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Anatomy 2 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the greatest volume of water in the body found?

A

Intracellular Fluid
ICF

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2
Q

What determines osmosis from one fluid compartment to another

A

The relative concentration of solutes in each compartment

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3
Q

Most body water intake is from _ whereas most body water lost is via_

A

Drinking
Urine

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4
Q

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone

A

It promotes water conservation

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5
Q

Which of the following occurs when blood volume and pressure become too high?

A

ADH release is inhibited

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6
Q

In response to dehydration, osmoreceptors stimulate the secretion of_

A

ADH

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7
Q

A hemorrhage results in which of the following

A

A decrease in water volume without significantly affecting the osmolarity

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8
Q

What is the function of aldosterone

A

It increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion

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9
Q

Which of the following is not caused by hypernatremia?

A

A reduction in plasma volume

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10
Q

Women have a tendency to retain water during part of the menstrual cycle because estrogen mimics the action of what?

A

Aldosterone

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11
Q

Which of these conditions is not a result of hyperkalemia?

A

The resting membrane potential is more negative

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12
Q

Hypokalemia can result from all of the following except_

A

Aldosterone hyposecretion

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13
Q

Chloride homeostasis is achieved mainly as a result of _ homeostasis

A

Na+

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14
Q

How is calcium concentration in the body regulated?

A

By hormones

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15
Q

Which of the following is a result of phosphate excretion from the body?

A

An increase in the free calcium ions in the ECF

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16
Q

What is the normal pH of tissue fluid?

A

7.35-7.45

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17
Q

What protein is the most important buffer in the blood plasma?

A

Albumin

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18
Q

Which of the following characterizes a weak base?

A

It binds a little H+ and has a weak effect on pH

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19
Q

Which buffer system accounts for 75% of all chemical buffering in the body fluids?

A

The protein buffer system

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20
Q

Which of the following describes an antiport system on the basal side of the renal tube cells?

A

It exchanges K+ for Na+

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21
Q

Acidosis has what effect on the resting membrane potential of nerve cells?

A

It causes hyperpolarization

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22
Q

Breathing into and out of a paper bag for a long period of time will lead to _

A

Respiratory acidosis

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23
Q

Chronic vomiting can lead to which of the following?

A

Metabolic Alkalosis

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24
Q

A patient suffering from diabetic acidosis would display which of the compensatory symptoms?

A

Hyperventilation

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25
In the diagram hypotension, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia all stimulate the renal tubules through a common pathway. What is it?
Adrenal cortex releases aldosterone
26
An example of chemical digestion is the breakdown of _ into_
Nucleic acids: nucleotides
27
Which of the following is not an accessory organ of the digestion?
Spleen
28
The serous membrane that suspends the stomach and intestines from the abdominal wall is called the_
Mesentery
29
The small intestine is suspended from the abdominal wall by the
Mesentery
30
_ is a hormone, whereas _ is an enzyme
Secretin Pepsin
31
The surface of the tongue is covered with _ stratified squamous epithelium, and has bumps called_, where many taste buds can be found
Nonkeratinized Lingual papillae
32
Acid reflux into the esophagus (‘heartburn”) is normally prevented by_
The lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
33
Which of the following is the correct list of tooth anatomy from the most superficial to the deepest?
Enamel, Dentin, Pulp
34
Which of the following is not normally found in saliva?
Protease
35
The oral phase of swallowing is under_ control and the pharyngo-esophageal phase is _
Central nervous system Controlled by autonomic reflexes
36
The_ regulates the flow of contents from the stomach to the duodenum
Pyloric sphincter
37
Necessary for Vitamin B12 absorption, _ is secreted by the _ cells
Intrinsic factor Parietal
38
Pepsin is secreted as a zymogen _
So it acts only in the stomach lumen and does not digest intracellular proteins
39
The enzyme that catalyzes the first step reaction in HCl production by gastric parietal cells is called_
Carbonic anhydrase
40
Which of the following occurs in response to chemical irritants or sensory stimuli?
Vomiting
41
The enterogastric reflex serves to_
Inhibit gastric motility when there is chyme in the small intestine
42
The _ stores excess glucose and releases it into the blood when needed
Liver
43
The _ synthesizes bile acids by metabolizing _
Liver Cholesterol
44
Pancreatic enzymes are secreted in response to a hormone called
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
45
Which of the following is not associated with the large absorptive surface of the small intestine?
Rugae
46
Contact digestion takes place in the _
Brush border of the small intestine
47
Lecithin prepares fats for hydrolysis by forming
Emulsification droplets
48
The three most abundant classes of nutrients are
Fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
49
Which of the following nutrients must be digested in order to be absorbed
Proteins
50
Amino acids and monosaccharides are absorbed in the _, and fatty acids are absorbed in the_
Small intestine
51
The muscle tone of the _ along the colon contracts it lengthwise , causing its walls to bulge and form pouches called_
Taeniae coli, haustra
52
Which of the following is true regarding the difference between the mucosa of the small and large intestines?
The large intestinal has deeper intestinal crypts than the small intestine
53
Bacteria accounts for about _% of the dry weight of feces
30
54
The movement of colonic contents from one puckered section to another is called_
Haustral contraction
55
Defecation is stimulated by
Stretching of the rectum
56
- are short term regulators of appetite, whereas _ is a long term regulator
Peptide YY (PYY) and cholecystokinin (CCK) Insulin
57
_ yields around 4 kcal/g when completely oxidized, whereas _ yield around 9 kcal/g
Proteins and carbohydrates Fats
58
Carbohydrates function as structural components in all of the following except_
Amino acids
59
Which of the following constitutes the so called bad cholesterol?
Low-density lipoproteins
60
Where does HDL in the body come from
The liver
61
Where is most protein in the body found?
In the muscular system
62
High-quality _ proteins are those that provide all the essential amino acids
Complete
63
Minerals are generally_ taken up from the soil by plants, whereas vitamins are generally _ obtained from food
Metals Organic compounds
64
Which of the following is a product of glycolysis?
Pyruvate
65
- happens in the cytoplasm, whereas _ happens in the mitochondrion
Glycolysis The citric acid (Krebs) cycle
66
What is the synthesis of glucose from amino acids called?
Gluconeogenesis
67
What process produces most of the NADH that contributes to ATP synthesis in the cell?
The citric acid cycle
68
Which of the following compounds yields the most ATP per molecule?
Glycogen
69
Incomplete fatty acid oxidation produces _, which might lead to _
Ketone bodies Acidosis
70
Where does the highest rate of tissue protein turnover occur?
The intestinal mucosa
71
Which of the following is not a function of the liver
Secretion of digestive enzymes
72
The liver performs all the of the following functions except_
Producing insulin and glucagon
73
Which of the following does not raise the total metabolic rate?
Starvation
74
Which of the following does not explain why people on weight-loss diets often lose weight quickly at first, but then more slowly over time?
The initial weight loss is mostly fat
75
Glycogenesis is stimulated by_, whereas glycogenolysis is stimulated by_
Insulin Glucagon and epinephrine
76
During periods of fasting, why is fat said to have a protein-sparing effect?
The body does not oxidize its proteins unless it has consumed its fat reserves first
77
Which of the following enhances loss of body heat by conduction?
Convection
78
Shivering warms the body because it increases the rate of what?
ATP hydrolysis
79
Which of the following is not a major class of nutrients?
Nucleic acids
80
How is basal metabolic rate (BMR) different from the total metabolic rate (TMR)?
The TMR includes the BMR

Anatomy 2 (3 decks)

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