Exam 3 Flashcards
in Freud’s theory, areas of the body that become erotically sensitive in successive stages of development
Erogenous zones
in psychoanalytic theory, the earliest and most primitive personality structure. It is unconscious and operates with the goal of seeking pleasure
Id
the first stage in Freud’s theory, occurring in the first year, in which the primary source of satisfaction and pleasure is oral activity
Oral stage
in psychoanalytic theory, the second personality structure to develop. It is the rational, logical, problem-solving component of personality
Ego
the second stage in Freud’s theory, lasting from the second year through the third year, in which the primary source of pleasure comes from defecation
Anal stage
the third stage in Freud’s theory, lasting from age 3 to age 6, in which sexual pleasure is focused on the genitalia
Phallic stage
in psychoanalytic theory, the third personality structure, consisting of internalized moral standards
Superego
the fourth stage in Freud’s theory, lasting from age 6 to age 12, in which sexual energy gets channeled into socially acceptable activities
Latency period
the final stage in Freud’s theory, beginning in adolescence, in which sexual maturation is complete
Genital stage
inconsistent response to a behavior; for example, sometimes punishing unacceptable behaviors, and other times ignoring it
Intermittent reinforcement
a form of therapy based on principles of operant conditioning in which reinforcement contingencies are changed to encourage more adaptive behavior
Behavior modification
observing someone else receive a reward or punishment
Vicarious reinforcement
child–environment influences operate in both directions; children are both affected by and influence aspects of their environment
Reciprocal determinism
the idea that children play a very active role in their own socialization through their activity preferences, friendship choices, and so on
Self socialization
being aware of the perspective of another person
Role taking
in Dodge’s theory, the tendency to assume that other people’s ambiguous actions stem from hostile intent
Hostile attributional bias
refers to whether children are motivated by competence or by others’ views of their success
Achievement motivation
a tendency to attribute success and failure to enduring aspects of the self and to give up in the face of failure
entity/helpless orientation
a general tendency to attribute success and failure to the amount of effort expended and to persist in the face of failure
incremental/mastery orientation
(fixed mindset) a theory that a person’s level of intelligence of fixed and unchangeable
Entity theory
(growth mindset) a theory that a person’s intelligence can grow as a function of experience
Incremental theory
a theory that stresses the evolutionary basis of many aspects of parental behavior that benefit their offspring
Parental-investment theory
the immediate environment that an individual child experiences and participates in
Microsystem
the interconnection among immediate, or microsystem, settings
Mesosystem
environmental settings that a child does not directly experience but that can affect the child indirectly
Exosystem
the larger cultural and social context within which the other systems are embedded
Macrosystem
historical changes that influence the other systems
Chronosystem
a syndrome that involves difficulty in sustaining attention
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
neural and physiological responses to the environment, subjective feelings, cognitions related to those feelings, and the desire to take action
Emotions
a theory in which emotions are viewed as innate, and each emotion has a specific and distinctive set of bodily and facial reactions
Discrete emotions theory
theory which argues that the basic function of emotions is to promote action toward achieving a goal; in this view, emotions are not discrete from one another and vary somewhat based on the social environment
Functionalist perspective
smiles that are directed at people; they first emerge around 3rd month of life
Social smiles
feelings of distress that children, especially infants and toddlers, experience when they are separated, or expect to be separated, from individuals to whom they are emotionally attached
Separation anxiety
emotions such as guilt, shame, embarrassment, and pride that relate to our sense of self and our consciousness of others’ reactions to us
Self-conscious emotions
the use of a parent’s or another adult’s facial expression or vocal cues to decide how to deal with novel, ambiguous, or possibly threatening situations
Social referencing
the ability to cognitively process information about emotions and to use that information to guide both thought and behavior
Emotional intelligence
a social group’s informal norms about when, where, and how much one should show emotions and when and where displays of emotion should be suppressed or masked by displays of other emotions
Display rules
a set of both conscious and unconscious processes used to both monitor and modulate emotional experiences and expressions
Emotion regulation
the process by which a caregiver provides the needed comfort or distraction to help a child reduce their distress
Co-regulation
repetitive actions that regulate arousal by providing a mildly positive physical sensation
Self-comforting behaviors
looking away from an upsetting stimulus in order to regulate one’s level of arousal
Self-distraction
treatment that helps people recognize their own negative thoughts and thought patterns and learn ways to adjust those thoughts and related behaviors
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
the ability to achieve personal goals in social interactions while simultaneously maintaining positive relationships with others
Social competence
the process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are regarded as appropriate for their present and future roles in their particular culture
Emotion socialization
the use of discussion and other forms of instruction to teach children how to cope with and properly express emotions
Emotion coaching
an individual’s overall subjective evaluation of their own worth and the feelings they have about that evaluation
Self-esteem
individual differences in emotion, activity level, and attention that are exhibited across contexts and that are present from infancy and thus though to be genetically based
Temperament
the degree to which an individual’s temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of their social environment
Goodness of fit
a circumstance in which the same temperament characteristic that puts some children at high risk for negative outcomes when exposed to a harsh home environment also causes them to blossom when their home environment is positive
Differential susceptibility
an emotional bond which a specific person that is enduring across space and time
Attachment
theory based on John Bowlby’s work, which posits that children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments to caregivers as a means of increasing the chance of their own survival
Attachment theory
refers to the idea that the presence of a trusted caregiver provides an infant or toddler with a sense of security that makes it possible for the child to explore the environment
Secure base
the child’s mental representation of the self, of attachment figure(s), and of relationships in general that is constructed as a result of experiences with caregivers. The working model guides children’s interactions with caregivers and other people in infancy and at older ages.
Internal working model of attachment
a procedure developed by Mary Ainsworth to assess infants’ attachment to their primary caregiver
Strange situation
a pattern of attachment in which infants or young children have a positive and trusting relationship with their attachment figure. In the Strange Situation, a securely attached infant may be upset when the caregiver leaves but may be happy to see the caregiver return, recovering quickly from any distress. When children are securely attached, they can use caregivers as a secure base for exploration.
Secure attachment
a type of insecure attachment in which infants or young children are clingy and stay close to their caregiver rather than exploring their environment. In the Strange Situation, insecure-resistant infants tend to become very upset when the caregiver leaves them alone in the room. When their caregiver returns, they are not easily comforted and both seek comfort and resist efforts by the caregiver to comfort them.
Insecure-resistant attachment
a type of insecure attachment in which infants or young children seem somewhat indifferent toward their caregiver and may even avoid the caregiver. If the infant gets upset when left alone, they are as easily comforted by a stranger as by a parent.
disorganized/disoriented attachment: a type of insecure attachment in which infants or young children have no consistent way of coping with the stress of the Strange Situation. Their behavior is confused or even contradictory, and they often appear dazed or disoriented.
Insecure-avoidant attachment
caregiving behavior that involves the expression of warmth and contingent responsiveness to children, such as when they require assistance or are in distress
Parental sensitivity
children’s sense of well-being both internally, such as in their emotions and stress levels, and externally, such as in their relationships with family members and peers
Mental health
a physiological reaction to some change or threat in the environment
Stress
the experience of overwhelming levels of stress without support from adults to help mitigate the effects of that stress
Toxic Stress
traumatic childhood experiences, such as abuse, neglect, violence exposure, or death of a parent, that are linked to mental and physical health problems later in life
Adverse childhood experiences
a state of having problems with emotional reactions to the environment and with social relationships in ways that affect daily life
Mental disorder
the concept that various causes can lead to the same mental disorder
Equifinality
the concept that certain risk factors do not always lead to a mental disorder
Multifinality
