Exam 2 Flashcards
Landscape
What are landscape studies?
The study of the relationship between physical environments and cultural meanings.
Landscape
What Pauls sees as the common goal of archaeologists who deal with landscape.
According to Pauls, the goal of archaeologists with landscape is the understand the environment itself and why it was used for settlement planning, hunting, farming, etc.
Landscape
What does Pauls see as the difference between space and place?
Space refers to those areas that have little meaning for the beholder, while place refers to areas that are laden with meaning and memory.
Landscape
Why does Pauls feel that it is important to seek ‘other voices’ in the future, and whose voices are those?
Because these other voices can have insights and have other techniques that benefit the analyses of sites, the culture behind them, and the artifacts as well. These other voices could be archaeologists from different countries or indigenous communities.
Landscape
What did Henry Glassie do?
Outside academia, he helped to organize the Smithsonian’s Folklife Festival and the Office of Folklife Programs, and served on the first Folk Arts panel of the National Endowment for the Arts and as a consultant for outdoor museums.
Landscape
What is Structuralism?
A method of interpretation and analysis of aspects of human cognition, behavior, culture, and experience that focuses on relationships of contrast between elements in a conceptual system that reflect patterns underlying a superficial diversity.
Landscape
What is the big deal about the Georgian mindset?
The Georgian world view in colonial buildings, as it replaces the Medieval world view. New emphasis on individualism, separation, privacy, containment.
Landscape
How did American gardens associated with elite residences often appear during the 1700s (Mark Leone’s study)?
- The elite sought/expressed power in gardens
- Modifications, such as terracing, make houses look taller.
Landscape
Why do Holtorf and Wilkins discuss memory and landscape so much?
Because landscapes can be ‘historical’. There is much history that can be found in the just the landscape alone, even if the material culture is mostly gone or destoyed.
Architecture
I-house style
Two stories high, two rooms wide and are typically one room deep
Architecture
Hall-and-Parlor House
Simple side-gabled, Hall and Parlor houses are two rooms wide and one room deep, with the central front door opening into a small vestibule or porch.
Architecture
Greek Revival
- Wide trim below cornice lines
- Entry or Full-Width porch with columns, sometimes with pediment
- Elaborate door with transom and side lights
Architecture
Italianate
- Low-pitched roof with overhanging eaves and decorate brackets
- Tall windows, often with rounded tops
- Sometimes will have cupola or tower
- Usually masonry
Architecture
Queen Anne
- Irregularly shaped roofs
- Asymmetrical facades with bay windows, overhangs, towers, etc. to avoid flat surfaces.
- Asymmetrical porches
- Textured shingles and cladding boards, sometimes in multiple colors (“painted ladies”)
- Spindle work common on porches and gable decorations
Architecture
Prairie
- Low-pitched roofs with overhanging eaves
- Emphasis on horizontal lines in construction and detailing. Frank Lloyd Wright.
- Square porches (front or side) with massive supports
- Common in Midwest
- Vernacular form (Four Square)
Architecture
How does Jones see African expressions or survivals in some American folk architecture and land use?
Since they were captives for the nighteenth century, African Americans expressed as much of their culture as they could with what material and land they had.
Architecture
Who was Thomas Day, and why is his work important in Jones’ view?
Thomas Day was a black cabnitmaker and architectual woodwork designer where no two designs of his were the same. Jones sees this as a great amount of expression.
Arrow Rock
How and why did historic preservation develop in Arrow Rock?
The restoration of the Huston Tavern in 1923 marked the beginning of historic preservation in the state of Missouri and set the stage for Arrow Rock’s future. In 1963, the entire town was designated a National Historic Landmark because of its association with Westward Expansion.
Arrow Rock
What organization was involved with the preservation of Arrow Rock?
Daughters of the American Revolution and the FAR
Arrow Rock
How does Baumann see scholars and the public interacting at Arrow Rock?
Scholars come to Arrow Rock to engage with the heiritage of the decendent community while the public interacts with what is offered there, such as shops and live shows at the theatre.
Arrow Rock
What is Baumann’s criticism of past Arrow Rock exhibits that involve/don’t involve African Americans?
The exhibits did not originally include African American heiritage in the historical narrative. When this was recognized, a low-budget and temporary exhibit was put in the corner.
Conflict Sites
What is the story of Fort Necessity in terms of how it was excavated and interpreted twice during the twentieth century?
It was excavated and interpreted in a way to inspire Americans, as it was the site of George Washington’s first battle and the first conflict of the French-Indian war, July 1754.
Conflict Sites
What sort of things would you expect to find at a battlefield site, and how would you analyze them?
Bullet casings, buttons, cloth or other clothing materials, metal, uniform patches.
You’d analyze them by trying to figure out the context of the site itself.
Conflict Sites
Types of Military Archaeology (sites)
Battlefields, bunkers, temporary camps,
World War II examples
* Plane crash sites
* Prisoner of war camps
* USS Arizona and USS Utah as National Historic Landmarks.
Conflict Sites
What inferences were made about military life from the human remains from Fort William Henry?
- Chronic stress,
- Herniated discs,
- Infections,
- Tuberculosis,
- Amputations,
- And even scalping
Conflict Sites
What was the importance of the recovery of the Monitor and the H.L. Hunley?
Represented important pieces of American Civil War naval history, with the Monitor showcasing early ironclad technology and the Hunley being the first combat submarine, providing valuable insights into the development of naval warfare during that era.
Conflict Sites
How did archaeologists infer group and individual movements and positions at Little Bighorn?
They geologically surveyed the ground, used metal detectors, and did test excavations.
Conflict Sites
How are archaeologists using archaeological remains to illuminate conflicts as demonstrated in the Gonzalez-Ruibal et al. article.
They are bringing the prisoner of war camps and military prisons back into the public eye when others would rather have it buried. Thus, showing the darker side of conflicts that weren’t the World Wars.
Conflict Sites
How are Kersting and McNutt’s articles good demonstrations that conflict archaeology can also involve POW and internment camps.
Because it brings up the crimes commited in POW and internment camps and the brutality behind them. It also brings more attention to indigenous resistence to colonial wars and non-western wars.
What can we learn from landscape studies of cemeteries?
Studying the landscape can help to identify the social and political beliefs of the people who made it. Social class, and ideas about proper burial can often be observed
How do the organization of cemetery layout and headstones reflect attitudes towards death?
The layout of cemeteries reflect people’s ideas about death often by choosing nature areas where it is peaceful and people can be one with nature, or by being more ordered. Headstones reflect this going from grim skulls to more peaceful religious symbols
How do cemetery layout and stones reflect social class family roles and mourning.
They tend to become more inclusive of class the more modern they are they have gone from segregated cemeteries where black people and poor whites have homemade stones to inclusive ones. Stones have come to show more comforting symbols with religious motifs of rest and the family role is reflected in family plots, and visitation
How have cemeteries changed since British colonies?
Bodies were crowded and stacked on eachother sometimes in mass graves land was cheap but not in town cemeteries often ignored or built over stones only used for most recent burials
How have cemeteries changed since British colonies?
Bodies were crowded and stacked on eachother sometimes in mass graves land was cheap but not in town cemeteries often ignored or built over stones only used for most recent burials
What are time periods and characteristics of Rural Cemetery, Lawn-Park, and memorial cemeteries?
Which type are mt auburn and forest lawn
RURAL: early 1800s in the country large family lots in rustic woods with water and hills like a garden of graves
LAWN PARK: mid 1800s run better open lawns and small monuments feels like urban park and not middle of the woods.
MEMORIAL: early 1900s focal point statues classical/patriotic instead of fancy individual markers
Mt auburn is Rural
Forest lawn is memorial
Why are rural sites sometimes called feature systems?
Because the landscape often includes things like outbuildings canals ditches roads fences and farmsteads that all interact together to make up a system studying like this helps to get a holistic picture of life
Examples of rural vs industrial sites
Rural: farms mills kilns, Nathan Boone cabin
Industrial: Bakken Oil fields
What can be learned from rural and industrial archaeology
Rural: how people lived and worked with land, farming practices, and the use life of items
Industrial: what advancements and equipment are employed, peoples relationship with work, cultural beliefs about industry and their place in society
How does Adam’s define rural archaeology and how does he perceive these sites?
Adam’s says rural archaeology is the study of sites which can only occur within a rural context exploitative sites like those associated with farming or other actions being in a rural setting does not make a site rural.
He perceives these sites as part of a larger whole placing them in the context of the roads and fields around them not just the simple buildings
How does Adam’s suggest site boundaries be defined
He suggests that instead of house lot a rural site could be defined as all of the affected environment including uncultivated land fields, forest and anywhere else in some kind of use
How does Adams say rural site organization changed
He says it changed and became more varied due to the new resources of farm house plans and machined nails around 1830 this led to variations based on regional values with slight modifications as use patterns evolved. The bedrooms became bigger and seperate for children. And the kitchen faced the road instead of a woman’s workspace
How does Adam’s say use of rural sites reflected sexual division of labor room function and role of a farm wife?
As technology increased and cash crops became the main focus of farmers, men started to do a lot of the previously feminine roles like picking and milking. Women began to have house roles and so got bigger rooms this division of labor let children have their own rooms instead of a unified work force, farm wives were to be home caregivers and nurture children/ repair and cook for husband
What sites do Franzen and Caraher study?
Franzen covers maple sugar camps in Michigan from the 1800s and earlier that featured marginalized people who helped feed communities
Caraher covers man camps made as non permanent housing for workers at oil fields to analyze these people and what it can tell us about what 21st century housing may become
How does staski define urban archaeology, and why is it hard to define?
Staski defines it as archaeology in cities, they treat it as a unique environment. Others call it archaeology of cities, this doesn’t include every object in an urban setting like staskis definition
What sort of urban sites can be identified
Houses, pidgeon houses, outhouses, stores, slums, workhouses, drains, cisterns, trash zones, urban farms, tenements
How do urban resources differ from rural
Urban shops are very large compared to their lot, small yards in urban settings so less opportunity for farming, strip malls with many different objects for purchase, railways, rivers, cemetaries, recreation areas, churches and schools more common, vacant areas like alleys or lots
How does urban archaeology relate to ethnicity and gender
By analyzing different cultural or religious structures, segregation of living quarters of different ethnicities and analyzing material culture found in sites a picture of inequality and social interaction can be created
Importance of urban archaeology at Quebec City, New York City, Alexandria, Charleston and Oakland
Quebec City: excavation of 1617 farmstead and manor under city center, houses pigeon houses and seminary
New York City: Dutch and colonial town bulkheads full and slave cemetary
Alexandria: Virginia long term community archaeology based on port of town
Charleston: wells cisterns privies drains and examples of social status
Oakland: 1989 earthquake opened area with examples of Mann household and Chinese laundry
Why does de Leon say it is difficult to find remains of transient groups?
De Leon studies migrants crossing the U.S. border. Due to the illegal nature and their second class status, remains of theirs are not viewed as valuable or are ignored. The remoteness also makes it hard. Through studying campsites, discarded dark clothing, shoes and water bottles we can get a picture of what is useful in these crossings
Why does Zimmerman say it is difficult to find archaeological remains of displaced or migrant groups?
Zimmerman studies homeless Americans. Due to their marginalized status they are ignored, and whatever they don’t use is discarded, without identifying areas they inhabit for a time it is hard to tell what they used and what is incidental trash. The moving nature makes it hard to identify sites and how long they were used. With little data about homeless Americans out of shelters it’s possible through archaeology analyzing what is important to them, they can be aided through programs that understand them
