exam 3' Flashcards
1
Q
What is Congress’s primary responsibility?
A
Representing constituents from their districts.
2
Q
How is Congress structured?
A
It is bicameral, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate.
3
Q
What is the difference between the House and Senate in representation?
A
House members represent localized interests, while senators represent statewide or national interests.
4
Q
What is the difference between a delegate and a trustee in Congress?
A
Delegates express their constituents’ preferences, while trustees make decisions based on their own judgment.
5
Q
What is the difference between descriptive and substantive representation?
A
Descriptive representation is when a representative shares demographic traits with constituents; substantive representation is when constituents have the power to hire or fire representatives.
6
Q
Who is the leader of the House of Representatives?
A
The Speaker of the House.
7
Q
What are the major leadership positions in Congress?
A
Majority leader, minority leader, and whips.
8
Q
What are the four types of congressional committees?
A
Standing, select, joint, and conference committees.
9
Q
What role do committees play in Congress?
A
They handle the deliberation, hearings, and amendment of bills.
10
Q
What determines power within congressional committees?
A
Seniority, though it is not absolute.
11
Q
What happens to most bills in committee?
A
They “die in committee” without receiving markup.
12
Q
What is the role of the House Rules Committee?
A
It sets the rules for debate on the House floor.
13
Q
What is a filibuster?
A
A tactic used in the Senate to delay legislation by refusing to yield the floor.
14
Q
How can a filibuster be stopped?
A
By invoking cloture.
15
Q
How can Congress override a presidential veto?
A
With a two-thirds vote in both the House and Senate.
16
Q
What is “unorthodox lawmaking”?
A
A process involving closed rules, multiple committee referrals, and a decline in conference committees.
17
Q
What influences congressional decisions?
A
Constituents, interest groups, party discipline, and ideological polarization.
18
Q
What is a party unity vote?
A
When at least half of each party votes against the other.
19
Q
What is congressional oversight?
A
The monitoring of the executive branch through hearings and investigations.
20
Q
What role does the Senate play in presidential appointments and treaties?
A
It has the power to approve or reject them.
21
Q
What is Congress’s role in impeachment?
A
It has the power to impeach members of the executive and judicial branches.
22
Q
Why did the framers want a single executive?
A
To create an energetic leader who could protect the nation’s interests.
23
Q
What are the five categories of expressed presidential powers?
A
Military, judicial, diplomatic, executive, and legislative.
24
Q
What power does the president have as commander in chief?
A
Control over the entire U.S. military and responsibility to protect states from invasion and domestic violence.
25
What is executive privilege?
The claim that confidential communications between the president and advisors should not be disclosed without consent.
26
What is an executive agreement?
An international agreement made by the president without Senate approval, unlike a treaty.
27
What is a pocket veto?
When the president does not sign a bill within the last 10 days of a legislative session, preventing it from becoming law.
28
What is the War Powers Resolution?
A 1973 law attempting to limit the president's ability to engage in military conflicts without congressional approval.
29
What are implied presidential powers?
Powers not explicitly stated in the Constitution but claimed as necessary for carrying out duties.
30
What are delegated powers?
Powers granted to the president by Congress, often due to the expansion of government.
31
What are inherent powers?
Powers not explicitly stated but inferred from the Constitution, often used in wartime.
32
What is the institutional presidency?
The collective body of officials and staff assisting the president.
33
What is the role of the Cabinet?
Heads of major federal departments who advise the president but do not make collective decisions.
34
What is the Executive Office of the President (EOP)?
A group of permanent management agencies, including the Office of Management and Budget and the Council of Economic Advisers.
35
What is the function of the National Security Council (NSC)?
To provide the president with national security advice and intelligence analysis.
36
How do presidents expand their power?
Through popular mobilization and reducing dependence on Congress.
37
What does "going public" mean in the presidency?
Using media, especially the Internet, to directly communicate policies to the public.
38
How have modern presidents increased their administrative power?
By expanding executive orders, signing statements, and direct governance tools.
39
How can Congress limit presidential power?
By refusing to fund initiatives and blocking appointments.
40
What is the role of courts in the legal system?
They settle disputes by applying relevant laws to the facts of a case.
41
What are the two broad categories of law?
Criminal law and civil law.
42
What is the difference between criminal and civil cases?
Criminal cases involve violations of laws protecting public welfare, while civil cases involve disputes between individuals or organizations.
43
What is jurisdiction?
The authority of a court to hear and decide cases.
44
What is the difference between original and appellate jurisdiction?
Original jurisdiction is a court's authority to hear a case first, while appellate jurisdiction allows a higher court to review a lower court's decision.
45
How many federal district courts are there?
94 district courts.
46
How many regional circuit courts of appeal exist?
11 regional circuits plus the D.C. circuit.
47
What is the highest court in the U.S.?
The Supreme Court.
48
Who appoints federal judges?
The president, with Senate confirmation.
49
What are the qualifications for federal judges?
No formal qualifications, but they typically have legal experience, good character, and align with the president’s ideology.
50
What is judicial review?
The power of the Supreme Court to review laws and government actions for constitutionality.
51
What case established judicial review?
Marbury v. Madison (1803).
52
What is the supremacy clause?
It establishes that federal law takes precedence over state law.
53
What role do courts play in reviewing executive power?
They review presidential actions in areas like foreign policy, war powers, and administrative authority.
54
What is a writ of certiorari?
A petition asking the Supreme Court to review a lower court’s decision.
55
What is the "rule of four"?
At least four Supreme Court justices must vote to hear a case.
56
Who is the solicitor general?
A legal officer who represents the federal government in Supreme Court cases.
57
What does amicus curiae mean?
"Friend of the court"—a brief filed by outside parties with an interest in the case.
58
What is stare decisis?
The principle of respecting precedent in court rulings.
59
What is judicial activism?
The belief that judges should play an active role in shaping policy.
60
What is judicial restraint?
The belief that courts should avoid overturning laws unless clearly unconstitutional.
61
What limitations exist on judicial power?
Courts rely on other branches for enforcement, judges are politically appointed, and Congress can alter court jurisdiction and size.
62
What are the five most important roles of the president according to public opinion polls?
Commander in chief, Chief diplomat, Chief executive, Chief legislator, Chief politician.
63
What article of the Constitution establishes the presidency?
Article II – “The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America.”
64
What is the presidential oath of office?
"Preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."
65
What are the three types of presidential powers?
Expressed, Implied, and Delegated powers.
66
What are the categories of expressed powers?
Military, Judicial, Diplomatic, Executive, and Legislative.
67
What are the two dimensions of the presidency?
Head of State and Head of Government.
68
What resolution limits the president’s military power?
1973 War Powers Resolution – POTUS can only send troops into action with a declaration of war, statutory authorization, or if directly attacked.
69
What judicial power does the president have?
Reprieves and pardons for individuals or groups (Art II, Sec 2).
70
What is the president's diplomatic power?
Foreign policy through recognition of states, negotiation, and executive agreements (Art II, Sec 3).
71
What are the president’s executive powers?
Appoint, remove, and supervise officials
Executive privilege – withhold information from Congress & courts
72
What are the president’s legislative powers?
Veto powers: overridden by 2/3 of Congress
Pocket veto: no action taken; outcome depends on whether Congress is in session or adjourned
State of the Union address
73
What are implied powers?
Powers not directly stated but inferred, e.g., “executive power” and unitary executive theory.
74
What are delegated powers?
Powers granted by Congress to another agency or body.
75
What are inherent powers?
Powers not stated in the Constitution but inferred, often used during war or emergencies.
76
What are the formal resources of presidential power?
Patronage
The Cabinet
White House Staff (increasingly used over Cabinet)
77
What is the EOP and its role?
Executive Office of the President (EOP) – "institutional presidency" that provides support staff and advisory services.
78
What are the vice president's two constitutional roles?
Succeed the president
Cast tie-breaking vote in the Senate
79
What informal resources does the president have?
Elections (electoral mandate)
Media influence
Party support (divided or unified government)
80
What are the limits of going public for presidential power?
Public opinion is fickle
Approval declines over time
Rarely meets public expectations
81
What are executive orders?
Rules or regulations issued by the president with the force of law.
82
What are the checks on executive orders?
Constitutional/statutory basis required
Congress or courts can challenge them
83
What are the constitutional checks on presidential power?
Four-year term limit
Congress can impeach and remove the president
Reject appointments and treaties
Deny funding to programs
Override vetoes
84
What are the key differences between the House of Representatives and the Senate?
House: Larger membership based on state populations, members serve 2-year terms, more specialized due to its size.
Senate: Fixed 100 members (two per state), longer 6-year terms, handles unique roles like treaty ratification and confirming appointments.
85
What are the primary powers of Congress?
Enumerated Powers: Taxation, spending, regulation of commerce, declaring war, maintaining armed forces.
Implied Powers: Those inferred from the Constitution to enable effective governance.
86
How is Congress structured?
Bicameral System: Consisting of two chambers—the House of Representatives and the Senate.
Separate Leadership and Committees: Each chamber has its own organizational rules, leadership roles, and specialized committees to handle legislative work.
87
What does “representation” mean in the context of Congress?
House of Representatives: Representation based on a state's population.
Senate: Equal representation with two senators per state, regardless of population size.
88
What factors determine who gets elected to Congress?
Constituency Demographics: Population size and composition.
Political Factors: Party alignment, incumbency advantages, redistricting practices, campaign funding, and voter preferences.
89
What is the committee system in Congress, and why is it important?
Division of Labor: Committees focus on specific policy areas (e.g., finance, judiciary, foreign affairs).
Legislative Function: They review, amend, and draft legislation before it reaches the full chamber for debate and voting.
90
What are the main roles of a member of Congress?
Legislation: Propose, debate, and vote on bills.
Representation: Advocate for the interests and needs of constituents.
Oversight: Monitor and review the actions of the executive branch and federal agencies.
Committee Work: Engage in detailed policy review within specialized committees.
91
How is a law made in Congress?
Bill Introduction: A bill is introduced in either the House or Senate.
Committee Review: The bill is examined, debated, and amended in relevant committees.
Debate and Vote: The full chamber debates the bill and votes on it.
Second Chamber: If passed, the bill is sent to the other chamber where it undergoes a similar process.
Conference Committee: Differences between House and Senate versions may be reconciled.
Presidential Action: The final bill is sent to the president for approval (or veto).
92
What does Article I of the U.S. Constitution establish?
Article I establishes Congress as the “1st branch” of government, outlining its structure, powers, and limitations.
93
How does Congress relate to other legislatures around the world?
Congress is unique in its balance of powers—it holds both positive powers (such as lawmaking and oversight) and limitations that serve as checks on its authority, which can differ from legislative systems in other countries.
94
What are some examples of the positive powers of Congress?
These include the authority to enact laws, regulate commerce, control federal spending, declare war, and conduct oversight of the executive branch.
95
What are some of the negative aspects or limitations of Congress?
Limitations include constitutional constraints, potential for partisan gridlock, and inherent checks by the other branches of government that can limit congressional effectiveness.
96
How does Congress address the requirements for effective government?
Congress uses its legislative and oversight functions—and when necessary, coercive force—to enforce laws and maintain order, ensuring that the government meets the needs of its citizens.
97
What is meant by Congress’s “power over money”?
This refers to Congress’s exclusive authority to manage federal finances, including taxation, budgeting, and spending, which is essential for exercising its overall legislative power.
98
What are the constitutional differences between the House of Representatives and the Senate?
House: Represents the people directly, based on population.
Senate: Represents states equally, with two senators per state.
99
What are the qualifications for office in the House of Representatives?
At least 25 years old.
U.S. citizen for at least 7 years.
Must reside in the state they represent.
100
What are the qualifications for office in the Senate?
At least 30 years old.
U.S. citizen for at least 9 years.
Must reside in the state they represent.
101
What is the mode of election for the House of Representatives?
Direct election by voters in each congressional district.
102
What is the mode of election for the Senate?
Originally: Chosen by state legislatures.
Now: Directly elected by the people (17th Amendment).
103
What are the terms of office for the House and Senate?
House: 2-year terms, with all seats up for election every two years.
Senate: 6-year terms, with approximately 1/3 of the seats up for election every two years.
104
What are the constituencies for the House of Representatives?
Smaller constituencies: Represents districts within states, based on population size.
105
What are the constituencies for the Senate?
Larger constituencies: Represents the entire state.
106
What is redistricting?
The process of redrawing congressional district boundaries every 10 years based on the census.
Can lead to gerrymandering, which manipulates district boundaries for political advantage.
107
What is representation in the context of Congress?
The concept that elected officials act on behalf of their constituents by making decisions, passing laws, and advocating for their interests.
108
What is bicameralism?
A legislative system with two chambers, in the U.S., consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate.
109
What are the main theories of representation?
Trustee model: Representatives use their own judgment to make decisions.
Delegate model: Representatives act according to the wishes of their constituents.
Politico model: A combination of both, depending on the issue.
110
How is representation determined in the House of Representatives?
Population-based: States with larger populations have more representatives.
Reapportionment: Occurs every 10 years based on the census.
111
How is representation determined in the Senate?
Equality-based: Each state has two senators, regardless of population size.
112
How many members are in the House of Representatives?
435 voting members plus non-voting delegates from U.S. territories.
113
What is a unique rule of the House regarding spending bills?
All spending bills must originate in the House of Representatives.
114
How many members are in the Senate?
100 senators – two from each state.
115
What makes the Senate more prestigious than the House?
Longer terms (6 years vs. 2 years in the House).
Larger constituency (represents entire states).
Greater influence over treaties and presidential appointments.
116
What is the "power of the purse"?
Congress’s authority to tax and spend public money, giving it control over federal finances.
117
What does it mean for Congress to appropriate funds?
To designate specific funds for government programs or activities through legislation.
118
What does it mean for Congress to authorize spending?
To create or establish programs and give them legal permission to operate, often setting spending limits.
119
What are Congress’s war powers?
Declare war (Article I, Section 8).
Raise and support armies and navies.
Regulate and fund military forces.
120
How are war powers partially shared with the president?
Congress declares war, but the president (as commander-in-chief) can deploy troops in emergencies.
The War Powers Resolution (1973) limits presidential military actions without congressional approval.
121
What are the qualifications to serve in the House of Representatives?
At least 25 years old.
U.S. citizen for at least 7 years.
Must be a resident of the state where the district is located (not necessarily within the district itself).
122
What are the qualifications to serve in the Senate?
At least 30 years old.
U.S. citizen for at least 9 years.
Must be a resident of the state they represent.
123
What is the difference between the House and Senate regarding centralization vs. equality?
House: More centralized, with stronger leadership control over the agenda.
Senate: More equal in power distribution, with individual senators having greater influence.
124
How do the House and Senate differ in controlling the agenda vs. deliberation?
House: Prioritizes controlling the agenda to quickly pass legislation.
Senate: Focuses on deliberation, allowing extended debate and filibusters.
125
What is the difference between party discipline and collegiality in the House and Senate?
House: Stronger party discipline, with members more likely to follow party lines.
Senate: More collegial, with greater willingness for bipartisan cooperation.
126
What role does polarization play in the House and Senate?
House: More polarized, with stricter party-line voting.
Senate: Slightly less polarized, with occasional bipartisan collaboration
127
How do the House and Senate differ in their approach to short-term vs. long-term issues?
House: Focuses on short-term issues due to 2-year terms and frequent re-elections.
Senate: Takes a long-term approach, influenced by 6-year terms and broader constituencies.
128
Which branch of Congress regulates commerce?
Both the House of Representatives and the Senate regulate interstate and international commerce.
129
Which chamber of Congress handles appointments and treaties?
The Senate is responsible for confirming presidential appointments and ratifying treaties.
130
What is the process for impeachment and removal from office?
House of Representatives: Impeaches with a simple majority vote.
Senate: Holds the trial and can remove the official with a two-thirds vote.
131
What is the role of Congress in lawmaking?
Drafting, debating, and passing bills.
Bills must pass both chambers and be signed by the president to become law (or override a veto with a two-thirds majority).
132
What is Congress's role in the authorization of courts?
Creates and organizes lower federal courts.
Determines jurisdiction and structure of the judicial system.
133
What is congressional oversight?
Monitors the executive branch and federal agencies.
Ensures accountability and prevents misuse of power.
134
What is divided government?
When one party controls the presidency and the other controls one or both chambers of Congress.
Leads to gridlock and challenges in passing legislation.
135
What is the role of political parties in Congress?
Organize legislative agendas.
Influence committee assignments.
Promote party unity in voting.
Control the legislative process through majority status.
136
What is majority vs. minority status in Congress?
Majority party: Holds more than half the seats, controls committees and the legislative agenda.
Minority party: Holds fewer seats, has less influence but can still use procedural tactics (e.g., filibusters in the Senate).
137
What is the role of the House of Representatives in Congress?
Initiates spending bills.
Has the sole power of impeachment.
More centralized leadership compared to the Senate.
138
Who is the Speaker of the House?
The leader of the House, elected by the majority party.
Presides over debates.
Influences committee assignments and legislative priorities
139
What do House party leaders do?
Organize and direct party strategies.
Work to secure votes for their party’s legislative agenda.
Include the Majority Leader and Minority Leader.
140
What is the role of the majority party in the House?
Controls committees and sets the legislative agenda.
Elects the Speaker of the House.
Has more influence over policy decisions.
141
What is the role of the minority party in the House?
Offers alternative policies and challenges the majority’s agenda.
Uses procedural tools to delay or modify legislation.
Seeks to influence public opinion.
142
hat is the role of the Senate President pro tempore?
The Senate President pro tempore is a senior member of the majority party who presides over the Senate in the absence of the Vice President. It is mainly a ceremonial position, though they hold significant influence in the legislative process.
143
What do Senate party leaders do?
Senate party leaders are responsible for leading their respective political party in the Senate. They guide the party’s legislative agenda, ensure party unity, and work with other members to pass laws.
144
What is the role of the Senate Majority Leader?
The Senate Majority Leader is the head of the majority party in the Senate. They are responsible for setting the legislative agenda, managing debate, and ensuring the party's goals are prioritized in the Senate.
145
What is the role of the Senate Minority Leader?
The Senate Minority Leader is the head of the minority party in the Senate. They lead the opposition, represent their party’s interests, and work to negotiate or block legislation from the majority party.
146
What is the concept of the Division of Labor and Specialization in legislative bodies?
Division of Labor and Specialization refers to how different tasks and responsibilities are distributed among members of legislative bodies, allowing for efficiency. Specialized committees and roles focus on specific areas of lawmaking and oversight.
147
What does "Difference in Importance – based on some constitutional roles" refer to?
This refers to how different roles in Congress, such as those in the House of Representatives and the Senate, have varying degrees of power and significance due to their distinct constitutional responsibilities (e.g., the Senate confirms appointments, while the House initiates revenue bills)
148
How do the House and Senate differ in their roles and structures?
The House of Representatives is more focused on quick action and representation of smaller districts, with more members and stricter rules. The Senate, with fewer members, has longer terms and operates more slowly, allowing for deeper deliberation and debate.
149
What does "House Rules Dominate" mean?
"House Rules Dominate" refers to the fact that the House of Representatives operates under more rigid and structured rules, which allow for more control over debate, amendments, and legislative proceedings compared to the Senate's more flexible procedures.
150
What is the role of a Committee Chair in Congress?
A Committee Chair leads a specific committee, sets the agenda, presides over meetings, and ensures that legislative proposals are reviewed and debated within their committee.
151
What is a Ranking Member in a Congressional committee?
The Ranking Member is the senior-most member of the minority party in a committee. They serve as the main spokesperson for the minority party’s views and have a significant influence on committee decisions and discussions.
152
What are Subcommittees in Congress?
Subcommittees are smaller groups within a larger committee, focusing on more specific areas of policy. They play a crucial role in reviewing and revising legislation before it is presented to the full committee.
153
What are Advocacy Caucuses in Congress?
Advocacy Caucuses are informal groups of legislators united by shared interests, causes, or policy goals. They work together to promote specific issues, such as the environment, education, or civil rights, within the legislative process.
154
How does party leadership influence committee assignments in Congress?
Party leadership determines committee assignments by selecting members to serve on specific committees, often based on seniority, expertise, and political considerations, helping shape the legislative agenda.
155
What is the role of the Speaker of the House, Minority Leader, and Senate Majority Leader?
The Speaker of the House presides over the House of Representatives and sets its agenda. The Minority Leader leads the opposition party in the House or Senate, while the Senate Majority Leader is the head of the majority party in the Senate, guiding legislative priorities.
156
What is the role of Standing Committees in Congress?
Standing Committees are permanent committees that focus on specific areas of legislation, such as defense or education. They conduct legislative work and oversight, reviewing and revising bills within their subject matter.
157
What is the purpose of Select Committees in Congress?
Select Committees are temporary and are formed to address specific issues not covered by standing committees. They do not have legislative authority but may conduct investigations or oversight.
158
What is the role of Joint Committees in Congress?
Joint Committees include members from both the House and Senate. They coordinate efforts between the two chambers but do not have legislative power, typically focusing on specific issues or conducting investigations.
159
What are Conference Committees in Congress?
Conference Committees are temporary committees formed to reconcile differences between House and Senate versions of a bill. They work to create a unified version of a bill before it is sent to the President for approval.
160
What is the role of party leadership in Congress?
Party leadership in Congress is responsible for guiding the legislative agenda, ensuring party discipline, and managing the strategy for passing laws. Leaders also represent their party in debates, negotiations, and decision-making processes.
161
Who is the Speaker of the House and what is their role?
The Speaker of the House is the leader of the House of Representatives, chosen by the majority party. They preside over House proceedings, manage the legislative agenda, and play a key role in influencing which bills are considered.
162
What is the role of the Majority Leader in the House of Representatives?
The Majority Leader in the House is the second-highest-ranking member of the majority party. They assist the Speaker in managing legislative priorities, coordinating party strategy, and ensuring the passage of key legislation.
163
What is the role of the Minority Leader in the House of Representatives?
The Minority Leader in the House leads the opposition party, helps organize its legislative strategy, and works to influence legislation in line with their party's interests.
164
What is the role of the Senate Majority Leader?
The Senate Majority Leader is the leader of the majority party in the Senate. They set the legislative agenda, manage the Senate’s floor operations, and work to pass their party's preferred legislation.
165
What is the role of the Senate Minority Leader?
The Senate Minority Leader leads the opposition party in the Senate, advocating for their party's interests, organizing opposition to bills, and negotiating with the majority party.
166
What is the role of the Whip in both the House and Senate?
The Whip in both the House and Senate assists party leadership in ensuring members vote according to party lines. They also gauge the support for legislation, encourage members to vote, and count votes before important decisions.
167
What is the role of the Party Caucus in Congress?
A Party Caucus is a meeting of party members in either the House or Senate. It is where party strategies, policies, and leadership decisions are discussed, and where leaders are selected.
168
What is the concept of Bicameralism in Congress?
Bicameralism refers to the structure of Congress being made up of two chambers: the House of Representatives and the Senate. This system was designed to balance the representation of the population (House) and the states (Senate).
169
What is the Delegate Theory of Representation?
The Delegate Theory of Representation suggests that lawmakers should act as direct representatives of their constituents' wishes, making decisions based on the preferences of the people they represent, rather than their own judgment.
170
What is the Trustee Theory of Representation?
The Trustee Theory of Representation argues that lawmakers should make decisions based on their own judgment and conscience, trusting that they will act in the best interest of their constituents, even if it goes against their immediate wishes.
171
What is the Politico Theory of Representation?
The Politico Theory of Representation combines elements of the Delegate and Trustee theories. Lawmakers act as delegates when constituents have strong preferences on an issue but act as trustees when the issue is more complex or when constituents have less clear views.
172
What determines who gets elected in Congress?
Several factors determine who gets elected, including who runs for office, the advantages of incumbency, district lines, and redistricting. These elements can influence the outcome of elections and affect the balance of power.
173
What is the significance of "Who Runs" in elections?
The candidates who run for office play a crucial role in elections. The appeal, qualifications, and campaign strategies of these individuals can heavily influence voters' decisions and outcomes in Congressional races.
174
How does incumbency affect elections?
Incumbency refers to the advantage of candidates who already hold office. Incumbents often have better name recognition, more access to campaign finance, and a record of casework and franking, which can increase their chances of re-election.
175
What is "Franking" and how does it help incumbents?
Franking is the privilege that allows incumbents to send mail to constituents without paying for postage. It is often used to communicate with voters, promote the incumbent’s achievements, and boost their visibility during election seasons.
176
What is "Casework" and how does it benefit incumbents?
Casework refers to the services provided by members of Congress to help constituents with issues related to federal agencies. This can build goodwill and support among voters, enhancing an incumbent's re-election prospec
177
What is "Pork Barrel" and how does it impact elections?
Pork Barrel refers to government spending on projects that benefit a specific district or constituency. It is often used by incumbents to gain support by funding local projects, which can influence voters’ perceptions and lead to re-election.
178
What is Redistricting in elections?
Redistricting is the process of redrawing district boundaries every ten years, following the census, to reflect population changes. This can impact election outcomes by altering the number of districts that favor certain parties or groups.
179
What is Gerrymandering and how does it affect elections?
Gerrymandering is the manipulation of district boundaries to favor one political party or group. This can skew election results by creating "safe" districts for one party, reducing competition and influencing who gets elected.
180
What is Reapportionment and when does it occur?
Reapportionment is the process of redistributing the 435 seats in the House of Representatives among the states every ten years, following the census. It ensures that each state's representation reflects its current population.
181
What is Redistricting and why is it important?
Redistricting is the process of drawing new district lines within a state after reapportionment. It is crucial because it determines how political power is distributed within the state and can impact election outcomes.
182
How do Partisan Advantages affect Redistricting?
Partisan advantages occur when the majority party in a state legislature draws district lines in a way that benefits their party. This can lead to gerrymandering, where districts are shaped to favor one party, influencing elections and representation.
183
What is "Packing" in the context of redistricting?
Packing is the strategy of consolidating minority party supporters into one district to minimize their influence in other districts. This tactic is used to ensure that the opposition's power is concentrated, reducing their chances of winning multiple districts.
184
What is "Cracking" in the context of redistricting?
Cracking is the strategy of dividing or "cracking" the opposition party’s supporters into different districts to dilute their voting power. This tactic spreads out the opposition’s influence, making it harder for them to win any one district.
185
How is minority representation in Congress typically supported?
Minority representation in Congress is often supported by political parties and interests that advocate for equal rights, diversity, and social justice, such as the Democratic Party and civil rights organizations.
186
What parties or interests tend to oppose increased minority representation in Congress?
Some conservative or more traditional political interests may oppose increased minority representation, fearing it could alter the political landscape or challenge their electoral dominance, often focusing on concerns about race-based districting.
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How are M-M districts (Minority-Majority districts) used as "packing"?
M-M districts, where minority voters make up the majority, can be used as "packing" in redistricting. By concentrating minority voters into these districts, it reduces their influence in surrounding districts, limiting their overall impact on elections.
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hat is the response to the use of M-M districts as "packing"?
The response to using M-M districts as "packing" is mixed. Supporters argue it's necessary for ensuring fair minority representation, while critics claim it distorts the political process and segregates voters, leading to less overall influence for minorities.
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What was the ruling in Shaw v. Reno (1993) related to redistricting?
Shaw v. Reno (1993) ruled that racial gerrymandering, or drawing districts based primarily on race, violates the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. The Court found that creating oddly shaped districts for racial reasons can lead to unconstitutional racial classifications.
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What was the outcome of Shelby v. Holder (2013)?
In Shelby v. Holder (2013), the Supreme Court struck down a key provision of the Voting Rights Act (Section 4(b)) that required certain states with a history of discrimination to obtain federal approval before changing voting laws or redistricting. This decision effectively weakened federal oversight of redistricting.
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What was the 2019 U.S. Supreme Court ruling regarding partisan gerrymandering?
in 2019, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that partisan gerrymandering is a "political question" that cannot be addressed by the federal courts. The ruling emphasized that partisan gerrymandering, unlike racial gerrymandering, is not subject to judicial review under the Constitution.
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What is the significance of the ruling in relation to South Carolina and Alabama regarding redistricting?
In the 2019 ruling, the Court’s stance on partisan gerrymandering applied to states like South Carolina and Alabama, where district lines had been drawn to favor one political party. The Court's decision left these matters for state-level resolution instead of federal intervention.
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Can state courts intervene in partisan gerrymandering cases?
Yes, state courts can still intervene in cases of partisan gerrymandering. While the Supreme Court ruled that federal courts could not address partisan gerrymandering, state courts may apply state constitutions to address redistricting issues.
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What is the role of the House Committee on Rules?
The House Committee on Rules sets the rules for how legislation is debated and voted on in the House of Representatives. It determines the procedures for considering bills, including the structure of debates, amendments, and time limits.
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What is a "Rule" in the context of the House?
A "Rule" is a procedural order established by the House Committee on Rules that dictates the terms under which a bill is considered, such as how much time is allocated for debate and which amendments are allowed.
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What are agenda-setting tools in the Senate?
Agenda-setting tools in the Senate include the majority leader’s power to schedule votes, unanimous consent agreements, and the use of the Senate's procedural rules to prioritize legislation and manage debate.
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What is a Filibuster in the Senate?
A filibuster is a procedural tactic used in the Senate to delay or block legislation by extending debate. Senators use it to prevent a vote on a bill, often by speaking for an extended period of time.
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What is Cloture in the Senate?
Cloture is the process by which the Senate ends a filibuster and limits debate, typically requiring a three-fifths vote (currently 60 votes). This allows a bill to proceed to a final vote.
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What is Unanimous Consent in the Senate?
Unanimous consent is a procedure in the Senate where a bill or motion is approved without objection from any senator. It is used to expedite routine matters and avoid lengthy debates or votes.
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What is a Hold in the Senate?
A hold is an informal practice in the Senate where a senator informs their party leadership of their intention to delay or block a vote on a bill or nomination. It can prevent action on legislation until the issue is resolved.
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Why do procedural rules in the House and Senate matter?
Procedural rules in both the House and Senate matter because they govern how legislation is considered, debated, and passed. These rules determine the speed of the legislative process, the extent of debate, the influence of individual members, and how easily bills can be blocked or advanced.
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What is a legislative proposal?
A legislative proposal is a suggestion or draft of a law that is introduced in Congress for consideration. It may address various issues, including policy changes, regulations, or new programs, and is the first step in the lawmaking process.
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How is a legislative proposal introduced in Congress?
A legislative proposal is typically introduced in Congress by a member of the House of Representatives or the Senate. The bill is assigned a number and sent to the appropriate committee for review and further action.
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What happens after a legislative proposal is introduced?
After introduction, the proposal is assigned to a committee for analysis, hearings, and possible revisions. The committee may recommend the bill to the full chamber for debate and voting. If it passes, it moves to the other chamber for consideration.
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What is the difference between a bill and a legislative proposal?
A bill is a specific type of legislative proposal that has been formally introduced in Congress. A legislative proposal, in a broader sense, refers to any idea or plan for legislation, which may or may not evolve into a bill.
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What role do committees play in the legislative proposal process?
Committees are responsible for reviewing, holding hearings, and making revisions to legislative proposals. They evaluate the merits of the proposal, gather expert opinions, and may amend the proposal before it goes to the full chamber for a vote.
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How does a legislative proposal become law?
A legislative proposal must pass both chambers of Congress (the House and Senate), be signed by the President, and undergo any veto override procedures if necessary, before becoming law.
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What is Committee Action in the legislative process?
Committee Action refers to the steps taken by a congressional committee to review, amend, and decide whether to approve or reject a bill. This includes hearings, debates, and revisions before the bill is forwarded to the full chamber for consideration.
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What happens during Floor Action in the legislative process?
Floor Action occurs when a bill is debated and voted on by the full chamber (House or Senate). Members discuss the bill's merits, propose amendments, and ultimately vote on whether to pass it.
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What is the significance of the Vote during Floor Action?
The Vote during Floor Action is the final decision by the full chamber on whether a bill will advance. In the House, this is typically a recorded vote, while in the Senate, it can involve voice votes or roll-call votes.
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What is the role of a Conference Committee in the legislative process?
A Conference Committee is a temporary, joint committee made up of members from both the House and Senate. Its role is to resolve differences between the House and Senate versions of a bill and create a final version to be passed by both chambers.
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What is the Federal Budget Deficit?
The federal budget deficit occurs when the government's expenditures exceed its revenues in a given fiscal year. It means that the government must borrow money to cover the gap between what it spends and what it earns.
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What is the National Debt?
The national debt is the total amount of money the federal government owes, accumulated from borrowing to cover budget deficits. It represents the sum of past budget deficits, minus any surpluses.
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What is a Concurrent Budget Resolution?
A concurrent budget resolution is a non-binding agreement passed by both the House and Senate that sets the framework for the federal budget. It outlines spending targets and revenue projections for the next fiscal year but does not have the force of law.
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What is a Continuing Resolution?
A continuing resolution is a temporary measure passed by Congress to keep the government funded when a new budget has not been approved. It typically maintains current funding levels and prevents government shutdowns.
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What is the Budget Reconciliation Process?
Budget reconciliation is a process used to adjust the federal budget, particularly for changes in spending and revenue policies. It allows for expedited consideration of budget-related legislation, limiting debate and amendments in Congress.
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What happens with a Presidential Signature or Veto?
After Congress passes a bill, the President can either sign it into law or veto it. A veto sends the bill back to Congress with the President's objections. If the President signs the bill, it becomes law.
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What is a Veto Override?
A veto override occurs when Congress passes a bill into law despite the President's veto. This requires a two-thirds majority vote in both the House and Senate.
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What are "Offices and Staff" in the context of Congress?
Offices and staff refer to the resources available to members of Congress, including their personal offices and the staff members who assist them in carrying out legislative, administrative, and constituent services tasks.
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What are the Legislative Responsibilities of members of Congress?
Legislative responsibilities include introducing and voting on bills, participating in committee work, and representing the interests of constituents. Members of Congress are responsible for shaping laws and overseeing the executive branch.
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What is Committee Work in Congress?
Committee work involves reviewing, amending, and debating bills and other legislation. Committees gather evidence, conduct hearings, and make recommendations on bills to the full chamber, playing a central role in the legislative process.
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What does Bill Sponsorship mean in Congress?
Bill sponsorship refers to the act of a member of Congress introducing a bill or piece of legislation. The sponsor is responsible for advocating for the bill, gathering support, and guiding it through the legislative process.
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What are Roll Call Votes in Congress?
Roll call votes are votes in which each member's vote is recorded individually. This type of vote is typically used for important or contentious legislation, allowing constituents to see how their representatives voted.
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What are Federal Funds in the context of Congress?
Federal funds are monies allocated by the federal government for various programs, services, and projects. Members of Congress often work to secure federal funds for their districts to address local needs, such as infrastructure, education, or health care.
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What are Earmarks in Congress?
Earmarks are specific provisions in legislation that direct federal funds to particular projects or programs in a member's district. They are often used by legislators to benefit their constituents but have been controversial due to concerns about waste and corruption.
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What is "Home Style" in congressional communication?
"Home style" refers to the ways members of Congress present themselves and communicate with their constituents, including through social media, mail, and town halls, to build trust and maintain electoral support.
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How does "Home Style" influence constituent trust?
A visible and effective home style, such as regular communication and personal engagement, can enhance constituents' trust in their representatives, fostering a two-way communication process.
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What is the "Incumbent Advantage" in congressional elections?
The incumbent advantage refers to the benefits current officeholders have over challengers, including name recognition, established fundraising networks, and constituent service records, leading to higher reelection rates.
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How does "Home Style" relate to policy representation?
While home style focuses on personal engagement and communication, policy representation involves advocating for specific policies. Under polarized politics, a strong home style does not always compensate for differences in policy positions.
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Why do incumbents have a significant advantage in elections?
Incumbents benefit from factors like name recognition, access to campaign finance, and established relationships with constituents, contributing to high reelection rates.
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How do incumbents utilize their office to maintain electoral advantage?
Incumbents can use their office to perform favors for constituents, such as securing federal funds or earmarks, enhancing their reputation and increasing the likelihood of reelection.
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What role does constituent communication play in incumbency?
Effective communication with constituents, through methods like mail, social media, and town halls, helps incumbents maintain visibility, address constituent concerns, and reinforce their electoral advantage.
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in organization of the congress which chamber is defined as being more rigid in its adherence and usage of rules
the house of representatives
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What is an expressed presidential power?
An expressed presidential power is a power specifically granted to the President by the U.S. Constitution. Examples include the power to veto legislation, serve as Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, grant pardons, and make treaties with Senate approval.
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representation
Theoretical approaches to understanding representation.
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Burke
Philosopher who influenced theories of representation
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Delegate
Representative who acts based on constituents' preferences.
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Politico
A hybrid approach where representatives sometimes follow constituents and sometimes act independently.
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Trustee
Representative who acts based on personal judgment.
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Descriptive vs. Substantive Representation
Descriptive: Representatives reflect demographic characteristics; Substantive: They advocate for interests.
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Factors influencing Who Gets Elected & Stays
Factors include casework, franking, and gerrymandering.
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Casework
Assistance provided by members of Congress to constituents.
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Franking
Free postal service for members of Congress.
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Gerrymandering
Manipulating district boundaries for political advantage.
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Partisanship
Includes divided and unified government; majority status.
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Committee System
Structure that organizes Congress’s legislative work.
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Types of Committees
Standing, Select, Joint, and Conference Committees.
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House vs. Senate Committees
Differences in function and power.
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Institutional Differences (House vs. Senate)
Organization, style, processes, structure, and constituency differences.
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Rules
House and Senate operate under different rule structures.
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Filibuster
Extended debate to delay or block legislation.
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Constitutional Bases/Roles of the President
Defined powers and responsibilities.
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War Powers Resolution/Authorization of Use of Force
Limits the president’s military authority.
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Executive Agreement
Agreements made by the president without Senate approval.
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Executive Privilege
The right to withhold information from Congress/judiciary.
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Resources of the Presidency
Includes VP, Institutional Presidency, veto, and pocket veto.
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Pocket Veto
Bill rejection when Congress adjourns before the president signs it.
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Legislative Process
Steps a bill takes from introduction to enactment.
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Types/Categories of Law
Different forms of law (civil, criminal, constitutional, etc.).
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Precedents
Past decisions influencing future rulings.
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Judicial Review
Power to declare laws unconstitutional.
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Jurisdiction
The authority of a court to hear a case.
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Structure of the Court System
Hierarchy from lower courts to the Supreme Court.
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USSC (U.S. Supreme Court) Composition
Justices and structure.
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Jurisdiction and Selection of Cases
What cases the USSC can hear.
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Writ of Certiorari
Order for a lower court to deliver records for review.
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Decisions and Opinions
Majority, concurring, and dissenting opinions in rulings.
