EXAM 3 Flashcards
(93 cards)
What is the difference between distal and proximal factors?
Distal: Being part of a group (friends, social, sports)
Proximal: Being offered something
A few genes have been identified as abnormal for SCZ but no single gene increases susceptibility. Match the following associated genes with their general function:
- Neuregulin, A. Dopamine metabolism, 2. Dysbindin, B. NMDA and acetylcholine receptor regulation, 3. COMT, C. Glutamate activity, 4. G72, D. Plasticity
Neuregulin: NMDA, ACh receptor regulation
Dysbindin: plasticity
COMT: dopamine metabolism
G72: glutamate activity
How does stress affect forgetting, and how can this knowledge be applied?
Stress can cause forgetting, such as when parents accidentally leave children in car seats. Understanding the ill effects of stress can help us create systems to protect ourselves during stressful situations.
What are emotions?
Subjective mental states that are usually accompanied by distinctive behaviors as well as involuntary physiological changes.
What does research suggest about the relationship between stress levels and memory retention?
Animal models suggest that the effects of stress on brain function can be cumulative. A moderate amount of stress/arousal is optimal for memory retention—too much or too little stress impairs memory.
What are the two main neuroleptics used for schizophrenia?
Chloroprozamine and clozapine
What is long-term potentiation?
The strengthening of synaptic connections through frequent usage; best known method uses NMDA receptors, which are blocked by magnesium ions to block until there are enough glutamate receptors in which calcium ions go through the NMDA.
What is tardive dyskinesia?
Repetitive movements involving the face, mouth, lips, and tongue
What is bipolar disorder?
It is characterized by periods of depression alternating with expansive mood, or mania, stabilized by lithium
What is decorticate rage?
A sudden intense rage in dogs with their cortex removed, suggesting that the cortex inhibits rage.
Which emotional theory posits that labels are given to nonspecific feelings of arousal?
A. James-Lange Theory
B. Schachter’s Cognitive Attribution Model
C. Cannon-Bard Theory
D. Papez Circuit
B
What is the Yerkes-Dodson law?
Performance increases with arousal (stress) to a certain point but decreases when arousal becomes excessive. The relationship is often illustrated as an inverted U-shaped curve.
What is learned helplessness?
An animal is exposed to a repetitive, inescapable, stressful stimulus
What is paralytic dementia?
The sudden onset of delusions, grandiosity, euphoria, poor judgement, etc
How can stress enhance memory, and what are the implications for PTSD?
Stress can increase memory encoding in some situations, but this may lead to PTSD. Recollection of the stressful event can trigger vivid memories and severe physiological responses. Brain regions like the hippocampus, VMPFC, amygdala, insula, and ACC are implicated in PTSD and emotion processing.
What is the Cannon-Bard theory?
Emotions precede physiological responses and help deal with a changing environment
What does Loftus & Palmer (1974) tell us about retrieval influence?
A lawyer asking questions in a certain way influences what the witness thinks (using words such as contacted, hit, bumped, collided, smashed) the speed was
What is individual response stereotypy?
The tendency of individuals to have the same response patterns throughout their lives
What is the experiment testing stress immunization?
In experiments with rats, pups handled briefly had less response to adult stresses than pups handled a lot, but the pups also benefitted because their mothers comforted them after the stress. Additionally, separated rat pups with little maternal attention exhibited increased stress as adults.
What is the difference when the left vs right hemisphere is damaged?
Left hemisphere often produces depressive symptoms, while damage to the right hemisphere produces cheerful symptoms
What are the genes likely to cause schizophrenia?
Neuregulin 1, dysbindin, COMT, and G72
What is the dopamine hypothesis?
Schizophrenia results from excess synaptic dopamine or increased dopamine receptors.
Which brain area is related to taste aversion?
A. Amygdala
B. Prefrontal cortex
C. Insula
D. Hippocampus
C
What is a key structure in the mediation of fear and what study displayed this?
The amygdala, a group of nuclei in the temporal lobe, mediate fear. A study performed with a woman with a disfunctioning amygdala showed no fear response with scary film clips.