Exam 2 Flashcards
What is a cancellation set
Cancellation: an individual is required to complete the word that was stuttered and pause deliberately following the production of that stuttered word.
What is a pull-out set
Pull-out: the individual does not wait until after the stuttered word is completed to correct the inappropriate behavior, but the individual modifies the stuttered word during the actual occurrence of the stuttering.
What is a preparatory set
Preparatory: involves using the slow-motion speech strategies.
What is incidence
refers to the number of new cases of a disease of disorder in a particular period of time
Basics of developmental stuttering
Developmental stuttering: begins in the preschool years. Usually occur on content words
Basics of neurogenic stuttering
Neurogenic stuttering: happened because of a neurological disease or trauma. Can occur on function words, and content words.
Basics of normal disfluencies
Stuttering that begins during a child’s intensive language-learning years and resolves on its own sometime before puberty.
Stuttering phases
- normal disfluency
- borderline stuttering
- beginning stuttering
- intermediate stuttering
- advanced stuttering
Diagnosogenic theory
Stuttering began in the parent’s ear, not in the child’s mouth.
Basic Secondary characteristics
may include repetitions of sounds, syllables, or whole words; prolongations of single sounds; or blocks of airflow or voicing during speech
Basics of behavioral theory
Behavioral: assert that stuttering is a learned response to conditions external to the individual
Basics of organic theory
Organic: propose an actual physical cause for stuttering
Basics of physiological theory
Physiological: contends that stuttering is a neurotic symptom with ties to unconscious needs and internal conflicts
Efficacy of intervention
The probability of benefit to individuals in a defined population from a specific intervention applied for a given communication problem under ideal conditions
Which of the following are secondary characteristics that can co-occur with stuttering?
Exaggerated movements of the head, shoulder, and arms.
2. Facial grimacing.
3. Eye blinking.
All of the given choices: 1. Exaggerated movements of the head, shoulder, and arms.
2. Facial grimacing.
3. Eye blinking.
In phase one of the developmental framework of stuttering, which of the following is true?
Most children are unaware or are not bothered by disfluencies.
_____________ is a fluency shaping technique that aims to reduce speech rate; the slowing of speech rate is accompanied by a substantial decrease in stuttering.
Prolonged speech
In ____________, the individual modifies the stuttered word during the actual occurrence of stuttering.
Pull-out phase
______________ is the most common form of stuttering; it begins in the preschool years.
Developmental stuttering
Onset of developmental stuttering is approximately between what ages?
2-5 years of age
_____________ is the quality of the voice that is produced from sound vibrations in the pharyngeal, oral, and nasal cavities.
Resonance
_____________ is a result of not varying habitual speaking frequency.
Monotone voice (NOT monotone pitch)
_____________ is the perceptual correlate of intensity.
Vocal loudness (NOT vocal pitch)
After unilateral vocal fold paralysis, the vocal folds vibrate at different speeds, resulting in ___________.
Diplophonia
People with ____________ have great difficulty speaking and swallowing and may exhibit emotional lability. Vocal symptoms including harshness, pitch breaks, and a strained/strangled voice quality.
Spastic dysarthria
Toddlers may demonstrate the following error(s):
- Reduction of multisyllabic words.
- Sound substitutions.
- Omission of final consonants.
All of the given choices:
1. Reduction of multisyllabic words.
2. Sound substitutions.
3. Omission of final consonants.
Most of the phonological processes that toddlers use disappear by age ____________.
4
_____________ are disorders of conceptualization of language rules for speech sound development.
Phonological disorders.
Consonant phonemes are classified according to
- Manner
- Voicing
- Place
All of the given choices:
1. Manner
2. Voicing
3. Place
_____________ is when two vowels are said in close proximity.
A dipthong
Which of the following is NOT a type of articulation error?
- Addition
- Substitution
- Omission
- Approximate
Aproximate is not. (what is a type of articulation error is addition, substitution, and omission)
A general impairment in expressive language is present in about ___________ of children who are difficult to understand and who have multiple speech-sound errors.
60% but if it is not in the answers than pick “none of the given choices”.
What phase of stutter is it when a child is most likely disfuent when under pressure?
Phase 1
What is the perceptual correlate for FO?
Vocal pitch
What type of vocal pathology is wart-like and can be caused by HPV (Human papillomavirus)?
Vocal papillomas
What is the manner of the phoneme /f/?
Fricative
What theory of stuttering contends that it is a neurotic symptom, treated most appropriately by psychotherapy?
Psychological theory
What are some secondary characteristics of stuttering?
Eye blinking, facial grimacing, or tension, and exaggerated movements of the head, shoulder, and arms.
What phase of stuttering is the person most likely to stutter in response to specific situations?
Phase three ranging from 8 years to adults.
What is the most common form of stuttering?
Developmental stuttering
A person might have their larynx removed if they have what type of vocal pathology?
Laryngeal cancer
What are the dysarthrias?
A group of motor speech disorders caused by neuromuscular deficits that result in weakness or paralysis and/or poor coordination of the speech musculature.
Stuttering is considered to be a
Disability
When speaking with someone who stutters, it is helpful to
Let the person know if you lost track of what they were saying
For school-age students, there is a _____ average decrease in stuttering frequency/severity across nine studies.
61%
The ________ theory of stuttering asserts that stuttering is a learned response to conditions external to the individual.
behavioral
________ is typically associated with neurological disease or trauma.
Neurogenic stuttering
Which of the following are secondary characteristics that can co-occur with stuttering?
Eye blinking
Facial grimacing
Exaggerated movements of the head, shoulders, and arms
_______ is a fluency shaping technique that lengthens naturally occurring pauses and adds pauses.
Pausing/phrasing
Developmental stuttering usually occurs on ________ words, whereas they occur on ________ words in neurogenic stuttering.
content; function
The ________ theory of stuttering proposes an actual physical cause for stuttering.
Organic
________ is a result of not varying habitual speaking frequency.
Monotone Voice
Cleft palate is a type of
Craniofacial anomaly
A ________ is an abnormal opening in an anatomical structure caused by a failure of the structures to fuse or merge correctly early in embryonic development.
Cleft
A ________ is a lens and light source that can be used to view the laryngeal structures.
Endoscope
Unilateral or bilateral vocal fold paralysis is caused by damage to the recurrent branch of
CN X
Voice symptoms of Parkinson disease include
Breathiness
Voice disorders in children are usually related to ________ and are typically temporary.
Vocal missuse/abuse
Velopharyngeal insufficiency is failure of the velopharyngeal mechanism to separate the ________ and ________ cavities during speech and swallowing.
Oral, nasal
How many Americans sustain a traumatic brain injury each year?
1.5-2mil
School-age children with communication difficulties often experience
academic difficulties and social difficulties
“Impairment in comprehension and/or use of spoken, written, and/or other symbol systems” is the definition of a
Language Disorder
________ was the precursor to ASHA.
The American Academy of Speech Correction
What percentage of the U.S. population has a communication disorder?
17%
________ is the term for excessive yelling, screaming, or loud singing that can result in hoarseness or another voice disorder.
Vocal Abuse
________ disorders are present at birth, whereas ________ disorders are the result of illness, accident, or environmental circumstances later in life.
Congenial, acquired
The ________ is the driving force for speech.
Respiratory system
Inspiratory muscles are generally ________, whereas expiratory muscles are generally ________.
controlled, reflexive
The primary biological function(s) of the larynx is/are
To produce speech
To protect the airway
To serve as an attachment point for inspiratory muscles
The ________ has anatomical structures that vibrate, setting air molecules in the vocal tract into multiple frequencies of vibration.
Phonatory
The ________ is a resonant acoustic tube that shapes the sound energy produced by the respiratory and laryngeal systems into speech sounds.
Vocal tract
Velopharyngeal closure refers to
Contact of the velum with the lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls
3 or more within word disfluencies per _____ words may indicate stuttering
100
Children in a parent-conducted therapy program maintain fluent speech for how long?
7 years
__ is a fluency shaping technique that reduces speech rate and physical tension before and during occurrences of stuttering, promoting smooth speech.
prolonged speech
In phase 4 of the developmental framework of stuttering, what is true about stuttered words?
may have associated audible vocal tension and rising pitch.
As many as ___% of preschool children who had been in a stuttering treatment program maintained their fluent speech 5 years after their initial evaluation.
91%
Fluency therapy is recommended if…..
Sound prolongations more than 25% of total disfluencies
Sound/syllable reps or sound prolongations on first syllables
Loss of eye contact on more than 50% of utterances
A score of 18 or more on the SPI
At least one adult expressing concern about speech fluency
In _____, the individual completes the stuttered word and then pauses deliberately for a minimum of 3 seconds.
cancellation
___ are fluid filled lesions that develop when blood vessels rupture and swell.
vocal polypus
____ can occur when there is a blockage somewhere in the nasopharynx or nasal cavity, causing an insufficient amount of nasal resonance
hyponasality
___ occurs when the velopharyngeal mechanism fails to decouple the oral and nasal cavities
VPI
For voice disorders associated with misuse/abuse, some neurological disorders, and psychological or stress conditions, voice treatment has been shown to be how effective? (reasonably, mildly, highly, ineffective)
reasonably effective
Children with VPI may also have disorders of ____ , for which intervention should begin as soon as possible
Articulation
___ is noisy breathing or involuntary sound that accompanies inspiration and expirations, it is always abnormal and serious
stridor
Fundamental frequency for men ____, woman ____ and children _____
F0 for men is around 125 Hz
Women are around 250 Hz
Children are up to 500 Hz
For voice disorders, deviations may be in what areas?
voice quality, pitch, loudness, and flexibility
Voice symptoms of Parkinson’s disease include
Monopitch, monoloudness, harshness, breathiness
About 75-85% of children with ____ have impaired speech production skills
cerebral palsy
By _____, infants are able to imitate tone and pitch and begin babbling
5 months
___ is the ability to produce the target phoneme when given focused auditory and visual cues
Stimulability
In assessment of phonology and articulation,___ is appropriate for young children and for those who speech is markedly unintelligible
Speech Sound Inventory
At 6-7 months, babbling changes into….
reduplicated babbling
By age ___ , children have acquired consonant blends
8
___ changes in pronunciation as a result of morphophonological changes. These take several years to master, extending into adulthood.
Morphophonemic contrasts
in ___ both upper and lower motor neurons degenerate, causing mixed flaccid and spastic dysarthria
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
___ is a category of dysarthria that is due to damage In the cerebellum or cerebellar control circuitry. It results in incoordination and reduced muscle tone
Ataxic Dysarthria
Dysarthrais can affect what?
speed, range, direction, strength, and timing of motor movement as the result of weakness, spasticity, discoordination, or involuntary movement
Intensive, repetitive speech production drill practice with meaningful words and phrases is an effective way to increase what?
articulation and intelligibility
__ results in slow movements with reduced range of motion due to the effects of rigidity. The most common cause is degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the brain stem which prevents proper functioning of the basal ganglia
Hypokinetic Dysarthrias
___ movement is uncoordinated and balance is disturbed
Ataxic Cerebral Palsy
__ is a category of dysarthria that usually results from lesions in the cranial and spinal nerves or in the muscle unit itself. May result in reduced respiratory drive for speech breathing, continuously breathy voice quality, reduced pitch and loudness levels,monopitch, hypernasality and imprecise articulation.
Flaccid Dysarthrias
People with ___ have great difficulty speaking and swallowing and may exhibit emotional lability. Voice symptoms include harshness, pitch breaks, and a strain/strangled quality
spastic dysarthria
The definitive cause of stuttering is
Unknown
I-I-I-I want to go there.
Single-syllable word repetition
Syllable repetition
the bu-bu-bu-bunny is hungry.
sound repetition
repetition of a sound-s-s-s-snake
prolongation
extending or prolonging a sound
shshshoe or caaaaaaaaaan (can)
block
a complete stop in the production of the
sound: Can ……… I come to?
What is the difference between primary stuttering behaviors and secondary stuttering behaviors?
Primary stuttering behaviors are the speech disfluencies associated with stuttering, such as repetitions, prolongations, and blocks. These are also called the core behaviors.
Secondary stuttering behaviors are the counter- productive adaptations people make to get past the stuttering, like eye blinking, pursing their lips, inserting “uh”, and so on.
What are two myths about the etiology of stuttering?
- Stuttering is a nervous reaction. This believes that
stuttering happens because the speaker has
excessive nervousness. - Stuttering is caused by overly sensitive parents. this myth believes that parents worried about normal childhood speech disfluencies, got the children worried, and then the stuttering actually occurred because of this.
What types of assessment procedures are used in most stuttering evaluations?
- The Test of Childhood Stuttering.
- Stuttering Severity Instrument. This examines speech samples.
cancellations
This is when the stutterer stops as soon as the stuttered word is completed, pause, and then repeat the word again.
Pull-outs
easing out of a repetition, prolongation, of block.
Preparatory Sets
Modifying their stuttering before it occurs by anticipating the stuttering and forming a way to ease into the word.
What are the differences between stuttering modification and fluency shaping approaches to the treatment of stuttering?
In fluency shaping the focus is ONLY on speech production, but in stuttering modification is on speech production AND attitudes and beliefs about speech production.
What are some of the general guidelines to adhere to when interacting with a person who stutters?
- Maintain good eye contact
- Do not finish the stutter’s words or sentences
- Do not interrupt
- Listen to what the person is saying , not how he
is saying it - Pause at least 1 second before responding
- Don’t let stereotypes rule your reactions
Which is an example of a “secondary” stuttering behavior?
a. word repetition
b. sound repetition
c. sound prolongation
d. inaudible postural fixation (blocks)
e. increased muscle tension
increased muscle tension
A (traditional) operational definition of primary stuttering behaviors includes one of the following:
a. Postural fixations (gestural fixations) also known as blocks
b. fast/irregular speech
c. respiratory abnormalities
d. lip tension
e. clicking noise in speech
Postural fixations (gestural fixations) also known as blocks
According to the speech motor perspective of stuttering, speech production is incompatible with production of fluent speech due to some incoordination/defect of the speech mechanism.
TRUE/FALSE
True
One of the reasons that it is difficult to define stuttering is that it varies. How does it vary?
a. from person to person
b. over time
c. from environment to environment
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
all of the above
stuttering can BEST be classified as a(n) ___________________
speech disorder
What is demonstrating a part-word repetition
He’s a ba-ba-ba-boy
Which theory of stuttering has been supported by recent research
Organic
Which of the following are secondary characteristics that can co-occur with stuttering
a. exaggerated movements
b. facial grimace
c. eye blinking
d. all of the above
d
What technique did Jodriann use on his paper to help his different situations
Pull out
In the personal stories, most of the parents agree that some stuttering during a child’s linguistic development is not okay
False
Speech therapists at Stanford understand that children develop a stutter between the ages of
2 and 3
One particular parent who stutters urged parents to let their children know that stuttering is not OK and encouraged the parents to seek treatment immediately
False
Tamara scored __ points on the Stuttering Prediction instrument
30
When Tamera’s mother first recognized her daughter’s speech disorder, she said it lasted about __ weeks then went away
2
Not only was Tamara repeating sounds and syllables at the beginning of utterances, she was also holding or ___ sounds of numerous places in her utterances
Prolonging
One of the reasons Jodriann used the paper chat is to determine how much __ techniques they use for the whole week
Stuttering
Seventy five percent of children outgrow their speech sound errors by age
6
Most of the phonological processes that toddlers typically use disappear by age
4
Speech-sound disorders can have a negative impact on
a. academics
b. professional relationships
c. personal relationships
d. all the above
d
__________ starts with the most stimulable phonological processes and progresses through multiple times until all phonological processes have been addressed.
Cycles approach
Speech ___ over time for children who lose their hearing after learning to talk
deteroriates
At 6-7 months, marginal babbling changes into
Reduplicated babbling
What is marginal babbling
Early babbling
An ____ syllable ends in a vowel, whereas a ___ syllable ends in a consonant
Open, closed
By ___ infants are able to imitate tone and pitch and begin babbling (typically developing infants)
5 months
___ are changes in pronunciation as a result of morphological changes. These take several years to master, extending into adulthood.
Morphophonemic/morphological contrasts
__________ are disorders of conceptualization of language rules.
Phonological disorders
What does the term adduction mean
Bring vocal folds together
The empty space between the vocal folds is called the
glottis
What important piece of anatomy is attached to the arytenoid cartilages
Vocal folds
The ___ cartilage is the largest laryngeal cartilages
Thyroid
Which structure is NOT a structure used for articulation
Trachea
The physiological systems that support speech production include the ___ systems
a. respiratory
b. articulatory/phonatory
c. all of these
d. none of these
All of these
What is the space between the vocal folds
glottis
Increase of air pressure causes vocal folds to come back together
False
The ___ is the movable structure that is capable of preventing air from flowing through the nasal cavity
Soft palate
The system which provides the driving force for speech production by generating air pressure beneath the vocal folds is the
Respiratory system
Which of the following is a function of the larynx
a. speech production
b. protection of the airway
c. expelling foreign objects
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
The cricoid cartilage is located
above the first tracheal ring
The sound producing mechanism for speech is the
Larnyx
Bringing the vocal folds apart is known as
Abduction
The larynx sits directly above to what structure
Trachea
Which structure acts as the valve closing and opening the space between the oral and nasal cavities
Soft palate
The dome shaped muscle involved in breathing is the ___
Diaphragm
There is more activation of the brain when beatboxing than when speaking
True
When laughing, there is rapid movement of the articulators
False
In order to produce a voiced consonant or vowel, the vocal folds must be
Adducted
Which of these are supralaryngeal articulators
teeth, tongue, soft palate, alevolar ridge
Which of the following are terms that refers to the manner of articulation (consonants)
nasals, fricatives, and stops
Which of the following sounds is NOT a fricative
“p” as in pet
In voiceless sounds the vocal folds
Do not vibrate
Phonemes which begin as stops and are released as fricatives are called
Affricates
The intercostals are fine control muscles of the
Ribs
Which of the following is a fricative
A. /s/
B. /n/
C. /g/
D. /w/
A. /s/
How are vowels produced
A. velum is raised
b. tongue moves around to alter shape of the oral cavity
c. vocal folds are vibrating to generate voicing
d. all answers
d
What is the manner of articulation for /k/ as in key
Stop
The word think contains the following number of phonemes
4
All of the following are stop consonants EXCEPT
a. b
b. v
c. t
d. p
b. v
Which of the following is an accurate statement about language disorders in children
May or may not follow typical development patterns
The difference between a language delay and language disorder is
Delay has child catching up with peers over time while disorder the child may not catch up with same age peers
Learning disabilities affect males ___ it does females
4 times as frequently as needed
Children with SLI may have the following
a. intellectual disabilities
b. cerebral palsy
c. hearing loss
d. none
d
Language disorders are homogeneous
False
SLI may affect which areas of language
a. semantics
b. pragmatics
c. syntax
d. morphology
e. all
e
Which area of language is most affected with individuals who have autism
Pragmatics
The language impairment called SLI may be ___ and seems to affect __ more than other aspects of language
Expressive, receptive or combination of the two; form
Significantly below average intellectual functioning is called ___ ___
intellectual disability
Traumatic brain injury may result in
a. communication problems
b. cognitive difficulties
c. motor problems
d. all
d
Among children, the most common form of brain injury is
TBI
The area most affected by autism spectrum disorder is
Social abilities
Growth in the facial region of FAS often affected by
Wide set eyes and wide flat nose
The cause for autism is unknown
True
In general, children with learning disabilities
May struggle with academic subjects
How prevalent is Fetal alcohol syndrome
1 out of 500-600
During an assessment, it is helpful to observe a child using language in as many contexts as possible because
Language is heavily influenced by the context in which it occurs
For children with TBI, ___ seems to be the most disturbed aspect of language
Pragmatics
In general, children with SLI have difficulty with all but which of the following
Auditory reception of language signals
Children who have autism
Often have very strong visual skills
What is the leading cause of traumatic brain injury in the US
Auto accidents
Which of the following statements about children who experience neglect and/or abuse is FALSE?
Fewer than 50% exhibit speech/language problems
A SLI is diagnosed when
a. all have been ruled out
b. normal abilities in motor skills
c. average performance on hearing tasks
d. typical nonverbal intelligence
e. all of these contribute
e
Which of the following is an example of a cause of a cognitive disability
a. lack of stimulation
b. genetic and chromosomal abnormalities
c. nutritional/metabolic
d. all
e. none
d
During an assessment, it is helpful to observe a child using language in as many contexts as possible because
Language is heavily influenced by the context which it occurs
When is a fetus most vulnerable to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
first 3 months of pregnancy
Traumatic brain injury may result in
a. communication problems
b. cognitive difficulties
c. motor problems
d. all
d
The area most affected by autism spectrum disorders is
Social abilities
In general, children with SLI have which of the following
a. auditory reception of language signals
b. syntax
c. semantics
d. morphology
a. auditory reception of language signals
In English, vowel sounds are
Always voiced
What is the manner of articulation for /n/ as in nose
Nasal
In classifying disorders a ___ disorder occurs after a period of normal communication development
communication
A child says, “I see a choo-choo” when she is looking at a truck. The language error is an error of ___.
a. form
b. content
c. use
d. none
b. content
The language impairment called SLI may be ___ and seems to affect __ more than other aspects of language
genetic, syntax
Children with fetal alcohol syndrome often exhibit
a. speech problems
b. language problems
c. hyperactivity
d. none
e. all
e. all
The phonological systems that support speech production include (s) the ____ systems
a. respiratory
b. phonatory
c. articulatory
d. all
e. none
d. all
Respiration involves manipulation of
oxygen/CO2
Vocal intensity is measured in
dB
The manner of articulation for the “k” sound in “kick” is
Alovelar
During the production of the consonants /m/ and /h/, the soft palate is
a. lowered
b. unimportant
c. inactive
d. elevated
e. none
a. lowered
75% of children outgrow their speech sound errors by age
6
By ___ infants are able to imitate tone and pitch and begin babbling (typical development)
5 months
What type of disfluency is in the following sentence: please “ssssstop”
sound prolongation
Longer duration and/or multiple sound or syllable repetitions may represent/indicate
An increase in severity of stuttering
Development stuttering usually occurs on ____ words, whereas stuttering usually occurs on ___ words in neurogenic stuttering
content, function
Which manner of articulation is characterized by air being forced through a narrow opening between the active and passive articulator, creating a turbulent friction quality?
a. stop-plosives
b. affricates
c. approximants
d. fricatives
d. fricatives
_____is a disorder of motor planning and coordination while _____ is a disorder of motor speech execution and control
Apraxia; dysarthria
Which of the dysarthria types results in speech that sounds drunk?
Ataxic
Hyperkinetic dysarthria is characterized by
Involuntary movement
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Apraxia of Speech?
Decreased/restricted movement
a patient cannot perform some action on command, but may be able to perform the action perfectly in a spontaneous situation
With ‘apraxia’
Silent aspiration is when
Food enters the airway but the patient does not cough
What is a primary concern when a patient has dysphagia?
Aspiration pneumonia
The last phase of the normal swallow is the ______ phase
esophageal
Tool placed into mouth or nose to visualize the vocal folds
Endoscope
Auditory-perceptual feature of voice
Breathiness
Taken with microphone and a computer software to generate objective voice data
Acoustic measures
typically occurs around the 1st year of life in high-income countries
Palate repair
Increases with greater subglottic pressure below the vocal folds
Intensity
what is another name for the soft palate? What does it do? Can it move? What sounds is it lowered for?
velum. it opens and closes the nasal cavity from the oral cavity. it can move. fundamental frequency- how fast the folds are opening and closing–harmonics: about no additional, higher frequencies
what structure prevents food from entering the larynx?
epiglottis
/h/ is described as a…
a. voiceless glottal fricative
b. voiceless vowel onset preceding a voiced vowel.
c. voiceless glide.
d. all of the above.
d. all of the above.
Which of the following manners of articulation is considered a noncontinuant?
a. nasal
b. approximant
c. stop-plosive
d. fricative
c. stop-plosive
What is the most important muscle for breathing and what is it shaped like?
diaphragm: shaped like a dome
phonation
sound produced by vocal fold vibration
larynx
primary biological function is to prevent objects from entering the trachea (airway)- the sound producing mechanism for speech
What is a possible symptom of a swallowing problem?
Coughing when eating
A disordered swallow may be associated with which of the following:
a. poor tongue control
b. chewing problems
c. lack of interest in food
d. residue in escophagus
e. all
Poor tongue control, problems chewing, lack of interest in food, residue in the esophagus, (all)
the result of brain injury early in fetal or infant development
Cerebral Palsy
Which aspect of speech production may be affected in a person with CP?
a. respiration
b. phonation
c. articulation
d. all
Respiration, phonation, articulation (all)
Which of the following is an adult treatment for stuttering that focused on reducing speech fears and avoidance behaviors?
voluntary stuttering
Fluency shaping and ________ techniques are two broad categories of therapeutic intervention for stuttering
Stuttering modification
T/F Stuttering modification procedures establish a fluent manner of speaking that replaces stuttering
False
Fundamental frequency
Number of times the vocal folds vibrate per second
Which is an example of a “secondary” stuttering behavior?
a. word repetition
b. novel gestural/motor additions to a speech sound or speech gesture
c. sound prolongation
d. inaudible postural fixation (blocks)
e. phrase repetition
novel gestural/motor additions to a speech sound or speech gesture
Covert stuttering behaviors do NOT include
a. situational avoidances
b. sound avoidances
c. inaudible postural fixations (blocks)
d. ordering a pizza online
e. call screening and text messaging
inaudible postural fixations (blocks)
A (traditional) operational definition of primary stuttering behaviors includes one of the following
a. physical concomitants
b. throat tension
c. finger or foot tapping
d. avoidance
e. prolongations
Prolongations
Which is an example of “primary” stuttering behaviors?
a. word avoidance
b. syllable prolongations
c. leaving big tips
d. circumlocution
e. using “filler words”
syllable prolongations
Which is an example of “primary” stuttering behavior?
a. sound avoidance
b. loss of eye contact
c. sound repetitions
d. interjections
e. drooling
sound repetitions
According to the psychological perspective, stuttering can result from
a. fear and anxiety
b. stuttering has been diagnosed by parents, self, or society
c. approach/avoidance conflict
d. breakdown hypothesis due to demands/capacities
e. all of the above
e
A (traditional) operational definition of primary stuttering behaviors includes one of the following
a. diverted eye gaze
b. repetitions
c. interjections
d. circumlocutions
e. revisions
b
Overt stuttering behaviors do NOT include:
a. primary stuttering behaviors
b. syllabic prolongations
c. inaudible postural fixations (blocks)
d. circumlocution
e. phrase repetitions
d
According to ASHA, you would label someone that stutters as:
a. stutterer
b. a person who stutters
b
Stuttering is a disorder of ____________ and __________________.
a. prolongations and repetitions
b. repetitions and blocking
c. talking and not talking
d. physical concomitants and avoidances
e. fear and avoidance
c
Who made the analogy that “stuttering is like an iceberg?”
a. Russ Hicks
b. Dr. Sheehan
b
According to traditional view, precipitating factors are:
a. that the issue is still there
b. factors that place the person more at risk for stuttering
c. that which causes or triggers the onset of stuttering
d. the factors that cause the person to continue to stutter
c
According to traditional view, maintaining factors are:
a. that the issue is still there
b. factors that place the person more at risk for stuttering
c. that which causes or triggers the onset of stuttering
d. the factors that cause the person to continue to stutter
d
The primary goal of Stuttering Modification therapy is to ___________________, and the primary goal of Fluency Shaping is to ____________________.
a. stutter less; stutter well
b. stutter well; stutter less
c. always be fluent; always be relaxed
d. none of the above
b
The stuttering iceberg is an analogy for the ________ aspects of living with stuttering.
a. overt
b. covert
b
T/F: speakers who do not stutter are rarely disfluent
false
non-stuttering like disfluencies (NSLDs) include:
mazes
which of the following is NOT considered a stuttering-like disfluency (SLD)?
- i want to g-g-g-go now
- he -uhm, he hurt me
- iiiiiiiiiiii didn’t do it
- muh-muh-muh mmmmmmmmommmmmmy
he -uhm, he hurt me
which of the following would be considered a stuttering-like disfluency (SLD; pick all that apply)?
- he-he-he did it
- mom-mom-mom-mom can i go?
- d-d-d-d-do
- do you-did you eat?
- he-he-he did it
- mom-mom-mom-mom can i go?
- d-d-d-d-do
stuttering or cluttering?
______________ can co-occur with other disorders, including:
- learning disabilities
- auditory processing disorders
- tourette’s syndrome
- autism
- language disorders
- attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
cluttering
According to traditional views, predisposing factors are:
a. that the issue is still there
b. factors that place the person more at risk for stuttering
c. being a boy, having a family member that stutters, etc.
d. the thing that triggers the onset of stuttering
e. both b and c
both b and c
According to teens and adults who stutter, what would be the most frequent response to the question, “what is the most powerful aspect of living with stuttering?”
a. the stuttered speech
b. the extra time it may take to speak
c. fear of social punishment resulting from stuttered speech
d. regret over the improbably career of being an auctioneer
Fear of social punishment resulting from stuttered speech
all of the following are relevant to understanding a person’s experience of stuttering EXCEPT:
- the speaker’s emotional reactions to stuttering
- the speaker’s physical behaviors associated with stuttering
- the speaker’s IQ
- the speaker’s thoughts about stuttering and speaking
the speaker’s IQ
T/F: while distinct, stuttering and cluttering may co-occur
true
T/F: neurodiversity describes stuttering and cluttering as celebrated variations in the range of human biology and behavior associated with speech/communication
true
approximately what percent of the U.S. population are people who stutter at any given moment?
1%
T/F: the modified vocalization hypothesis indicates that changing one’s vocal or speech behaviors (e.g., singing, whispering, chorus reading, speaking rhythmically) can reduce fluency
false
T/F: if a person who stutters reads the same passage 5 times s/he will likely reduce stuttering by 50% by the end of those readings
true
causal theory of stuttering that proposes
stuttering moments are attempts to repair phonological coding errors
covert repair hypothesis
onset of developmental stuttering and cluttering is thought to be between ___________ with treatment typically started by age 6 for persons who stutter and by age 8 for persons who clutter
2-4
speaking with __________ typically improves fluency in PWS
rhythmic speech
about how many children recover from stuttering either spontaneously or with treatment?
80%
which of the following treatment approaches focuses on easy stuttering?
- response contingency
- fluency shaping
- stuttering modification
- choral speaking
stuttering modification
which of the following is a stuttering modification strategy:
- light articulatory contacts
- cancellations
- rate control
- abdominal breathing
cancellations
posits that modifying one’s voice in some ways leads to fluency
modified vocalization hypothesis
assumes affective and cognitive components will positively change as the client becomes more fluent
fluency shaping
results in voice/speech stoppages
blocks
impairments leading to participation restrictions and activity limitations
disability
At 6-7 months, babbling changes into
reduplicated babbling
__________specify acceptable sequences and locations of speech sounds
Phonotactic rules
Consonant phonemes are classified according to
place, manner, voicing
__________is when two vowels are said in close proximity
A diphthong
Young Children use _____to simplify a difficult word
phonological pattern
__________are changes in pronunciation as a result of morphological changes. These take several years to master, extending into adulthood. For example: derive> derivative
morphophonemic contrasts
Children who experience phonological difficulties
continue the use of phonological patterns
By age _____, children have acquired consonant clusters
8
speech__________over time for those who lose their hearing after learning to talk
Deteriorates
About 90% of children with__________have impaired speech production skills
cerebral palsy
__________is a neurological speech sound disorder that affects the ability to plan and/or program the movement sequences necessary for accurate speech production
childhood apraxia of speech
The most readily apparent difficulties are __ for those who persist with motor programming difficulties.
imitation
in assessment of phonology and articulation,_________is appropriate for young children and for those whose speech is markedly unintelligible
a speech sound inventory
in general, lack of consistency is/an_______prognostic factor
positive
_________is the ability to produce the target phoneme when given focused auditory and visual cues
stimulability
factors in target selection for articulation and phonology include
phoneme frequency
Most of the phonological processes that toddlers use disappear by age
4
Name the four types of articulation errors.
Substitutions, Omissions, Distortions, and/or Additions
By age ______, most children will have normalized their errors, making changes in speech sound production more difficult.
9
__________ is not required for children who have severe speech delays and require more direct, structured speech practice.
Language-based approaches
__________ are a family of related sounds.
Allophones
Consonant phonemes are classified accoding to…
A. Place
B. Manner
C. Voicing
D. All of these
D. All of these
Toddlers may demonstrate the follwoing error(s):
A. Omission of final consonants
B. Reduction of multisyllabic words
C. Sound substitutions
D. All of these
E. None of these
D. All of these
A general impairment in expressive language is present in about __________ of children who are difficult to understand and who have multiple speech-sound errors.
A. 25%
B. 40%
C. 50%
D. None of these
D. None of these
In general, the more severe the hearing loss,
the less intelligible speech will be
What are good prognostic indicators for verbal communication in CAS?
Normal or near-normal cognition & Good receptive language
The most readily apparent difficulties are __________ for those who persist with motor programming difficulties.
A. In monosyllabic words
B. Substitution errors
C. In consonant blends
D. None of these
D. None of these
Factors in target selection for articulation and phonology include…
Phoneme frequency & Likelihood of success
The following approaches are language-based approaches:
A. Traditional motor approach
B. Sensory-motor approach
C. Traditional motor approach & Sensory-motor approach
D. None of these
D. None of these
__________ is an intensive treatment originally designed to increase loudness in patients with Parkinson disease and is now used with various neurologically-based motor speech disorders.
Lee Silverman Voice Treatment
Speech sounds that are produced by action of the vocal folds are called (blank) sounds.
Voiced
Speech sounds that produced without the use of vocal folds are known as (Blank) phonemes.
Voiceless
Unilateral or bilateral vocal fold paralysis is caused by damage to the recurrent branch of
CN X
Velopharyngeal insufficiency is failure of the velopharyngeal mechanism to separate the ________ and ________ cavities during speech and swallowing.
Oral, nasal
______ was the precursor to ASHA.
The American Academy of Speech Correction
The ________ is the driving force for speech.
Respiratory system
Inspiratory muscles are generally ________, whereas expiratory muscles are generally ________.
controlled, reflexive
The primary biological function(s) of the larynx is/are
To produce speech
To protect the airway
To serve as an attachment point for inspiratory muscles
The ________ has anatomical structures that vibrate, setting air molecules in the vocal tract into multiple frequencies of vibration.
Phonatory
The ________ is a resonant acoustic tube that shapes the sound energy produced by the respiratory and laryngeal systems into speech sounds.
Vocal tract
Velopharyngeal closure refers to
Contact of the velum with the lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls
Children in a parent-conducted therapy program maintain fluent speech for how long?
7 Years
___ is a fluency shaping technique that reduces speech rate and physical tension before and during occurrences of stuttering, promoting smooth speech
Light articulatory contacts and gentle voicing onsets
are fluid filled lesions that develop when blood vessels rupture and swell
Vocal Polyps
can occur when there is a blockage somewhere in the nasopharynx or nasal cavity, causing an insufficient amount of nasal resonance
Resonance Disorders
occurs when the velopharyngeal mechanism fails to decouple the oral and nasal cavities
Hypernasality
is noisy breathing or involuntary sound that accompanies inspiration and expirations, it is always abnormal and serious.
Stridor
Fundamental frequency for men ____, woman ____ and children _____
125 Hz, 250 Hz, 500 Hz
Voice symptoms of Parkinson’s disease include:
Monopitch, monoloudness, harshness, breathiness
For voice disorders, deviations may be in what areas?
voice quality, pitch, loudness, and flexibility
in ___, both upper and lower motor neurons degenerate, causing mixed flaccid and spastic dysarthria
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
___ is a category of dysarthria that is due to damage In the cerebellum or cerebellar control circuitry. It results in incoordination and reduced muscle tone.
Ataxic Dysarthria
Intensive, repetitive speech production drill practice with meaningful words and phrases is an effective way to increase what?
articulation and intelligibility
___ results in slow movements with reduced range of motion due to the effects of rigidity. The most common cause is degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the brain stem which prevents proper functioning of the basal ganglia.
Hypokinetic Dysarthrias
People with ___ have great difficulty speaking and swallowing and may exhibit emotional lability. Voice symptoms include harshness, pitch breaks, and a strain/strangled quality
spastic dysarthria
Give 2 examples of voiceless phonemes.
/s/ or /f/
Give 2 examples of voiced phonemes
/z/ or /v/
The product of vibrating vocal folds within the larynx is known as
Phonation
The (blank) of the larynx is constricted tube with a smooth surface.
Cavity
The ventricular folds are also known as the vocal folds.
False
The (blank) cartilage is shaped like a signet ring, higher in the back.
Cricoid
What three things of the vocal folds affect the pitch.
Mass, tension, and length
A complete ring resting atop the trachea and is most inferior of the laryngeal cartilages
Cricoid cartilage
The largest of the laryngeal cartilages, articulating with the cricoids cartilage below.
Thyroid cartilage
The trachea and lungs comprise the _______ system
respiratory
When a person produces speech, the job of the respiratory system is to:
generate a constant pressure
Quiet breathing is also called
tidal
The primary biological functions of the larynx is/are
to protect the airway
The velum is ____________ during production of most speech sounds
elevated
The ________ is the movable structure that is capable of preventing air/sound from moving through the nasal cavity.
velum
A word that describes the soft palate is:
movable
Which sound can NOT be sustained by continuous airflow?
stops
T/F In English, one grapheme (letter) always corresponds to one phoneme (sound)
False
What is the manner of articulation for /k/?
stop
Which of the following sounds is NOT a fricative?
“p” as in pet
T/F Consonant clusters are typically mastered later than nasal sounds
True
T/F The /m/ and /d/ sounds are typically mastered after the “ng” and /g/ sounds
False
Of the following, children who say “pive” for “five” are most likely demonstrating
stopping fricatives
A child who says “wadder” instead of “ladder” is exhibiting a/an:
substitution
When one phoneme is said for another one, for example, if “book” is said as “pook” this would be an error of
substitution
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of children with development apraxia of speech?
Muscle weakness
Dysarthria are speech problems that are due to
neuromuscular deficits
Dysarthria is sometimes described as:
slurred speech
T/F Normal speakers have dysfluencies
True
During questions, the pitch of the voice ________.
Raises
When phonation occurs, the fundamental frequency determines:
The pitch of the voice
A cleft is:
a split or separation
All of the following statements about stuttering are true EXCEPT:
About the same number of males and females stutter
A fluency disorder is classified as a _________ disorder.
speech
Higher pitch is associated with ________ and ________ of the vocal folds
higher tension, greater length
___________ is a term that describes the impression of audible abnormality in pitch, loudness, and/or quality of the voice. This term in sometime uses to indicate a person has a voice disorder
dysphonia
T/F Voice disorders are commonly associated with the phonatory subsystem of voice
True
Too much nasal resonance is called
hypernasality
What type of problem are common in children with cleft palate?
hypernasality and frequent ear infections
Which of the following sound types is most likely to be misarticulated in a child with cleft palate?
fricatives
A bilateral cleft involves clefting of which side(s) of the nose?
both the right and the left
Basal ganglia affected, leading to too much filtering of movement
Hypokinetic dysarthria
UMN affected leading to spasticity
Spastic Dysarthria
LMN affected leading to weakness
Flaccid Dysarthria
Can effect any subsystem of speech (respiration, phonation, resonation, articulation, prosody)
Dysarthria
Can affect articulation and prosody
Apraxia
Audible air escaping through the glottis during phonation results in
Breathiness
The _______ cartilage is the largest laryngeal cartilage
thyroid
Which structure is NOT a structure used for articulation?
trachea
The _________ is a resonant acoustic tube that shapes the sound energy produced by the respiratory and laryngeal systems into speech sounds
vocal tract
T/F: both genetic factors and atypical neural processing are necessary and sufficient features for the onset of developmental stuttering
false
T/F: direct treatment focuses on counseling families about how to make changes in their own speech and how to make changes in their child’s environment
false
T/F: strategies associated with fluency shaping include rate control, continuous phonation, prolonged syllables, easy onset, and light articulatory contacts
true
T/F: as easy onset is a fluency shaping approach that involves starting vowels easily (i.e., reduced tension in the larynx and coordination of airflow and voice together)
true
T/F: stuttering modification approaches generally require modification of the entire speech utterance
false
T/F: helping clients understand how speech is produced is an important aspect of therapy for fluency disorders in school age children and older
true
T/F: when working with someone who stutters, you may focus more on pragmatics than when working with someone who clutters
false
