exam 3

Question 1

Disruption of RNA polymerase II will block transcription of

Answer 1

mRNA

Question 2

RISC

Answer 2

a complex RNA interference relies on, using siRNA to target and cleave mRNA

Question 3

siRNA

Answer 3

degrades mRNA

Question 4

enhancers

Answer 4

Contact promoters to increase the expression of eukaryotic genes

Question 5

insulator

Answer 5

The regulatory element that prevents the enhancer or silencer from communicating with the promoter acts as a barrier

Question 6

silencer

Answer 6

prevent gene expression by acting as a negative that binds to DNA sequences, inhibits gene expression

Question 7

GC rich box

Answer 7

GGGCGG

Question 8

CAAT box

Answer 8

CAAT

Question 9

TATA box

Answer 9

TATAAA

Question 10

microRNA

Answer 10

silence/downregulate gene expression, blocks transcription, promote mRNA degradation

Question 11

developmental potency states

Answer 11

multi-potent (natural stem cells, cardiac precursor cells), totipotent (zygote, morula), terminally differentiated (connective tissue, cardiomyocytes), pluripotent (embryonic stem cells)

Question 12

GU

Answer 12

donor, splice sit

Question 13

AG

Answer 13

acceptor, splice site

Question 14

lariat structure

Answer 14

unusual linkage between 2’-5’ phosphodiester bond, intermediate splicing

Question 15

spliceosome

Answer 15

carried out by snRNPS and causes RNA splicing

Question 16

capping occurs at the

Answer 16

5’ by the GTase enzyme

Question 17

polyA polymerase AAUAAA

Answer 17

adds polyA tail (chain of andenine) to 3’ end, PAP, polyadenylation

Question 18

PAP I

Answer 18

adds further adenines to stabilize RNA

Question 19

polycomb

Answer 19

repressive complex, silencer, regulate expression

Question 20

loss of function + polycomb

Answer 20

increase expression

Question 21

su (var)

Answer 21

silencing

Question 22

e (var)

Answer 22

enhances gene expression

Question 23

chromatin

Answer 23

consists of DNA and nucleosomes, space and regulation for DNA replication, transcription, and mRNA processing

Question 24

euchromatin

Answer 24

loosely compacted, allows transcription

Question 25

heterochromatin

Answer 25

densely compacted, does not allow transcription

Question 26

constitutive heterochromatin

Answer 26

always closed

Question 27

facultative chromatin

Answer 27

opens and closes

Question 28

chromatin modifiers

Answer 28

chemically modify by adding or removing histone PTMS

Question 29

acetyl + methyl

Answer 29

active transcription

Question 30

only methyl

Answer 30

silent, no transcription

Question 31

H3K9 methylation

Answer 31

constitutive heterochromatin

Question 32

H3K27 methylation

Answer 32

facultative heterochromatin

Question 33

H3K4 methylation

Answer 33

active promoters in euchromatin

Question 34

acetylation

Answer 34

loosens chromatin, neutralizes positive charge on amino acids, allows for more expression

Question 35

eukaryotic vs prokaryotic

Answer 35

eukaryotic transcription occurs in nucleus prokaryotic transcription occurs in cytoplasm

Question 36

TFIID, transcription initiation factor

Answer 36

contains TATA binding protein TBP and TAFs. binds to TATA box

Question 37

general transcription factors GTFs

Answer 37

TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIF

Question 38

enzyme that performs transcription

Answer 38

RNA polymerases

Question 39

CTF binds to

Answer 39

CAAT box

Question 40

SP1 binds to

Answer 40

GC element

Question 41

how does microRNA target specific gene expression

Answer 41

it binds to the complementary mRNA which leads to gene slicing

Question 42

pre-initiation PIC complex

Answer 42

when all different enzymes bind to DNA, is in a poised state to begin transcription

Question 43

piRNA

Answer 43

belongs to RISC family

Question 44

rRNA

Answer 44

result of dicer cleaving dsRNA

Question 45

trithorax proteins

Answer 45

makes active promoters for euchromatin, making transcription active

Question 46

how RNAi degrades mRNA

Answer 46

initiation - risc - cleavage - translation inhibition

Question 47

premature mRNA to mature mRNA

Answer 47

5' capping which adds guanine, 3' polyadenylation (polyA tail and PAP), RNA splicing by spliceosome