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PSY202 > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Wug test?

A

The Wug Test is a linguistic experiment developed by Jean Berko Gleason that assesses children’s ability to apply grammatical rules to new, unfamiliar words. In the test, children are shown a picture of a fictional creature called a “wug” and then asked to form the plural (“wugs”), demonstrating their understanding of pluralization rules even with novel words.

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2
Q

What is dual representation, and how does it relate to the preoperational stage?

A

Dual representation is the ability to understand that an object can represent something else (e.g., a model or a map). Children in the preoperational stage struggle with this concept, affecting their ability to understand symbolic representations.

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3
Q

What is grammar?

A

Combing vocabulary into sentences

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4
Q

What is conservation in Piaget’s theory?

A

Understanding that certain properties of objects, such as volume or number, remain the same despite changes in form or appearance.

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5
Q

How does research on deaf children support the idea that humans have special receptivity to language?

A

Deaf children create their own gestural communication systems (homesign) that follow grammatical rules, suggesting that humans are biologically predisposed to acquire language.

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6
Q

What are the main milestones of semantic development?

A

12 months: First words, 2 years: 200 words, 6 years: 10k-15k

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7
Q

What ae the individual prelinguistic periods?

A

2-3 days: Recognize mom voice, 2-3 months: cooing, 4-6 months: babbling

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8
Q

How does gesturing aid in language learning?

A

Gestures, such as pointing or mimicking actions, help children communicate before they have full verbal language skills and are linked to later vocabulary development.

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9
Q

What is telegraphic speech?

A

Telegraphic speech is early two-word sentences used by toddlers, containing only essential content words like “want cookie.”

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10
Q

What factor fosters language learning through screen time for infants?

A

Language learning is more effective when screen time involves interaction, such as video calls with responsive adults.

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11
Q

What are “Secondary circular reactions”?

A

Repetitive actions focused on manipulating objects in the environment, such as shaking a rattle to hear the sound.

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12
Q

What is the Dynamic Systems Theory (DST) of cognitive development?

A

DST views cognitive development as a self-organizing process where children’s behaviors emerge from interactions between their biology, environment, and experiences.

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13
Q

Define categorical speech perception and its significance in infancy.

A

Categorical speech perception is the ability to distinguish between sounds of different phonemes. Infants are born with the capacity to perceive all speech sounds but lose this ability as they focus on their native language.

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14
Q

What does it mean to see a child as a “limited-capacity processing system”?

A

Children have limited resources for processing information, and their cognitive abilities develop as they become more efficient in managing these resources.

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15
Q

What are the ranges for each sensorimotor stage?

A

Reflexive schemas (Birth - 1 month), primary circular reactions (1 month to 4 months), secondary circular reactions (4-8 months), Coordination of secondary (8-12) Tertiary (12-18), representation (18-24 months)

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16
Q

What is “Encoding” in the context of memory?

A

The process of transforming information into a format that can be stored in memory for later retrieval.

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17
Q

What is phonology?

A

The sound of a language (duh for dog)

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18
Q

What causes the “language explosion”?

A

Children’s grasp of grammatical rules, leading to rapid increases in vocabulary and sentence complexity.

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19
Q

What is centration in Piaget’s preoperational stage?

A

Focusing on one aspect of a situation and ignoring other important features, such as focusing on height and ignoring width in conservation tasks.

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20
Q

What are protodeclarative and protoimperative gestures?

A

Protodeclarative gestures are used by infants to draw attention to an object (e.g., pointing), Protoimperative gestures are used to express a desire for an object or action (e.g., reaching out for something).

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21
Q

What is “Object permanence”?

A

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen or heard.

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22
Q

What are the cognitive limitations of the preoperational stage?

A

Egocentrism, centration, lack of conservation, and difficulty understanding reversibility.

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23
Q

What is fast mapping, and why is it significant in language acquisition?

A

Fast mapping is the ability of children to quickly connect new words to their meanings after only a few exposures, allowing rapid vocabulary expansion.

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24
Q

What is the “A-not-B error” in Piaget’s theory?

A

A common mistake where infants continue to search for an object in its original hiding place (A) rather than its new location (B).

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25
Q

What is “Rehearsal” in cognitive development?

A

A memory strategy that involves repeating information to help retain it in working memory.

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26
Q

How do Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories differ?

A

Piaget emphasizes individual construction of knowledge through stages, while Vygotsky stresses social interaction and cultural influence on development.

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27
Q

What is “Scaffolding” in Vygotsky’s theory?

A

Temporary support provided by a more knowledgeable other to help a child accomplish a task, gradually reducing assistance as the child gains independence.

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28
Q

Define holophrases and provide an example.

A

Holophrases are single words used by children to express an entire sentence or idea, such as using “milk” to mean “I want milk.”

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29
Q

What is “Accommodation” in Piaget’s theory?

A

The process of adjusting or changing schemas to fit new information or experiences.

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30
Q

How does mental representation allow for make-believe play?

A

It allows children to mentally manipulate symbols and imagine scenarios, engaging in pretend play that involves complex, creative thought.

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31
Q

What is syntax?

A

The way in which words get arranged or organized in sentences

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32
Q

What is “Long-term memory”?

A

The system responsible for storing information over extended periods.

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33
Q

What are the stages of cognitive development according to Piaget?

A

Sensorimotor (0-2 yr), Preoperational (2-7 yr), Concrete Operational(7-11yr), Formal Operational (11-18yr)

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34
Q

What is vocabulary?

A

Knowledge and use of words

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35
Q

Define “Symbolic play.”

A

Play that involves using symbols, like using a banana as a phone or a stick as a sword, which shows advanced cognitive development.

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36
Q

What is “Joint attention,” and how is it related to intersubjectivity?

A

Joint attention is shared focus between two individuals, crucial for developing intersubjectivity, the shared understanding of an activity.

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37
Q

What are the key terms related to Information-processing theories?

A

Encoding, working memory, executive functioning, rehearsal, and content knowledge development.

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38
Q

What does the Nativist Theory propose about language development (and who?)

A

It suggests that humans have an innate ability for language, supported by a “universal grammar” (Chomsky)

39
Q

Define collective monologues and explain their role in early language development.

A

Collective monologues occur when children talk at each other without actually engaging in conversation. They reflect early stages of developing communicative skills.

40
Q

What are “Tertiary circular reactions”?

A

Experimenting with different actions to observe varying outcomes, a hallmark of the later sensorimotor stage.

41
Q

What is a “Schema” (or scheme) according to Piaget?

A

A mental structure or framework that organizes and interprets information.

42
Q

What does the Interactionist Theory emphasize in language development (and who?)

A

It emphasizes that language development is influenced by social interaction and the environment. (Vygotsky and Bruner)

43
Q

What is “Organization” in Piaget’s theory?

A

An internal process of linking and rearranging schemas to create a cohesive cognitive system.

44
Q

Define “Adaptation” in Piaget’s theory.

A

The process of building schemas through direct interaction with the environment via assimilation and accommodation.

45
Q

What is “Working memory”?

A

A cognitive system that temporarily holds and manipulates information needed for complex tasks.

46
Q

What is “Private speech” in Vygotsky’s theory?

A

Speech directed at oneself to guide one’s own thinking and behavior, a tool for self-regulation.

47
Q

What is prosody, and how does it develop in infants?

A

Prosody refers to the rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech. Infants begin to pick up on prosody from birth, which helps them understand emotional tone and sentence structure.

48
Q

What are the educational implications of Piaget’s theory?

A

Education should be child-centered, with hands-on learning experiences that match the child’s developmental stage.

49
Q

What is syntactic bootstrapping, and how do children use it to learn language?

A

Syntactic bootstrapping is when children use the grammatical structure of sentences to infer the meaning of unfamiliar words.

50
Q

How has the understanding of dual representation influenced child forensic psychology?

A

Recognizing that children under 5 have difficulty with dual representation has changed practices in child forensic psychology, particularly in how evidence is presented to young children in legal settings.

51
Q

What is the mutual exclusivity constraint, and how does it aid in word learning?

A

Mutual exclusivity is the assumption that each object has only one label. This helps children differentiate between words and objects.

52
Q

How do infants use joint attention?

A

3-4 months, infants look to speaking adults, 10-12 months, more precise linkage between gaze and speech, 12 months pointing

53
Q

What is egocentrism in Piaget’s preoperational stage?

A

The inability to differentiate between one’s own perspective and that of others (i.e. the world revolves around me)

54
Q

Describe the course of phonological development.

A

Phonological development begins with cooing and babbling, moves to the production of speech sounds, and finally leads to the articulation of full words. Over time, children learn to distinguish and produce complex sounds.

55
Q

What is Infant-Directed Speech (motherese)?

A

A type of speech characterized by exaggerated intonation, slower tempo, and higher pitch, used by adults when speaking to infants.

56
Q

How does basic phonetic development occur?

A

Minimal words (“juuu”), finding (“juuus”), adjust vowel (“jus”)

57
Q

What are pragmatics?

A

The social/communicative use of speech (turn-taking, gestures, tone, etc)

58
Q

What is “Guided participation” in Vygotsky’s theory?

A

The process by which children learn through participation in activities alongside more skilled members of society.

59
Q

What are the basic ideas of Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of development?

A

Cognitive development is influenced by social interactions, language, and cultural tools.

60
Q

What are the basic characteristics of first words?

A

First words are usually nouns referring to familiar objects, people, or actions. They are often simple and context-bound.

61
Q

How does DST use the notions of “variation” and “selection”?

A

Variation refers to different strategies or behaviors a child might try, while selection refers to the process by which certain strategies are favored based on their effectiveness in a given situation.

62
Q

What marks the transition from one stage of Piaget’s cognitive development to the next?

A

Cognitive gains, such as the development of object permanence, symbolic thought, and logical reasoning.

63
Q

What is the “Zone of Proximal Development” (ZPD) in Vygotsky’s theory?

A

The range of tasks a child can perform with guidance but not independently.

64
Q

What does the Wug Test demonstrate about morphological development?

A

It shows that children can apply grammatical rules to novel words, indicating an understanding of language rules beyond memorization.

65
Q

What are the major characteristics of Piaget’s formal operational stage?

A

The ability to think abstractly, reason hypothetically, and engage in deductive reasoning.

66
Q

How does mental representation allow for deferred imitation?

A

Mental representation enables children to remember and later imitate an action they saw performed by someone else.

67
Q

What are the major characteristics of Piaget’s concrete operational stage?

A

Logical thinking, mastery of conservation tasks, ability to classify objects, and understanding of seriation (ordering items).

68
Q

What do Information-processing theories focus on?

A

They focus on how children process, store, and retrieve information, viewing cognitive development as continuous.

69
Q

What are the main differences between information processing and DST?

A

In IP, child is “limited-capacity processing system”, child surmounts limitations, while DST says the child is “well-integrated system”, and motivation matters in this model

70
Q

What is underextension, and give an example.

A

Underextension is when a child applies a word too narrowly. For example, using the word “bear” only to refer to a specific teddy bear rather than all bears.

71
Q

What is babbling, and how does it contribute to language development?

A

Babbling is repetitive consonant-vowel sounds like “ba” or “da,” which lay the foundation for later word production.

72
Q

What are the cognitive benefits of bilingualism?

A

Enhanced cognitive flexibility, problem-solving skills, and better control over attention.

73
Q

What is pragmatic language development?

A

Learning how to use language appropriately in social contexts (e.g., knowing when to take turns in conversation).

74
Q

What is “Assimilation” in Piaget’s theory?

A

The process of interpreting new experiences by incorporating them into existing schemas.

75
Q

What cognitive advances occur in the preoperational stage?

A

Advances include symbolic thinking, improved language, and the ability to engage in pretend play.

76
Q
A
77
Q

What is “Reciprocal teaching”?

A

A technique where teachers and students take turns leading discussions to foster better understanding of the material.

78
Q

What is the American Academy of Pediatrics’ rule for screen time for infants under 2 years old?

A

Screen time should be limited to video chatting with family under adult supervision.

79
Q

Define “Pretend play.”

A

A type of play where children use objects, actions, or ideas to represent other objects, actions, or ideas.

80
Q

What is the taxonomic constraint in word learning?

A

The taxonomic constraint is the assumption that words refer to categories of objects rather than individual items (e.g., assuming “dog” refers to all dogs, not just a specific one).

81
Q

What are the substages of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?

A

1) Reflexive Schemes, 2) Primary Circular Reactions, 3) Secondary Circular Reactions, 4) Coordination of Secondary Schemes, 5) Tertiary Circular Reactions, 6) Mental Representations.

82
Q

What are the major theories of language development?

A

Behaviorism, Nativist Theory (Noam Chomsky), and Interactionist Theory.

83
Q

Define “Collaborative learning” according to Vygotsky.

A

Learning that occurs through social interaction and collaboration with more knowledgeable peers or adults.

84
Q

What is joint attention, and why is it important in language development?

A

Joint attention occurs when a child and caregiver focus on the same object or event, fostering communication and word learning.

85
Q

What are the major cognitive attainments during Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?

A

Development of object permanence, intentional behavior, and the ability to form mental representations.

86
Q

What are narrative skills in language development?

A

The ability to tell coherent stories or describe events, which develops through childhood.

87
Q

Define “Constructivism” in Piaget’s theory.

A

The view that children actively create their understanding of the world through experiences and interactions.

88
Q

What is “Sensorimotor play”?

A

Play that involves exploring the environment and manipulating objects to learn about their properties.

89
Q

What is “Functional play”?

A

Play that involves simple, repetitive activities like rolling a ball or pushing a toy car, common in early childhood.

90
Q

How does DST explain cognition as a “softly-assembled” process?

A

Cognition is not rigidly fixed but flexible and dynamic, emerging from multiple interacting factors that vary in different contexts.

91
Q

What is overextension in language development, and give an example?

A

Overextension is when a child applies a word too broadly. For example, calling all four-legged animals “dog.”

92
Q

What are “Primary circular reactions” in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?

A

Simple, repetitive behaviors centered around the infant’s own body, such as sucking a thumb.

93
Q

What is the object-scope constraint in word learning?

A

The object-scope constraint is the assumption that words refer to whole objects rather than parts or attributes.

PSY202 (2 decks)

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