female (Symphysis Pubis)
Symphysis Pubis: shorter
Femoral (Vein)
{This} vein enters the thigh by passing through the opening in the adductor magnus as a continuation of the popliteal vein. As it leaves the femoral triangle and enters the pelvis it becomes the external iliac vein. In the inferior part of the femoral triangle, the vein lies deep to the femoral artery and receives tributaries from the femoral profundus vein and the great saphenous vein.
Femoral Artery
The main arterial supply of the lower extremity. It is the continuation of the external iliac artery and runs from the midpoint of the inguinal ligament, through the femoral triangle, and then goes deep to the sartorius muscle within the adductor canal. It passes through the adductor hiatus to become the popliteal artery.
Femoral Canal
The most medial and smallest of the three compartments of the femoral sheath. The space allows the femoral vein to expand when there is increased venous return from the lower extremity. The canal also contains some adipose tissue, lymphatic vessels and a lymphatic lymph node. The canal is wider in females than in males. There is an opening in the roof of the canal, the femoral ring.
Femoral Hernias
The femoral ring is a weak area in the abdominal wall and is the usual originating site for {this}. This type is a protrusion of abdominal viscera (often a loop of the small intestines) through the femoral ring into the femoral canal. It will compress the contents of the femoral canal and distend its walls. Initially small, because it is contained within the femoral canal, but it can enlarge by passing inferiorly through the saphenous opening into the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior thigh. Often appears as a tender mass in the proximal anterior thigh region and may become strangulated.
Femoral Nerve (General)
The largest branch of the lumbar plexus. It passes from the pelvic cavity to the thigh by going deep to the inguinal ligament. Before the nerve leaves the pelvic cavity it gives off some muscular branches. It than terminates in the thigh into numerous cutaneous and muscular branches.
Femoral Profundus
Deep artery of the thigh which is the first major branch off the femoral artery, arising about two inches below the inguinal ligament. Branches: Lateral and Medial Circumflexes, and Perforating Arteries.
Femoral Sheath
Connective tissue which encloses the femoral blood vessels. It is a downward protrusion of the fascia covering of the floor of the abdomen. The function of the sheath is to allow the femoral artery and vein to glide deep to the inguinal ligament during movements of the hip joint. The sheath is subdivided into three compartments by vertical septa: lateral (femoral artery), intermediate (femoral vein), and medial compartment known at the femoral canal.
Femur
The longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body. Its length is about a quarter of the body. When a person is standing it transmits weight from the pelvic bone to the tibia. It is well covered with muscles so only its proximal and distal ends are palpable. It consists of three parts: shaft, proximal and distal ends.
Femur (Ossification)
One 1° center of ossification (shaft), and four 2° centers (head, distal end, greater trochanter, and lesser trochanter). Bone completes its development by 15-17.5 years (female-male).
Fovea Capitis (Femur)
Pit or small depression on the head of the femur where the capitis femoris ligament attaches.
Gemellus Inferior (General)
A muscle situated between the obturator internus and the quadratus femoris.
Gluteal (Trendelenburg) Gait
A type of abnormal locomotion when there is displacement of body weight to the unaffected side when one walks with a deficient gluteus medius and minimus.
Gluteal Bursae
Group of bursae which separate the gluteus maximus from underlying bony features.
Gluteal Line
A roughened area that is found inferior to the greater trochanter of the femur.
Gluteus Maximus (General)
This is the largest and most superficial muscle of the posterior hip region. This muscle is conspicuous in humans for its great bulk which, together with a variable amount of adipose tissue forms the buttocks. This muscle is the largest muscle by mass in the human body. The buttock, a characteristic feature of humans is associated with the assumption of the erect posture and bipedal locomotion.
Gluteus Maximus (Nerve Supply)
Nerve Supply: inferior gluteal nerve (L₅, S₁, and S₂)
Gluteus Maximus (Weakness)
Weakness of this muscle will cause patients difficulty in getting from a sitting to a standing position (patients may have to actively push themselves to the standing position), straightening from a bending position, walking uphill and up stairs. Paralysis of the muscle does not seriously affect walking on level ground or when standing still.
Gluteus Medius (General)
A muscle which is partly deep to the gluteus maximus but its superior portion remains superficial.
Gluteus Medius and Minimus, and Tensor Fascia Lata (Nerve Supply)
Nerve Supply: superior gluteal nerve (L₄, L₅, and S₁)
Gluteus Minimus (General)
The smallest of the gluteal muscles and deep to the gluteus medius.
Great Saphenous Vein (Other)
{This} vein is commonly used for coronary artery bypass surgery because it (1) is readily accessible, (2) has enough length so sufficient amounts can be harvested and (3) contains a higher percentage of muscular and elastic fibers than do other superficial veins of the body. When part of the vein is removed by a bypass, the vein is reversed so that the valves do not obstruct blood flow in the graft. Removal rarely produces a significant problem in the lower extremity.
Greater Sciatic Notch
The deep notch just inferior to the posterior inferior iliac spine.
Greater Trochanter
Large bony prominence at the proximal end of the femur shaft.
