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exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

classical theory of crime assumptions

A

hedonistic, rational

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2
Q

hedonistic (classical theory of crime)

A

bad human nature

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3
Q

classical theory of crime representative

A

cesare beccaria

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4
Q

cesare beccaria

A
  • principle of utility (cost-benefit analysis)
  • punishment should be swift, certain, and severe, but should fit the crime
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5
Q

classical theory of crime proposition

A

efficient crime control = punishment sufficient enough to make it unattractive

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6
Q

positivism characteristic 1

A

human behavior is the product of external forces beyond individual control (social, political, biological, psychological)

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7
Q

positivism characteristic 2

A

scientific method can be used to test hypotheses and solve problems

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8
Q

historical roots of biological theories of crime

A

physiognomy (facial features) and phrenology (size and shape of skull)

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9
Q

atavism representative

A

cesare lombroso

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10
Q

atavism

A

identified through presence of “stigmata” (peaked nose, large jaw, strong canine teeth, general hairiness of the body)

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11
Q

criticisms of atavism

A

poor theory and research, largely discredited

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12
Q

sociobiological theories study…

A

biochemical and neuropsychological factors, genetic factors

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13
Q

biochemical and neuropsychological factors (sociobiological)

A

chemical and mineral deficiencies, hormonal deficiencies, brain disfunction

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14
Q

genetic factors (sociobiological)

A

twin studies, adoption studies, studies of specific genes

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15
Q

results and conclusions of sociobiological theory of crime

A

inconsistent evidence, interactions with social factors

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16
Q

psychological theories of crime suggest…

A

individuals commit crime due to psychological personality problems, maladjustment, or mental deficiency

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17
Q

general psychology theory of crime

A

forms of psychopathy and mental illness are causes of crime

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18
Q

criticisms of general psychology theory of crime

A

lacks causal order (psychopathy predicts crime but is also dependent on crime)

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19
Q

is iq the the cause of crime: yes

A

empirical support on negative correlations between iq and different measures of crime

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20
Q

is iq the the cause of crime: no

A

criticisms include biased text, exaggerated effects of iq, types of crime

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21
Q

strain theories (list)

A

classic strain/anomie theory
reaction formation
differential opportunity
general strain theory

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22
Q

classic strain/anomie theory representative

A

merton

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23
Q

classic strain/anomie theory

A

contradictions between cultural values and norms explain societal rates of crime (goal-means gap)

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24
Q

two aspects of culture explain in society’s crime rate (classic strain/anomie)

A

culturally defined goals, institutionalized means

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25
culturally defined goals (classic strain/anomie)
goals applied to all members, all are expected to strive to achieve
26
institutionalized means (classic strain/anomie)
education, good jobs, hard work
27
goal-means disparity (classic strain/anomie)
caused by greater emphasis on culturally defined goals and less emphasis on institutionalized means
28
mode of adaption 1 (classic strain/anomie)
conformity CG+ and IM+
29
mode of adaption 2 (classic strain/anomie)
innovation CG+ and IM-
30
mode of adaption 3 (classic strain/anomie)
ritualism CG- and IM+
31
mode of adaption 4 (classic strain/anomie)
retreatism CG- and IM-
32
mode of adaption 5 (classic strain/anomie)
rebellion CG+/- and IM+/-
33
reaction formation representative
cohen
34
order of events reaction formation
goals-means gap -> status frustration -> crime
35
non-utilitarian crimes (reaction formation)
they do not make profit off of the crime, delinquent acts, delinquent subculture
36
working class boys are (reaction formation)
committed to achieving middle class goals but unable to meet the standards at school
37
as a result of working class boys' frustration (reaction formation)
reject middle-class values, form a delinquent subculture
38
differential opportunity
illegitimate opportunity structures essential for formation of delinquent subcultures
39
order of events differential opportunity
goal-means gap -> differential illegitimate opportunity -> different delinquent subcultures
40
emphasis of differential opportunity
delinquent subcultures are adaptations of strain
41
3 deviant subcultures
criminal, conflict, retreatist
42
general strain theory representative
agnew
43
three sources of strain (general strain theory)
failure to achieve goals, removal of positive stimuli, presentation of negative stimuli
44
other contributing factors general strain theory
anger/negative emotions (main intervening factor), self-esteem and intelligence and social control (conditioning factors)
45
differential association theory representative
sutherland
46
dimensions of differential association
frequency, priority, duration, intensity
47
differential association theory
crime is learned through social interaction, involves all regular learning mechanisms, and cannot be explained by general needs and values
48
what crime is the result of (differential association)
excess of definitions favorable to crime vs unfavorable
49
order of events differential association
peer association -> attitudes toward delinquency -> delinquency
50
techniques of neutralization
deviant values vs conventional values, drift between conventional and illegitimate behavior
51
technique of neutralization 1
denial of responsibility
52
technique of neutralization 2
denial of injury
53
technique of neutralization 3
denial of victim
54
technique of neutralization 4
condemn the condemners
55
technique of neutralization 5
appeal to higher loyalties
56
theories of external control (list)
social control theory and age-graded theory of informal social control
57
internal control theories
self-control theory
58
representative of social control theory
hirschi
59
assumptions of social control theory
deviance is natural and must explain conformity *conformity is maintained through social bonds
60
element 1 of the social bond
attachment: interpersonal relationships
61
element 2 of the social bond
commitment: to conventional goals
62
element 3 of the social bond
involvement: in conventional activities
63
element 4 of the social bond
belief: in the "single moral order" of society
64
critical factors to controlling delinquency (social control theory)
family, school, and peers
65
criticisms of social control theory
denies normative conflict, denies peers may cause delinquency, delinquency may weaken social bonds, denies role of social structures
66
major contributions of social control theory
social institutions are key to controlling crime, strengthening individuals' bonds to conventional institutions can prevent crime
67
age-graded theory of informal social control
nature of social bonds change over the life course, reciprocal effects of delinquency and social bonds
68
order of events social control theory
weak social bonds -> crime -> delinquent peers delinquent peers is a consequence of one's criminal involvement
69
order of events social learning theories
delinquent peers -> crime delinquent peers is a cause of one's criminal involvement
70
self-control theory order of events
low self-control -> crime and analogous acts
71
definition of crime self-control theory
immediately gratifying acts of force and fraud with few long-term benefits
72
characteristics of people with low self-control
impulsive, insensitive, physical, risk-taking, short-sighted, nonverbal
73
low self-control definition
stable trait that forms in early childhood caused mainly by ineffective child-rearing practices
74
subcultural theories (list)
lower-class culture/"focal concerns" theory subculture-of-violence theory
75
"focal concerns" theory
explains delinquency in terms of efforts by lower-class adolescents to achieve goals implicit in lower class focal concerns
76
focal concern 1
trouble: situations that bring unwelcome or complicating involvement with official authority
77
focal concern 2
toughness: emphasis on masculinity, physical prowess, bravery, and daring
78
focal concern 3
smartness: capacity to outwit others and avoid being duped
79
focal concern 4
excitement: persistent attention paid by lower class to risk and thrilling behavior and the avoidance of boredom
80
focal concern 5
fate: interest in luck, fortune, and jinxes
81
subculture of violence theory
proposes that the norms shared by a group of people sometimes define violence as an appropriate and acceptable response to certain circumstances
82
social learning theory representative
akers
83
social learning theory
proposes that people learn attitudes and techniques conducive to crime in both social and nonsocial situations
84
differential reinforcement (social learning theory)
positive reinforcement (rewards) or negative reinforcement (punishments) that result from their own behavior, whether that behavior is law-abiding or criminal
85
imitation (social learning theory)
process of observing and modeling others' behavior
86
two forms of learning in social learning theory
differential reinforcement and imitation
87
broken homes and crime findings
increase likelihood of delinquency by: - producing unstable habits - failing to provide children with ties to conventional social order - producing stress and conflict that lead children to "act out" - offering fewer resources and opportunities to children
88
permissive parenting
nurturing and encouragement but no consistent control produces children lacking in self-control
89
authoritative parenting style
high degree of control over children with a great amount of support and encouragement (most effective for reducing criminal and aggressive behaviors)
90
authoritarian parenting style
tight control with coldness and detachment leads children to withdraw from social contact
91
sources of self-control in parental upbringing
socialization, responsive parenting, modeling, consistency
92
sources of learning crime
peer group, prisons, military, sports, media, pornography

criminology (6 decks)

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