Exam 3

Question 1

Know the two articles on ethnicity and acculturation

Answer 1

Milne and Crabtree 1830s 5 points New York focused on a polish rabbi, prostitutes, African Americans, and Irish. Evidence of houses food remains like bones, personal items and privy pits

Bassett Arizona 1902-1911 Apache work camps for Roosevelt dam evidence of houses camp supplies clothing grills

Question 2

Why are Apache sites difficult to find according to Bassett?

Answer 2

Apache lived in seasonal villages their wikiups were temporary. Migrant work communities were short term and often the desert covered evidence.

Question 3

Evidence of ethnicity in 5 points archaeology according to Milne and Crabtree

Answer 3

Remains of meat lacking hindquarters cuts cloven animals point at Kosher diet and Judaism. Exotic bird or unusual cut may indicate foreign born European immigrants

Question 4

How does Bassett relate archaeological sites to levels of Apache social organization?

Answer 4

Small work camps for men reflect Apache tradition of male hunting and providing while women stayed in village (reservation) Roosevelt dam similar to traditional Apache style women stay in camps which are like villages while men leave to work on damn, when season changes (dam finished) camp is abandoned

Question 5

Why was the U.S. government interested in hiring Apache workers at the Roosevelt (Tonto) dam and did it change Native culture?

Answer 5

The Apache were very hard and skilled workers who needed the jobs and so were desired. In some ways their culture was changed by being in contact with good paying jobs, they brought that mindset back to reservations where new stick frame houses and jobs far away effectively killed traditional Apache society

Question 6

Basic Synopsis: “Ms Starr’s Profession” by Donna Seifert

Answer 6

It covers an archaeological analysis (1989) of Hookers Division neighborhood in Washington, D.C. and compares four different assemblages: Early Prostitute and Early Working Class (1870-1890) + Late Prostitute and Late Working Class (1890-1920).

Question 7

What was the goal of the archaeological findings in the article by Seifert?

Answer 7

The analysis attempted to determine the differences/similarities between the lifestyles of prostitutes and their working class neighbors.

Question 8

What were the results of the study covered in Seifert’s article?

Answer 8

Early Prostitutes and Early Working Class Families are very similar, reflecting limited means of the middle class
AND
Late prostitutes enjoyed some more material comforts than the late working class neighbors

Question 9

What artifacts or proportions of artifacts suggest a location was a brothel?

Answer 9

Seifert’s article: historical documents (maps, land ownerships, censuses) helped determine the locations of brothels. Also, combs, mirrors, fancy black buttons for dressing up, lots of lighting glass for seeing at night
Van Buren article: historical documents (sanborn maps, photographs) helped determine what prostitutes may have worn, shell/ceramic buttons, Hubbard dresses of cotton/wool, etc

Question 10

What happened to the industry of prostitution through time in Washington DC?

Answer 10

Brothels went through a ‘change of management’ from a female madam to a more official business owned by males and managed by madams as the economy shifted.

Question 11

How does the economic change affect the lives of prostitutes?

Answer 11

The economic change in DC allowed prostitutes to earn slightly more money than before and afford slightly more comfortable lives, as they could afford nicer buttons, more combs/mirrors, and eat better cuts of meat.

Question 12

archaeological materials/sites from Brickley/Smith

Answer 12

studying interpersonal violence in St. Martins, England in 19th century from skeletal trauma to face and hands: 857 burials most from earth-cut graves (working-class) some coming from brick lined graves (wealthier) used human remains to examine interpersonal violence

Question 13

What skeletal damages do they see in ‘s article?

Answer 13

trauma patterns in the metacarpals, cranial vault, and maxillofacial region reflect BF trauma to the hands from impact of punching and cranio-facial trauma reflects BF from being punched during fist-fights and boxing

Question 14

How do they relate these to violence and conflict resolution?

Answer 14

Class differences may have differed slightly. The VRis (repeated injuries) to face and skull are consistent with socially sanctioned fighting (such as boxing) that were popular at the time.

Question 15

How does gender play out in the Brickley and Smith article

Answer 15

Males had slightly higher levels of facial/cranial vault injuries than females (with the overall # of fractures being small) but males had significantly more metacarpal fractures. These VRIs (repeated injuries) in england closely match numbers of VRIs ibn modern west-europe populations.

Question 16

What materials were found in St. Martins, England?

Answer 16

bioarcheological material in the form of human remains found in graves

Question 17

What do the authors of unlocking the past see as the future of archaeology?

Answer 17

They see a future where the past is understood through the lenses of climate change, gender, and ethnicity

Question 18

Cipolla’s argument about authenticity

Answer 18

“Authenticity provides a neat and tidy framework with which nonnatives evaluate and classify contemporary native peoples …. When native peoples are deemed ‘inauthentic,’ those that deem them so typically base their arguments on the fact that there has been too much cultural change …. In this case, evidence of cultural change is used to weaken native connections—legal or otherwise—to lands and cultural heritage.”

Question 19

What is the theoretical difference between sex and gender?

Answer 19

• Sex refers to biological differences that are physically expressed
• Gender refers to a cultural construction that is expressed through behavior (Voss believes sexual identity may also be culturally defined)

Question 20

According to Voss, what are the purposes of gender archaeology?

Answer 20

• Discover gender bias in archaeological interpretation
• Discover women in archaeological contexts
• Understand relationships of gender

Question 21

Why did Janet Spector focus on bone awl handles to understand gender identity?

Answer 21

To understand task differentiation and gender roles because bone awls (compared to metal handled awls), hold more identity and context due to the notches and designs made.

Question 22

How is Gender reflected in colonial St. Augustine?

Answer 22

• Spanish men often married Native American women
• Domestic artifacts reflect continuation of Native culture
• Public artifacts reflect European forms, identity
• Women important in acculturation

Question 23

What is the concept of the Cult of Domesticity/True Womanhood?

Answer 23

Concept of women creating a moral ‘sanctuary’ or secular temple within the home
- by late 1800s, male and female work areas were separate, the men were away more, and male lives became more public and economic

Question 24

What are examples of gender in institutions?

Answer 24

• Religious housings: Nunneries became more isolated and domestic in appearance in 15th century
• Prisons: Australian women’s prison, purpose and social groups there
• Factories: Boott Cotton Mill, Lowell, Massachusetts—company boarding houses, paternalism, and “Yankee mill girls”
• Apartments, etc.

Question 25

How was social class and gender expressed by household furnishings, especially in the dining room?

Answer 25

• Lower-class women worked, while upper-class women supervised female workers in her house
• White hands & daintiness/superiority (Rebecca at the well)
• Gothic furniture and the Domestic Ideal (Hunting scenes and gender)

Question 26

Be able to explain Wall’s analysis of small samples of pottery from two 1860s New York households.

Answer 26

Context: Upper-Middle and Lower-Middle class households in Greenwich Village, New York City. Back-yard features:

50 Washington Square (Robson family)—wealthier neighborhood:
–Gothic paneled ironstone dinner ware for family use.
– Paneled porcelain tea set for family use.
– Gilt-edged porcelain tea set for entertaining

25 Barrow Street—multi-family house, poorer neighborhood:
– Gothic paneled ironstone dinner ware for family use.
– Paneled ironstone tea set for family use.

Question 27

the Brothertown Indian Nation

Answer 27

In late 1700s, a group of natives adopted and appropriated Christianity, left their home lands and went for NY state until they relocated further out west to WI. Many different cultures of natives unified and became brothertown Indians. These people used European objects, set the table, and lived in log cabins. They were not black and white, and were complex people who were trying to adapt and survive. The natives were not any less authentic for this.

Question 28

Why does she argue that 19th-century dinners became ritualized and so important?

Answer 28

Dinnertime became the only time when the whole family could sit down together and socialize after their busy days, also regulated the daily routine of family life

Question 29

Why is it important to consider African-American material culture and ‘voices’

Answer 29

It is always important to consider all cultures and voices in anthropology. However, by considering and amplifying Af-Am culture/voices, anthropologists can help stop the erasure and destruction of black communities like the Hill in Maryland. The Hill is a deteriorating neighborhood, very close to where Frederick Douglas and Harriet Tubman once lived. However, it has been forgotten and ignored and officials are trying to erase it as if it were a blight. Capitalism and the state are taking African-American sites, places of work/residence away legally. Interpretation and preservation of their material culture will ensure that they are not deliberately forgotten and erased.

Question 30

What were the similarities and differences between the two assemblages?

Answer 30

• Both families used similarly panelled ironstone tablewares for their family meals. Meaning both meals where the ceramics were used had the same social meaning for both families.
• Most of the tea vessels belonging to the Barrow Street family were made of ironstone, like their plates. The Robsons’, however, were made of porcelain and possessed a second, more decorative, tea set (indicative of the Robsons’ participation in formal / social tea parties).

Question 31

How did Chinese immigrants to the United States define masculinity, and how did non-Chinese people stereotype Chinese men?

Answer 31

• Chinese immigrants defined masculinity as wearing traditional clothing, wearing long braids or Queue, and drinking out of chinoiserie cups and saucers.
• Non-Chinese people stereotyped Chinese men as ‘feminine,’ or associated them with “Feminized Masculinity.” They would also be more socially accepted in roles meant more for women in society, such as laundry work, cooking, and cleaning.

Question 32

What is creolization?

Question 33

What arguments does Ferguson make about Colono-ware and food preparation?

Question 34

Where and what is the New Philadelphia site

Answer 34

Illinois, it is the earliest known town founded and registered in a state by an African American in the antebellum United States.

Question 35

What is the brief history of New Philadelphia?

Answer 35

Frank McWorte bought his freedom founded NP and sold lots, and then subsequently bought other slaves freedom. It was very important as it was an integrated town

Question 36

what are the goals of research in New Philadelphia

Answer 36

It was nominated for the NRHP, the goals for research were to use historic and topographic maps and aerial photographs to determine the general location of the town and bring awareness to the town to ensure its people weren’t forgotten

Question 37

What artifacts found in New Phili reflect African traditions?

Question 38

How does the project at New Phili incorporate descendants of the townspeople?

Question 39

What argument is Leone and his co-authors presenting about ‘history’ and local politics?

Question 40

What was ‘The Hill’?

Answer 40

The Hill is a deteriorating neighborhood in MD, very close to where Frederick Douglas and Harriet Tubman once lived. However, it has been forgotten and ignored and officials are trying to erase it as if it were a blight. Capitalism and the state are taking African-American sites, places of work/residence away legally

Question 41

Why is it important to preserve a deteriorating ‘bad’ neighborhood like the Hill?

Answer 41

anthropologists can help stop the erasure and destruction of black communities like the Hill in Maryland, Interpretation and preservation of their material culture will ensure that they are not deliberately forgotten and erased.