Exam 3 Flashcards
Aphasia
Acquired language disorder due to a neurological incident of the dominant language hemisphere
What is the dominant language hemisphere
Left
True or False: Aphasia is an acquired language disorder
True
Agnosia
Difficulty understanding incoming sensory information.
Agrammatism
Omission of grammatical elements.
Agraphia
Difficulty writing.
Alexia
Reading problems.
Anomia
Difficulty naming entities.
Jargon
Meaningless or irrelevant speech with typical intonational patterns.
Neologism
A novel word.
Paraphasia
Word substitutions found in clients who may talk fluently and grammatically.
Verbal stereotype
An expression repeated over and over.
Hemiparesis
Weakness on one side of the body.
Hemiplegia
Paralysis on one side of the body.
Hemisensory impairment
A loss of the ability to perceive sensory information on one side of the body.
Hemianopsia
Blindness in the visual field of each eye contralateral to the site of a deep lesion.
Dysphagia
Difficulty chewing or swallowing.
True or False: Seizure disorder or epilepsy is seen in about 20% of individuals with aphasia.
True
PWA
Person/people with aphasia
CVA
Cerebrovascular accident
What is another term for stroke
CVA
TBI
Traumatic Brain Injury
SLP
Speech language pathologist
TIA
Transient ischemic attach
What is a transient ischemic attack
Mini-stroke
True or False: Adult language disorders are referred to as neurogenic disorders
True
How are adult language disorders acquired
By neural impairments or lesions within the brain
The nervous system is broken down into how many parts and what are their names
2; central and peripheral nervous system
What is included in the central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
What are some primary associations with the brain
Cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem
Incoming stimuli and outgoing signals are processed where
Central nervous system
What is composed of the peripheral nervous system
Spinal nerves and cranial nerves
What is a neuron
A single nerve cell that serves as a basic unit of the nervous system
A nerve
A collection of neurons running in a particular pathway
Dendrites
Receives information/impulses
What are the three parts of a neuron
Dendrites, cell body, and axon
Axon
Transmits signals/impulses form one neuron to the next
Synapse
The exchange of information from the axon of one neuron to the dendrite of another neuron through electrochemical impulses
What are the names of the gaps between synaptic terminals
Synaptic clefts that are neurotransmitters that cross to change the chemical composition of the next neuron to exchange information
Neurotransmitters
cross to change the chemical composition of the next neuron to exchange information and change distributing charge of a membrane
True or False: Central nervous system communicates with the rest of the body through nerves
True
What is the largest part of the human brain
Cerebrum
How many hemispheres does the cerebrum have
2 hemisphers/halves
True or False: Each hemisphere of the cerebrum controls the opposite side of the body
True, the sensory and motor functions of the body are mostly contralateral
Each hemisphere has how many lobes and what are they
4; frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
The cerebrum has a wrinkled appearance based on
Gyri and sulci/fissures
Which are the gyri of the brain most related to
Hills
Which are the sulci/fissures of the brain most related to
Sulci + valleys; fissures are deep grooves
What is the longitudinal fissure
The fissure that separates the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres
What is the central sulcus/fissure of Rolando
Separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
What is the lateral sulcus/ Sylvian Fissure
Separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe
What two main networks are within the frontal lobe
Motor cortex & Broca’s area
What main networks are within the parietal lobe
Sensory areas
What main networks are within the occipital lobe
Primary visual area (visual cortex)
What two main networks are within the temporal lobe
Primary auditory area (auditory cortex) and Wernicke’s area
Where is the cerebellum attached
To the brainstem
What does the motor cortex do
Control movement
Where is Broca’s area located?
Left hemisphere
What does Broca’s area specialize in
Language expression
What is the function of the parietal lobe
Controls sense of touch, temperature, pressure and positions of the body
Where is Wernicke’s Area located
Left hemisphere
What is the function of Wernicke’s Area
Language comprehension
What is the function of the cerebellum
Regulates and coordinates movement of the body, involved in language processing and higher-level cognitive functions
What is the function of the brainstem
Processes incoming information and carries messages between the brain and the rest of the body
What three structures form the brainstem
Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
What is the function of the pons
Connects the brainstem with the cerebellum
What is the function of the medulla oblongata
Controls breathing, heart rate, and other automatic activities of the body
What is the function of the midbrain
Motor movement, movements of the eye, auditory/visual processing
What is the function of the thalamus
Receiving station for relaying information, “relay center”, sets the tone for the brain
What is the function of basal ganglia
Modulate the activity of the motor cortex, direct control loop and indirect control loop
What does the direct control loop do
Increase or facilitate movement
What does the indirect control loop do
Decrease or inhibits movement
How does the CNS communicate to the body
Through the PNS
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there in there
12 pairs from the brainstem that are more important for speech than spinal nerves
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in there
31 pairs from the spine that take information to and from the muscles of the body
What cranial nerves are involved in speech and swallowing
V, VII, XI, X, XII
What cranial nerve is responsible for heating
VIII
What is cranial nerve V responsible for and what is its name
Trigeminal; facial movement and sensation
What is cranial nerve VII responsible for and what is its name
Facial; facial movement and sensation
What is cranial nerve IX responsible for and what is its name
Glossopharyngeal; tongue sensation and movement in pharynx for salivation and chewing
What is cranial nerve X responsible for and what is its name
Vagus; sensation in larynx & pharynx, movement of larynx for phonation, velum for lifting, pharynx for swallowing
What is cranial nerve XII responsible for and what is its name
Hypoglossal; tongue movement
Spinal cord
Bony structure called the vertebral/spinal column that receives all the sensory information and supplies motor information to the muscles in the body
Which system receives all the sensory information
PNS; spinal cord
Where is linguistic information comprehended
Sent to left hemisphere for processing in Wernicke’s area
Where is non-linguistic and paralinguistic information processed
Sent to right hemisphere for processing
What is the central vermis of the cerebellum
The central structure of the cerebellum that maintains balance and coordinates motor function
How does expression work in the brain overall
Concept is formed in one of the many memory areas of the brain
How does Broca’s Area initiate expression
Coordinates the programming for verbalizing the message
What occurs after Broca’s area for expression
Message is sent to motor cortex to coordinate muscle movement for speech production
Relation has been studied through
Autopsy, mapping of brain before/during surgery, brain imaging techniques (CAT, MRI, PET)
What will damage to the frontal cortex present
Personality changes
TBI
Disruption in the normal functioning of the brain caused
by a blow to the head or a penetrating head injury
Prevalence of TBI cases
1.7 million cases of TBI/year in U.S.
* >50,000 die
* >235,000 require long hospitalization
True or False: At least 6 million Americans currently have long-term need for help in performing daily activities in those with TBI
True
True or False: There are 1.2 million cases of TBI/year
False, raised to 1.7 million
What is the ratio of prevalence in TBI for males to females
Male>Female = 2:1
Highest frequency: males 15-25
What percentage of TBI do falls account for
28%
Which generations of TBI are most affected from a fall
The young and the old most affected
What percentage of TBI do motor vehicle accidents accour for
Motor vehicle accidents >20%
What are some causes of TBI
Falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related accidents, assaults, military trauma, etc
Focal TBI injury
Brain damage is localized (contained); one specific point
Non-focal TBI injury/diffuse injury
Brain damage is diffuse (widespread); goes across multiple regions/locations
Coup
injury at the site of impact
Contrecoup
injury on the opposite side of the impact
How does diffuse injury occur
Swelling of the brain
How does TBI damage occur
Damage due to the rapid acceleration and forceful impact of the brain against the skull
What is the severity of a TBI related to
initial levels of consciousness and
posttraumatic amnesia
True or False: All TBIS result in a coma
False, not all TBIS result in a coma but many do
How are comas measured
Different levels of a coma are measured on a continuum based on the Glasgow Coma Score
How many stages of brain injury recovery are there
10
Stage 1 of brain injury recovery
Initial Medical Care and Stabilization
Stage 2 of brain injury recovery
Acute Rehabilitation
Stage 3 of brain injury recovery
Managing Physical Symptoms
Stage 4 of brain injury recovery
Cognitive Rehabilitation
Stage 5 of brain injury recovery
Emotional and Psychological Support
Stage 6 of brain injury recovery
Relearning Daily Activities
Stage 7 of brain injury recovery
Social Reintegration
Stage 8 of brain injury recovery
Ongoing Therapy and Follow-Up
Stage 9 of brain injury recovery
Celebrating Milestones
Stage 10 of brain injury recovery
Long-Term Adaptation
Physical deficits of a TBI
Paralysis, paresis
Cognitive deficits of a TBI
Errors in judgement, deficits in attention & memory,
impulsivity
Communicative deficits of a TBI
Pragmatic: poor turn-taking, topic maintenance,
inappropriate emotional language
* Problem solving, reasoning
Behavioral and emotional deficits of a TBI
Disinhibition, impulsivity, aggressiveness, mood swings (emotional lability), anxiety, depression, lack of motivation, inability to self-monitor (denial), impulsivity, difficulty with emotional control and anger management
Speech deficits of those with TBI
33% have dysarthria
Language deficits of those with TBI
75% language issue, impaired pragmatics, disinhibition, poor affective/emotional language ability
Language deficits with TBI reflect impaired underlying processing such as
Information processing, problem solving, reasoning
Disinhibition
inability to stop certain inappropriate behaviors
What is most common for language deficits in those with a TBI
Anomia and impaired comprehension
How does assessment of TBI associate with an SLP
Ongoing with variation on stage of recovery
Involvement with neuro, psych, and sometimes audiology
Comprehension, targets pragmatics, sampling in multiple environments, memory, executive function, orientation
How do individuals with TBI recover
In a plateau fashion; periods of time with and without gain
What does cognitive communication rehabilitation aim towards
Orientation, memory, listening comprehension, speech intelligibility, pragmatics, reasoning and problem solving,
What are the goals based on the early stage of recovery for TBI
Beginning responses to environment in hospital with stabilization as the overriding goal
What are the goals based on the middle stage of recovery for TBI
Reduce confusion and improve memory and goal-directed behavior
What are the goals based on the late stage of recovery for TBI
Client independence
Dementia
Acquired impairment of intellect and cognition
due to neurogenic cause
Types of dementia
cortical and subcortical
