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criminology > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

classical theory of crime assumptions

A

hedonistic, rational

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2
Q

hedonistic (classical theory of crime)

A

bad human nature

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3
Q

classical theory of crime representative

A

cesare beccaria

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4
Q

cesare beccaria

A
  • principle of utility (cost-benefit analysis)
  • punishment should be swift, certain, and severe, but should fit the crime
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5
Q

classical theory of crime proposition

A

efficient crime control = punishment sufficient enough to make it unattractive

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6
Q

positivism characteristic 1

A

human behavior is the product of external forces beyond individual control (social, political, biological, psychological)

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7
Q

positivism characteristic 2

A

scientific method can be used to test hypotheses and solve problems

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8
Q

historical roots of biological theories of crime

A

physiognomy (facial features) and phrenology (size and shape of skull)

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9
Q

atavism representative

A

cesare lombroso

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10
Q

atavism

A

identified through presence of “stigmata” (peaked nose, large jaw, strong canine teeth, general hairiness of the body)

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11
Q

criticisms of atavism

A

poor theory and research, largely discredited

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12
Q

sociobiological theories study…

A

biochemical and neuropsychological factors, genetic factors

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13
Q

biochemical and neuropsychological factors (sociobiological)

A

chemical and mineral deficiencies, hormonal deficiencies, brain disfunction

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14
Q

genetic factors (sociobiological)

A

twin studies, adoption studies, studies of specific genes

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15
Q

results and conclusions of sociobiological theory of crime

A

inconsistent evidence, interactions with social factors

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16
Q

psychological theories of crime suggest…

A

individuals commit crime due to psychological personality problems, maladjustment, or mental deficiency

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17
Q

general psychology theory of crime

A

forms of psychopathy and mental illness are causes of crime

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18
Q

criticisms of general psychology theory of crime

A

lacks causal order (psychopathy predicts crime but is also dependent on crime)

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19
Q

is iq the the cause of crime: yes

A

empirical support on negative correlations between iq and different measures of crime

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20
Q

is iq the the cause of crime: no

A

criticisms include biased text, exaggerated effects of iq, types of crime

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21
Q

strain theories (list)

A

classic strain/anomie theory
reaction formation
differential opportunity
general strain theory

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22
Q

classic strain/anomie theory representative

A

merton

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23
Q

classic strain/anomie theory

A

contradictions between cultural values and norms explain societal rates of crime (goal-means gap)

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24
Q

two aspects of culture explain in society’s crime rate (classic strain/anomie)

A

culturally defined goals, institutionalized means

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25
Q

culturally defined goals (classic strain/anomie)

A

goals applied to all members, all are expected to strive to achieve

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26
Q

institutionalized means (classic strain/anomie)

A

education, good jobs, hard work

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27
Q

goal-means disparity (classic strain/anomie)

A

caused by greater emphasis on culturally defined goals and less emphasis on institutionalized means

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28
Q

mode of adaption 1 (classic strain/anomie)

A

conformity
CG+ and IM+

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29
Q

mode of adaption 2 (classic strain/anomie)

A

innovation
CG+ and IM-

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30
Q

mode of adaption 3 (classic strain/anomie)

A

ritualism
CG- and IM+

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31
Q

mode of adaption 4 (classic strain/anomie)

A

retreatism
CG- and IM-

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32
Q

mode of adaption 5 (classic strain/anomie)

A

rebellion
CG+/- and IM+/-

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33
Q

reaction formation representative

A

cohen

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34
Q

order of events reaction formation

A

goals-means gap -> status frustration -> crime

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35
Q

non-utilitarian crimes (reaction formation)

A

they do not make profit off of the crime, delinquent acts, delinquent subculture

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36
Q

working class boys are (reaction formation)

A

committed to achieving middle class goals but unable to meet the standards at school

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37
Q

as a result of working class boys’ frustration (reaction formation)

A

reject middle-class values, form a delinquent subculture

38
Q

differential opportunity

A

illegitimate opportunity structures essential for formation of delinquent subcultures

39
Q

order of events differential opportunity

A

goal-means gap -> differential illegitimate opportunity -> different delinquent subcultures

40
Q

emphasis of differential opportunity

A

delinquent subcultures are adaptations of strain

41
Q

3 deviant subcultures

A

criminal, conflict, retreatist

42
Q

general strain theory representative

A

agnew

43
Q

three sources of strain (general strain theory)

A

failure to achieve goals, removal of positive stimuli, presentation of negative stimuli

44
Q

other contributing factors general strain theory

A

anger/negative emotions (main intervening factor), self-esteem and intelligence and social control (conditioning factors)

45
Q

differential association theory representative

A

sutherland

46
Q

dimensions of differential association

A

frequency, priority, duration, intensity

47
Q

differential association theory

A

crime is learned through social interaction, involves all regular learning mechanisms, and cannot be explained by general needs and values

48
Q

what crime is the result of (differential association)

A

excess of definitions favorable to crime vs unfavorable

49
Q

order of events differential association

A

peer association -> attitudes toward delinquency -> delinquency

50
Q

techniques of neutralization

A

deviant values vs conventional values, drift between conventional and illegitimate behavior

51
Q

technique of neutralization 1

A

denial of responsibility

52
Q

technique of neutralization 2

A

denial of injury

53
Q

technique of neutralization 3

A

denial of victim

54
Q

technique of neutralization 4

A

condemn the condemners

55
Q

technique of neutralization 5

A

appeal to higher loyalties

56
Q

theories of external control (list)

A

social control theory and age-graded theory of informal social control

57
Q

internal control theories

A

self-control theory

58
Q

representative of social control theory

A

hirschi

59
Q

assumptions of social control theory

A

deviance is natural and must explain conformity
*conformity is maintained through social bonds

60
Q

element 1 of the social bond

A

attachment: interpersonal relationships

61
Q

element 2 of the social bond

A

commitment: to conventional goals

62
Q

element 3 of the social bond

A

involvement: in conventional activities

63
Q

element 4 of the social bond

A

belief: in the “single moral order” of society

64
Q

critical factors to controlling delinquency (social control theory)

A

family, school, and peers

65
Q

criticisms of social control theory

A

denies normative conflict, denies peers may cause delinquency, delinquency may weaken social bonds, denies role of social structures

66
Q

major contributions of social control theory

A

social institutions are key to controlling crime, strengthening individuals’ bonds to conventional institutions can prevent crime

67
Q

age-graded theory of informal social control

A

nature of social bonds change over the life course, reciprocal effects of delinquency and social bonds

68
Q

order of events social control theory

A

weak social bonds -> crime -> delinquent peers
delinquent peers is a consequence of one’s criminal involvement

69
Q

order of events social learning theories

A

delinquent peers -> crime
delinquent peers is a cause of one’s criminal involvement

70
Q

self-control theory order of events

A

low self-control -> crime and analogous acts

71
Q

definition of crime self-control theory

A

immediately gratifying acts of force and fraud with few long-term benefits

72
Q

characteristics of people with low self-control

A

impulsive, insensitive, physical, risk-taking, short-sighted, nonverbal

73
Q

low self-control definition

A

stable trait that forms in early childhood caused mainly by ineffective child-rearing practices

74
Q

subcultural theories (list)

A

lower-class culture/”focal concerns” theory
subculture-of-violence theory

75
Q

“focal concerns” theory

A

explains delinquency in terms of efforts by lower-class adolescents to achieve goals implicit in lower class focal concerns

76
Q

focal concern 1

A

trouble: situations that bring unwelcome or complicating involvement with official authority

77
Q

focal concern 2

A

toughness: emphasis on masculinity, physical prowess, bravery, and daring

78
Q

focal concern 3

A

smartness: capacity to outwit others and avoid being duped

79
Q

focal concern 4

A

excitement: persistent attention paid by lower class to risk and thrilling behavior and the avoidance of boredom

80
Q

focal concern 5

A

fate: interest in luck, fortune, and jinxes

81
Q

subculture of violence theory

A

proposes that the norms shared by a group of people sometimes define violence as an appropriate and acceptable response to certain circumstances

82
Q

social learning theory representative

A

akers

83
Q

social learning theory

A

proposes that people learn attitudes and techniques conducive to crime in both social and nonsocial situations

84
Q

differential reinforcement (social learning theory)

A

positive reinforcement (rewards) or negative reinforcement (punishments) that result from their own behavior, whether that behavior is law-abiding or criminal

85
Q

imitation (social learning theory)

A

process of observing and modeling others’ behavior

86
Q

two forms of learning in social learning theory

A

differential reinforcement and imitation

87
Q

broken homes and crime findings

A

increase likelihood of delinquency by:
- producing unstable habits
- failing to provide children with ties to conventional social order
- producing stress and conflict that lead children to “act out”
- offering fewer resources and opportunities to children

88
Q

permissive parenting

A

nurturing and encouragement but no consistent control produces children lacking in self-control

89
Q

authoritative parenting style

A

high degree of control over children with a great amount of support and encouragement (most effective for reducing criminal and aggressive behaviors)

90
Q

authoritarian parenting style

A

tight control with coldness and detachment leads children to withdraw from social contact

91
Q

sources of self-control in parental upbringing

A

socialization, responsive parenting, modeling, consistency

92
Q

sources of learning crime

A

peer group, prisons, military, sports, media, pornography

criminology (6 decks)

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