Exam 3 Flashcards
Know the two articles on ethnicity and acculturation
Milne and Crabtree 1830s 5 points New York focused on a polish rabbi, prostitutes, African Americans, and Irish. Evidence of houses food remains like bones, personal items and privy pits
Bassett Arizona 1902-1911 Apache work camps for Roosevelt dam evidence of houses camp supplies clothing grills
Why are Apache sites difficult to find according to Bassett?
Apache lived in seasonal villages their wikiups were temporary. Migrant work communities were short term and often the desert covered evidence.
Evidence of ethnicity in 5 points archaeology according to Milne and Crabtree
Remains of meat lacking hindquarters cuts cloven animals point at Kosher diet and Judaism. Exotic bird or unusual cut may indicate foreign born European immigrants
How does Bassett relate archaeological sites to levels of Apache social organization?
Small work camps for men reflect Apache tradition of male hunting and providing while women stayed in village (reservation) Roosevelt dam similar to traditional Apache style women stay in camps which are like villages while men leave to work on damn, when season changes (dam finished) camp is abandoned
Why was the U.S. government interested in hiring Apache workers at the Roosevelt (Tonto) dam and did it change Native culture?
The Apache were very hard and skilled workers who needed the jobs and so were desired. In some ways their culture was changed by being in contact with good paying jobs, they brought that mindset back to reservations where new stick frame houses and jobs far away effectively killed traditional Apache society
Basic Synopsis: “Ms Starr’s Profession” by Donna Seifert
It covers an archaeological analysis (1989) of Hookers Division neighborhood in Washington, D.C. and compares four different assemblages: Early Prostitute and Early Working Class (1870-1890) + Late Prostitute and Late Working Class (1890-1920).
What was the goal of the archaeological findings in the article by Seifert?
The analysis attempted to determine the differences/similarities between the lifestyles of prostitutes and their working class neighbors.
What were the results of the study covered in Seifert’s article?
Early Prostitutes and Early Working Class Families are very similar, reflecting limited means of the middle class
AND
Late prostitutes enjoyed some more material comforts than the late working class neighbors
What artifacts or proportions of artifacts suggest a location was a brothel?
Seifert’s article: historical documents (maps, land ownerships, censuses) helped determine the locations of brothels. Also, combs, mirrors, fancy black buttons for dressing up, lots of lighting glass for seeing at night
Van Buren article: historical documents (sanborn maps, photographs) helped determine what prostitutes may have worn, shell/ceramic buttons, Hubbard dresses of cotton/wool, etc
What happened to the industry of prostitution through time in Washington DC?
Brothels went through a ‘change of management’ from a female madam to a more official business owned by males and managed by madams as the economy shifted.
How does the economic change affect the lives of prostitutes?
The economic change in DC allowed prostitutes to earn slightly more money than before and afford slightly more comfortable lives, as they could afford nicer buttons, more combs/mirrors, and eat better cuts of meat.
archaeological materials/sites from Brickley/Smith
studying interpersonal violence in St. Martins, England in 19th century from skeletal trauma to face and hands: 857 burials most from earth-cut graves (working-class) some coming from brick lined graves (wealthier) used human remains to examine interpersonal violence
What skeletal damages do they see in ‘s article?
trauma patterns in the metacarpals, cranial vault, and maxillofacial region reflect BF trauma to the hands from impact of punching and cranio-facial trauma reflects BF from being punched during fist-fights and boxing
How do they relate these to violence and conflict resolution?
Class differences may have differed slightly. The VRis (repeated injuries) to face and skull are consistent with socially sanctioned fighting (such as boxing) that were popular at the time.
How does gender play out in the Brickley and Smith article
Males had slightly higher levels of facial/cranial vault injuries than females (with the overall # of fractures being small) but males had significantly more metacarpal fractures. These VRIs (repeated injuries) in england closely match numbers of VRIs ibn modern west-europe populations.
What materials were found in St. Martins, England?
bioarcheological material in the form of human remains found in graves
What do the authors of unlocking the past see as the future of archaeology?
They see a future where the past is understood through the lenses of climate change, gender, and ethnicity
Cipolla’s argument about authenticity
“Authenticity provides a neat and tidy framework with which nonnatives evaluate and classify contemporary native peoples …. When native peoples are deemed ‘inauthentic,’ those that deem them so typically base their arguments on the fact that there has been too much cultural change …. In this case, evidence of cultural change is used to weaken native connections—legal or otherwise—to lands and cultural heritage.”
What is the theoretical difference between sex and gender?
- Sex refers to biological differences that are physically expressed
- Gender refers to a cultural construction that is expressed through behavior (Voss believes sexual identity may also be culturally defined)
According to Voss, what are the purposes of gender archaeology?
- Discover gender bias in archaeological interpretation
- Discover women in archaeological contexts
- Understand relationships of gender
Why did Janet Spector focus on bone awl handles to understand gender identity?
To understand task differentiation and gender roles because bone awls (compared to metal handled awls), hold more identity and context due to the notches and designs made.
How is Gender reflected in colonial St. Augustine?
- Spanish men often married Native American women
- Domestic artifacts reflect continuation of Native culture
- Public artifacts reflect European forms, identity
- Women important in acculturation
What is the concept of the Cult of Domesticity/True Womanhood?
Concept of women creating a moral ‘sanctuary’ or secular temple within the home
- by late 1800s, male and female work areas were separate, the men were away more, and male lives became more public and economic
What are examples of gender in institutions?
- Religious housings: Nunneries became more isolated and domestic in appearance in 15th century
- Prisons: Australian women’s prison, purpose and social groups there
- Factories: Boott Cotton Mill, Lowell, Massachusetts—company boarding houses, paternalism, and “Yankee mill girls”
- Apartments, etc.
