exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
definition of white-collar/corporate crime
A
crime committed by a person of respectability during the course of their legitimate occupation
2
Q
white-collar crime is committed by
A
individuals
3
Q
corporate crime is committed by
A
corporations
4
Q
types of white collar crime (3)
A
- employee theft and embezzlement
- financial fraud (tax evasion, insider trading, identity theft)
- professional deviance (medical: fee splitting, legal: overcharging)
5
Q
types of corporate crime (5)
A
- against consumers/owners (unsafe products, deceptive advertising)
- against other businesses (industrial espionage)
- against employees (violations of health and safety laws)
- against the government (tex evasion, insurance fraud)
- against the environment (waste dumping)
6
Q
similarities and differences between white collar/corporate crime and street crime (4)
A
- planning
- implementation
- costs
- societal reaction
7
Q
organized crime characteristics (3)
A
- provision of illegal goods
- use of violence
- involvement in legitimate institutions
8
Q
“traditional” criminal groups (3)
A
Italian Mafia, Japanese Yakuza, Chinese Triads
9
Q
“new” organized crime groups
A
Colombian drug cartel, Mexican Federation, Russian Mafiya
10
Q
stage 1 of criminal mobility
A
individual criminal
11
Q
stage 2 of criminal mobility
A
intra-ethnic gang rivalry
12
Q
stage 3 of criminal mobility
A
inter-ethnic gang rivalry
13
Q
stage 4 of criminal mobility
A
organized criminal accommodations
14
Q
stage 5 of criminal mobility
A
ethnic gang criminal supremacy
15
Q
stage 6 of criminal mobility
A
decline and fall of the ethnic gang
16
Q
enterprise theory
A
- criminal ventures are entrepreneurial and economically driven
- fluid and dynamic groups - - small operations with little specializations, short hierarchies, and formalization
17
Q
definition of terrorism
A
the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government or civilian population of political or social objectives
18
Q
domestic terrorism
A
unlawful use of force by a group or individual based and operating entirely within their own country without foreign direction
19
Q
international terrorism
A
unlawful use of force or violence committed by a group or individual who has some connection to a foreign power or whose activities transcend national boundaries
20
Q
types of domestic terrorism (3)
A
- right-wing extremist groups
- left-wing extremist groups
- special-interest extremist groups
21
Q
right-wing extremist groups
A
goals may include racial or ethnic supremacy and opposition to government authority
22
Q
left-wing extremist groups
A
- oppose capitalism, imperialism, and colonialism
- pursue environmental or animal rights issues
- espouse pro-communist or pro-socialist beliefs
- support a decentralized social and political system
23
Q
special-interest extremist groups
A
anti-abortion, environmentalist, animal-rights, etc.
24
Q
Patterns of US terrorist attacks and plots
A
attacks and plots increasing slowly, fatalities have not spiked higher than attacks and plots since 2001
25
right-wing extremist trends
49%, decreasing but more fatal
26
left-wing extremist trends
40%, continuing increase in plots and attacks
27
trends in domestic terrorism in 2021
- fatalities has increased from 2020
- four mass casualty terrorist attacks with 3 or more fatalities
- significant increase in the number of domestic terrorist incidents at demonstrations in cities (50%)
- law enforcement agencies have become a target from all sides of the political spectrum (40%)
28
which kind of terrorism is the most prominent and least prominent from 1994-2021?
violent-far right has always been the highest but spiked concerningly high starting in 2018, ethnonationalist has always been the lowest
29
trends in international terrorism in 2022
- most common type of attack is shootings
30
countries with highest increases in terrorist attacks in 2022 (3)
Burkina Faso, Yemen, Pakistan
31
countries with the highest decrease in terrorist attacks in 2022 (3)
Syria, Iraq, Somalia
32
terrorist groups increasing in 2022 (2)
ISIS-Mozambique and Baloch Liberation Army
33
hypothesized correlates of international terrorism (5)
- poverty
- social inequality
- social injustice (lack of freedom)
- drug trade
- Islamic state support
34
types of international terrorism (3)
revolutionary, religious, state-sponsored
35
revolutionary international terrorism
violence in support of ethnonationalist goals
36
countries mentioned with revolutionary international terrorism (2)
Northern Ireland, Palestine
37
Religious international terrorism
violence in support of a faith-based belief system
38
groups mentioned with religious international terrorism (4)
Christian/Catholic: RIRA
Islamist/Jihadist: al-Quaida, ISIS, Hizballah
39
state-sponsored international terrorism
terrorist violence carried out with the active support of national governments provided to violent non-state actors
40
countries mentioned with state sponsored terrorism (4)
Iran, Syria, North Korea, Cuba
41
Examples of 2001 provisions for US counter-terrorism policies (4)
- roving wiretaps
- access to records
- "sneak and peek" warrants
- material support
42
important counter-terrorism policies in the US
USA Patriot and USA Freedom Acts
43
pros on patriot/usa freedom acts (3)
enhanced investigative tools, cooperation and information sharing, increased penalties for terrorism-related crimes
44
cons of patriot/usa freedom acts (4)
unlawful detentions, spying, privacy intrusions, sneak and peek by FBI
(civil liberty violations)
45
4 types of crime
- conventional (street): violent and property crime
- organized crime
- public order/victimless crime
- white collar and corporate crime
46
costs of crime
tangible (values of stolen goods, medical costs, lost wages)
intangible (pain, emotional trauma)
47
kinds of financial costs of crime (6)
- direct loss
- transfer of property
- costs related to criminal violence
- illegal expenditures
- enforcement costs
- prevention and protection costs
48
types of murder (4)
cold-blooded, serial, mass, warm-blooded
49
cold blooded vs warm blooded
cold: calm and deliberate
warm: fits of rage and emotions
50
forcible rape types (3)
date rape, marital rape, prison rape
51
types of domestic violence/abuse (2)
spouse/intimate partner, child
52
types of property crime (7)
- burglary
- theft/larceny
- motor vehicle theft
- arson
- vandalism
- fraud
- cyber crime
53
types of hate crimes (2)
violent (most common, murder/assault), property (theft/vandalism)
54
definition of murder
unlawful premeditated killing of another human being
55
theft
stealing
56
definition of burglary
entering a place with the unlawful intention of committing a crime, usually theft
57
victimless public order crimes (3)
gambling, prostitution, drug use
58
definition of cyber crime
- singular or ongoing
- involves theft and/or destruction of information, resources, or funds utilizing computers and the internet
59
characteristics of cybercrime (4)
- relatively new and understudied
- global in scope and influence
- basic among individuals to sophisticated in organized crime groups
- can cause more harm, especially economic, to greater numbers of victims
60
historical context of cyber crime (4)
- appeared after technological revolution
- almost all computers are connected which increased access to targets
- escalated in severity 1990s-2000s
- majority of offenders located in China, Eastern Europe, and Russia
61
types of cyber crime (4)
cyber theft, cyber vandalism, cyber stalking/bullying, cyber war/terrorism
62
definition of cyber theft
use of computer networks for criminal profits
63
definition of cyber vandalism
malicious attacks aimed at disrupting, defacing, and destroying technology
64
definition of cyber stalking/bullying
extensions of street crimes via the internet
65
definition of cyber war/terrorism
politically motivated attacks designed to compromise the electronic infrastructure of an enemy nation and to disrupt its economy
66
motivation of cybervandalism
demonstrate technical skill or security gaps, revenge, access confidential information or to expose wrongdoing
67
prevalence of cyber stalking/bullying
20% of high school students
68
characteristics of cyber war/terrorism
- predicted to be new area of political conflict in future
- unauthorized access to military and economic institutions
69
scope of cyber crime
global, most is unreported to law enforcement
70
scope of cyber vandalism
5.5 billion attacks successfully blocked by anti-virus programs
71
law enforcement and cyber crime
- difficult to pass new laws to keep up with new forms of the crimes
72
study of criminal careers
life course criminology
73
changes in offenders over time (3)
onset of criminal activity, persistence, resistance (exiting)
74
career criminal
crime as occupation, chronic (persistent, high rate) offender
75
criminal career
course of one's involvement in delinquent or criminal activity
76
alcohol as a crime correlate
factor in significant proportions of homicides, assaults, and sex offenses
77
direct causation of alcohol and crime
psychopharmacological effects of intoxication (aggression, impaired cognitive capacity), increased property crime due to addiction
78
reverse causality of alcohol and crime
criminal involvement leads to alcohol and drug use
79
indirect causal effects of alcohol and crime
stigmatization of addicts, illegitimate opportunities, crime associated with drug trafficking
80
spurious correlation (common causes) of alcohol and crime (4)
strain, weakening of social bonds, low self-control, exposure to deviant peers
81
rome 1998 statute
response to events in Rwanda and former yugoslavia
officially constituted in 2002
82
countries participating in ICC
114 nations have ratified and put themselves under it
83
benefits of ICC (3)
- global accountability (sudanese president, Omar-al-bashir, can be indicted, but maybe not brought to justice)
- victims can obtain official acknowledgement of their sufferings
- may deter potential offenders
84
crime specialization in life course criminology
most high profile criminals have been found to not specialize in one kind of crime, they usually commit a couple different types
85
two major theories regarding why criminals exit criminal careers
social control theory (conventional social bonds) and social learning theory (delinquent peers, less exposure)
86
individual criminal stage
loner with no existing organizational identity, may join in criminal behavior occasionally in a single type of crime
87
intra-ethnic gang rivalry stage
individual criminal joins other like-minded criminals to form a group that will achieve more success together
88
inter-ethnic gang rivalry stage
intraethnic groups consolidate resources to eliminate competition from other groups
89
organized criminal accommodations stage
competing ethnic groups eliminate competition and work together collectively to improve their criminal endeavors
90
ethnic gang criminal supremacy stage
violence between competing ethnic groups reemerges due to one's rising success and their desire to eliminate the rival, through violence or persuasion
91
decline and fall of the ethnic gang stage
criminal enterprises suffer as power weakens due to competition or increased scrutiny from law enforcement, resources are depleted as they begin to be spent on not getting caught
92
mission of al-Qa'ida
- Afghan resistance against former soviet union
- eliminate western influence from the muslim world
93
countries where al-Qa'ida is located (8)
- Afghanistan
- Iran
- North Africa
- West Africa
- Pakistan
- Somalia
- Syria
- Yemen
94
example 1 of al-Qa'ida terrorism
September 11, 2001
crashed planes into world trade centers, pentagon, and one diverted by civilians to a field in rural pennsylvania
95
example 2 of al-Qa'ida terrorism
2011, kidnapped US aid worker Warren Weinstein in Pakistan, held him for two years until his death
96
al-Qa'ida donation sources
likeminded individuals and supporters, people who think they are supporting a humanitarian cause
97
recent terrorism trend example 1
attacks and plots exceed fatalities but have shown to be increasing in recents years with a spike in 2020 (fatalities dropped significantly though, likely due to pandemic)
98
recent terrorism example 2
in 2020, violent far-right groups spiked very high with the most attacks and plots and towered over the next most dangerous violent far-left groups by over 60
99
countries with state sponsors of terrorism (4)
Cuba, North Korea, Iran Syria
100
RIRA goals
removing British forces from Northern Ireland and unifying Ireland
101
RIRA targets (3)
civilians, British security forces, and police officers
102
RIRA activities
explosives and bombings mostly, some shootings and murders
103
RIRA location
United Kingdom and Ireland
104
RIRA funding
money laundering, smuggling, criminal activities, some sympathizers in the US
105
Hizballah activities
large scale terrorist attacks including mass murders and bombings
106
Hizballah location (2)
Lebanon and Syria
107
Hizballah goal
resisting influence against western and Israeli dominance in the Middle East
108
Hizballah funding
closely allied with Iran so receives funding and resources from them, criminal activities like money laundering, smuggling, and fraud
109
ISIS goal
expand islamic rule globally
110
ISIS activities
world wide bombings and mass murders
111
ISIS location
Iraq, Syria, and globally dispersed sectors
112
ISIS funding
criminal activities in Iraq and Syria including looting them of money during their territory invasions
113
ISIS-K location (3)
Afghanistan, Pakistan, Central Asia
114
ISIS-K activities
suicide bombings of religious spaces, mass murders
115
ISIS targets (3)
non-muslims, muslim leaders, aide workers
116
ISIS-K targets
religious and ethnic minorities, Taliban, western governments and influences
117
ISIS-K funding
main ISIS and illegal activities including attacks on local, small-scale economies
118
Osama bin Laden family life (3)
- born in Saudi Arabia
- father had over 50 children
- large families are a predictor for criminal behavior and violence
119
Osama bin Laden young religious life (4)
- frequent visits to Beirut
- rebuilt two holy mosques
- began to show an interest in Islam
- Lebanese civil war prevented future visits
120
Osama bin Laden beginning of career (3)
- visited Pakistan secretly during soviet invasion
- set up camps in Afghanistan including guest houses, became a complex
- issued travel ban by Saudi Arabia
121
Osama bin Laden similarities to street criminals (5)
- single male in early 20s
- middle or upper class family
- family trauma
- university education
- narcissistic personality disturbances
122
strongest correlate of terrorism
number of kilos seized by a country
123
evidence for strongest correlate of terrorism
drug money may be the funding necessary for terrorist operations
124
italian mafia
italian networks of organized crime in the US
125
italian mafia origin
Sicilian phenomenon developed as a social control agency at a time of major social change
126
italian mafia life course (5)
- poor family background
- performs acts of violence
- minor work for mafia family
- earns trust from family and is given a respected role and name for himself
- may move up in hierarchy
