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PSY202 > EXAM 3 > Flashcards

EXAM 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between distal and proximal factors?

A

Distal: Being part of a group (friends, social, sports)
Proximal: Being offered something

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2
Q

A few genes have been identified as abnormal for SCZ but no single gene increases susceptibility. Match the following associated genes with their general function:

  1. Neuregulin, A. Dopamine metabolism, 2. Dysbindin, B. NMDA and acetylcholine receptor regulation, 3. COMT, C. Glutamate activity, 4. G72, D. Plasticity
A

Neuregulin: NMDA, ACh receptor regulation

Dysbindin: plasticity

COMT: dopamine metabolism

G72: glutamate activity

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3
Q

How does stress affect forgetting, and how can this knowledge be applied?

A

Stress can cause forgetting, such as when parents accidentally leave children in car seats. Understanding the ill effects of stress can help us create systems to protect ourselves during stressful situations.

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4
Q

What are emotions?

A

Subjective mental states that are usually accompanied by distinctive behaviors as well as involuntary physiological changes.

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5
Q

What does research suggest about the relationship between stress levels and memory retention?

A

Animal models suggest that the effects of stress on brain function can be cumulative. A moderate amount of stress/arousal is optimal for memory retention—too much or too little stress impairs memory.

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6
Q

What are the two main neuroleptics used for schizophrenia?

A

Chloroprozamine and clozapine

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7
Q

What is long-term potentiation?

A

The strengthening of synaptic connections through frequent usage; best known method uses NMDA receptors, which are blocked by magnesium ions to block until there are enough glutamate receptors in which calcium ions go through the NMDA.

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8
Q

What is tardive dyskinesia?

A

Repetitive movements involving the face, mouth, lips, and tongue

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9
Q

What is bipolar disorder?

A

It is characterized by periods of depression alternating with expansive mood, or mania, stabilized by lithium

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10
Q

What is decorticate rage?

A

A sudden intense rage in dogs with their cortex removed, suggesting that the cortex inhibits rage.

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11
Q

Which emotional theory posits that labels are given to nonspecific feelings of arousal?
A. James-Lange Theory
B. Schachter’s Cognitive Attribution Model
C. Cannon-Bard Theory
D. Papez Circuit

A

B

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12
Q

What is the Yerkes-Dodson law?

A

Performance increases with arousal (stress) to a certain point but decreases when arousal becomes excessive. The relationship is often illustrated as an inverted U-shaped curve.

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13
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

An animal is exposed to a repetitive, inescapable, stressful stimulus

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14
Q

What is paralytic dementia?

A

The sudden onset of delusions, grandiosity, euphoria, poor judgement, etc

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15
Q

How can stress enhance memory, and what are the implications for PTSD?

A

Stress can increase memory encoding in some situations, but this may lead to PTSD. Recollection of the stressful event can trigger vivid memories and severe physiological responses. Brain regions like the hippocampus, VMPFC, amygdala, insula, and ACC are implicated in PTSD and emotion processing.

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16
Q

What is the Cannon-Bard theory?

A

Emotions precede physiological responses and help deal with a changing environment

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17
Q

What does Loftus & Palmer (1974) tell us about retrieval influence?

A

A lawyer asking questions in a certain way influences what the witness thinks (using words such as contacted, hit, bumped, collided, smashed) the speed was

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18
Q

What is individual response stereotypy?

A

The tendency of individuals to have the same response patterns throughout their lives

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19
Q

What is the experiment testing stress immunization?

A

In experiments with rats, pups handled briefly had less response to adult stresses than pups handled a lot, but the pups also benefitted because their mothers comforted them after the stress. Additionally, separated rat pups with little maternal attention exhibited increased stress as adults.

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20
Q

What is the difference when the left vs right hemisphere is damaged?

A

Left hemisphere often produces depressive symptoms, while damage to the right hemisphere produces cheerful symptoms

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21
Q

What are the genes likely to cause schizophrenia?

A

Neuregulin 1, dysbindin, COMT, and G72

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22
Q

What is the dopamine hypothesis?

A

Schizophrenia results from excess synaptic dopamine or increased dopamine receptors.

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23
Q

Which brain area is related to taste aversion?
A. Amygdala
B. Prefrontal cortex
C. Insula
D. Hippocampus

A

C

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24
Q

What is a key structure in the mediation of fear and what study displayed this?

A

The amygdala, a group of nuclei in the temporal lobe, mediate fear. A study performed with a woman with a disfunctioning amygdala showed no fear response with scary film clips.

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25
Q

What is the “Fight or flight” system?

A

Hypothalamus activates the sympathetic nervous system which stimulates the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine.

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26
Q

What are iconic memories?

A

The briefest memories that store sensory impressions that only last a few seconds

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27
Q

What are the two types of interference in retrieval?

A

Proactive: information you have already learned interferes with your ability to learn new information after
Retroactive: information you learned later disrupts recall of previously learned information

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28
Q

What is the difference between socialization models and selection models?

A

This mirrors distal vs proximal in that socialization models are how peer groups influence substance use, while selection models are how an adolescent/young adult associates with peers who are similar in their substance use behavior

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29
Q

What is high road vs low road?

A

The high road is the slow pathway that contributes to social fear learning, while the low road is the fast pathway that bypasses conscious aware for immediate reactions.

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30
Q

What is the James-Lange theory?

A

Emotions we feel are caused by bodily changes; emotions differ due to different physiological responses

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31
Q

What does ketamine do for depression?

A

Ketamine targets NMDA receptors, and by binding it appears to increased the amount of glutamate, activating the AMPA receptors, which leads to more excitatory behavior

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32
Q

What is the engram?

A

AKA memory trace, the physical record of a learning experience, and can be affected by other events before or after, with each activation subject to changing it (essentially just what a memory is)

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33
Q

What is DSM-V?

A

If an individual has 5 or more of these symptoms they have depression (i think)

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34
Q

What emotion is typically conveyed by a “grimace” in non-human primates?
A. Fear or surprise
B. Anger
C. Joy
D. Playfulness

A

A

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35
Q

What are the three types of anti-depressants and what do they generally do?

A

MAO inhibitors inhibits MAO which breaks down serotonin/dopamine, heterocyclics inhibit reuptake of serotonin/dopamine, and SSRIs block reuptake on only serotonin

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36
Q

How does consolidation occur?

A

It involves the hippocampus, but LTM storage occurs in the cortex

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37
Q

What is an intermediate-term memory?

A

It outlasts an STM, but is not permanant

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38
Q

How can memories be “forgotten?”

A

Encoding failures or retrieval failures

39
Q

What is generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

A

Uncontrollable, pervasive worry occurring more days than not over at least 6 months along with other symptoms such as difficulty concentrating, irritability, etc

40
Q

What is the key takeaway regarding emotions and brain regions?
A. The insula processes all negative emotions.
B. Every brain region is tied to a specific emotion.
C. No single brain region has a one-to-one relationship with a specific emotion.
D. The amygdala is the only brain region involved in fear processing.

A

C

41
Q

What is Klüver-Bucy syndrome?

A

Characterized by emotional changes, such as reduction of fear and anxiety, as well as consumption of (sometimes) inedible objects after bilateral amygdala damage.

42
Q

What are the different types of nondeclarative memory?

A

Skill learning (how to ride a bike), priming (being more likely to use a word you heard recently), and conditioning (salivating when you see your favorite food)

43
Q

What is the difference between learning and memory?

A

Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior based on acquisition of information from the environment, while memory is the ability to store and retrieve information

44
Q

What are the different types of declarative memory?

A

Episodic refers to remembering your own memories (e.g. your first day of school), while semantic is other facts (the capital of Germany).

45
Q

What is the difference between a sociopath and a psychopath?

A

They are both under “Antisocial personality disorder”, harmful behaviors towards other people. Sociopaths don’t care about others while psychopaths pretend to, sociopaths are generally learned while psychopaths are more genetic, sociopaths can have empathy while psychopaths cannot

46
Q

As delay increases, primacy effect goes _____ while recency effect goes ______.

A

up, down

47
Q

Compare the damage seen in patient S.M and patient H.M and describe any notable attributes of their respective case.

A

Patient S.M. (remember with “scared much?”) had a lesion to their amygdala due to the formation and subsequent removal of calcium deposits. This left her with little to no fear which was seen in an experiment evaluating her fear response to horror movie clips. Patient H.M. (think “his memory”) had a bilateral medial temporal lobectomy which left him with anterograde and retrograde amnesia. However, he could still improve on motor tasks.

48
Q

Explain the difference between positive and negative, and a reinforcer and a punisher. Then describe an example of a positive punishment.

A

Positive means that something is added, while negative means that something is removed. A reinforcer increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again, while a punisher decreases this likelihood. Combining these concepts together, an example of a positive punishment would be scolding a child for fighting with their sibling.

49
Q

What type of rage is exhibited by dogs with their cortex removed?
A. Conditioned rage
B. Decorticate rage
C. Papez rage
D. Reactive rage

A

B

50
Q

What happened to patient H.M (Henry Molaison)?

A

He suffered from severe epilepsy, so his temporal lobes were removed along with his amygdala, hippocampus, and cortex. He was able to show improvement in motor skills but could not remember performing them

51
Q

What is the Papez circuit?

A

Interconnected brain regions within the limbic system, which is damaged in some patients with emotional disorders

52
Q

What is encoding?

A

Sensory information being passed into short-term memory

53
Q

What are some physiological differences with schizophrenic people?

A

Enlarged ventricles (especially in men), smaller hippocampi and amygdalas, thicker corpus callosum, and a loss of gray matter

54
Q

What is CBT?

A

Cognitive behavioral therapy, combining the things you think with the things you do. By finding a trigger, which leads to thoughts, which lead to feelings, then behaviors, in a cycle

55
Q

According to the James-Lange theory, which of the following sequences is correct?
A. Stimulus → perception → autonomic arousal & emotion
B. Stimulus → autonomic arousal → perception → emotion
C. Stimulus → perception → autonomic arousal → emotion
D. Stimulus → emotion → perception → autonomic arousal

A

C

56
Q

Which of the following is not one of Plutchik’s 8 basic emotions?
A. Joy
B. Affection
C. Surprise
D. Anxiety

A

D

57
Q

_______ anxiety is relatively stable over time and more permanent while ________ anxiety is a transient emotion triggered during a situation.

A

Trait, State

58
Q

What is the difference between the primacy effect and recency effect?

A

Primacy effect illustrates higher performance of items at the beginning of a list (LTM), while the recency effect shows better performance for items at the end (STM)

59
Q

What is a key problem with polygraph tests for detecting lies?
A. They are invasive and painful.
B. They rely on inaccurate brain activity measurements.
C. They measure nonspecific physiological responses that are not reliable for lie detection.
D. They can only measure respiration.

A

C

60
Q

State the two types of declarative memory and give an example of each.

A

Episodic memory is the recall of personal experiences and events, like remembering your first day of school. Semantic memory is the recall of general knowledge and facts, like knowing that Paris is the capital of France.

61
Q

What are the two types of anxiety?

A

Trait anxiety: relatively stable disposition within the individual to judge a wide range of environmental events as potentially threatening
State anxiety: transitory emotional state consisting of feelings of apprehension, nervousness, and physiological symptoms such as an increased heart rate or respiration.

62
Q

What is the Cognitive Attribution Model (epinephrine study)?

A

Some subjects were in injected with epinephrine but not warned of its effects. Some subjects were exposed to a happy confederate while filling out the form while others were exposed to an angry confederate. The happy confederate subjects were more likely to feel happy and vice versa

63
Q

What are short-term memories?

A

They usually last only up to 30 seconds or throughout rehearsal (also called working memory)

64
Q

What is the hypofrontality hypothesis?

A

Schizophrenia may be caused by underactivation of the frontal lobes

65
Q
A
66
Q

Which of the following traits is not psychopathic?

A. Lack of empathy
B. Impulsivity
C. High levels of anxiety
D. Superficial charm

A

C

67
Q

What is OCD?

A

A person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and or behaviors (compulsions) that he/she feels the urge to repeat

68
Q

What is stress?

A

Any circumstance that upsets homeostatic balance

69
Q

How did the role of selection in social drug self-administration experiment go?

A

There were three boxes, with the normal rat in the middle. On one side is a rat self-administering cocaine, while the other side has no access. The rat often used the self-adminstration lever. When the same experiment was performed with the middle rat having no access, they had a slight lean to the other no access rat.

70
Q

What are the two types of long-term memory?

A

Declarative memory deals with what - facts and information acquired through learning that can be stated or described, while nondeclarative deals with how - shown by performance and doing things

71
Q

What are lie detectors based on and why can they be faulty?

A

The test is based on the assumption that lying produces emotional and physiological responses, but these responses can be similar to those of an anxious person.

72
Q

What does the insular cortex and anterior cingulate cortex do?

A

Insular cortex – disgust/fear
ACC – error detection

73
Q

What are neuroleptic drugs?

A

Antipsychotic drugs that block dopamine D2 receptors

74
Q

What is a flashbulb memory?

A

A vivid and detailed memory that is easily recalled for a long time after the event (9/11)

75
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

The loss of memory for events occurring before the trauma

76
Q

How do neurotransmitters act during anxiety?

A

There is a lack of GABA activity/modulation, serotonin is reuptaked more often

77
Q

What is PPTSD?

A

A combination of intrusive memories surrounding a traumatic event and a subsequent avoidance of stimuli related to that trauma

78
Q

What makes schizophrenia more likely?

A

If you have biological relatives (especially identical twins)

79
Q

What are the three components that working memory can be subdivided into?

A

Phonological loop (auditory), visuospatial sketchpad (visual), and episodic buffer (everything else sensorywise)

80
Q

What is retrieval?

A

The usage of stored long-term memories

81
Q

What is anhedonia?

A

A lack of pleasure seen in many depressed individuals, using techniques such as DBS has helped

82
Q

What is consolidation?

A

Short-term memory information being transferred into long-term storage

83
Q

What is an example of proximal risk factors for substance use?
A. Having friends who use drugs
B. Being part of a sports team
C. A family history of substance use
D. Personality traits like impulsivity

A

A

84
Q

What do the amygdala and hippocampus do?

A

Amygdala – fear learning
Hippocampus - memory

85
Q

What is the correlation between serotonin and aggression?

A

Negative: More serotonin, less aggression. Organisms with lower levels of serotonin or no serotonin receptor were the most aggressive

86
Q

What is a neuroleptic and what is a potential side effect of this class of medications?

A

Neuroleptics are drugs that block D2 dopamine receptors to manage schizophrenia symptoms. One side effect is that they can lead to tardive dyskinesia which is the rapid smaking of the lips, face, or tongue

87
Q

What is an endophenotype and what disorder has an associated one?

A

Schizophrenia, a group of behavioral or physical characteristics that accompany an inherited susceptibility to a particular disorder.

88
Q

According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, what level of arousal leads to optimal performance?
A. High arousal
B. Low arousal
C. Moderate arousal
D. No arousal

A

C

89
Q

What is the facial feedback hypothesis and what other theory does it support?

A

It suggests that sensory feedback from our facial expressions can affect our mood, supporting the James-Lange theory?

90
Q

What is schizophrenia?

A

Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder characterized by disruptions in thought, perception, emotions, and behavior, often including symptoms like hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, and impaired functioning.

91
Q

Which model of drug use suggests that peer behavior influences adolescent substance use?
A. Law of effect
B. Socialization model
C. Selection model
D. Proximal model

A

B

92
Q

What was the basic protocol and the main takeaway from Lashley’s experiments?

A

Lashely did ablating experiments where various parts of the brain were cut in mice and their ability to learn and navigate a maze were tested. The results indicated that mice could still navigate a maze regardless of the area of the cut, showing that memory is stored throughout the brain and not localized only to one area.

93
Q

What is stress immunization?

A

The idea that mild stress early in life makes it easier to handle stress later in life… so we think

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