Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Leon Battista Alberti
A
Italian architect, theorist, and humanist
- major figure in the Italian renaissance
2
Q
Cosimo de’Medici
A
- 1st rich figure to dominate Florence
3
Q
Lorenzo de’Medici
A
- son of Cosimo de’Medici
- treated as a “prince” of an upper class family
- had no official office
4
Q
Sandro Botticelli
A
- artist
- created the birth of Venus
5
Q
Christopher Columbus
A
- explorer and navigator from the republic of Genoa
- completed Spanish based voyages across Atlantic Ocean
6
Q
Henry VIII
A
- king of England
- established the Church of England and royal navy
7
Q
William Caxton
A
- English merchant, diplomat, and writer
- first person to introduce a printing press into England in 1476
8
Q
Filipino Brunelleschi
A
- Italian architect
9
Q
Albrecht Durer
A
- German painter, printmaker, and theorist
10
Q
Leonardo da Vinci
A
- created the Mona Lisa and last supper
- painter/ sculptor
11
Q
Michael Angelo Buonarrti
A
- made sculpture of David and Moses
- sculptor/ painter
12
Q
Hernan Cortes
A
- Spanish conquistador
- led expedition ( conquest of Mexico) that cause the fall of the Aztec
13
Q
Charles I & V
A
Charles I: king of England, Scotland, and Ireland until his execution
Charles V: holy Roman emperor and archduke of Austria
14
Q
Giovanni de’Medici
A
- son of Lorenzo de’Medici
- became a cardinal
- became pope Leo X
15
Q
Savonarola
A
- priest
- known for burning books, destruction of what he considered immoral art
16
Q
Lorenzo Ghiberti
A
- won a competition to cast doors over a 40 year period.
17
Q
Johannes Gutenberg
A
- from the city of Minz in Germany
- the Gutenberg Bible (first printed book)
18
Q
John Wycliffe
A
- professor at Oxford University
- translated the Bible to English
19
Q
Martin Luther
A
- ninety five thesis
- his writings led to significant religious reform and division
- diet of wörms
20
Q
John Calvin
A
- always acknowledged his debt to Luther
- rejected Catholicism more completely
- institutes of the Christian religion
- Calvinism
21
Q
Erasmus of rotterdam
A
Collected as many authentic new testaments to make the new Greek New Testament
22
Q
William Shakespeare
A
- English poet, play write, and actor
- wrote hamlet, Romeo and Juliet
23
Q
Thomas Cranmer
A
- Archbishop of Canterbury
- enalled the marriage
- Lutheran
- wrote book of common prayer ( most important worship book)
24
Q
Henry the navigator
A
Explored regions of the world
25
The great Khan
Established the largest land empire in history
26
Ignatius Loyola
- A priest and theologian
- founded the Jesuit order
27
William Caxton
28
Humanism
A non-religious philosophy that focuses on human values and interests, and the belief that people can live without religion
29
Fresco
A painting done rapidly in watercolor on wet plaster on a wall or ceiling so that colors penetrate the plaster and become fixed
30
Sfumato
Smokey effect to paintings
31
Chiaroscuro
Dark and light in paintings
32
95 theses
- not theological
- not anti-church
- to Luther— not radical
- not central
- to open a disputation (debate)
- led to physical conflicts
33
Mestizaje
Ethnic intermarriage
34
Book of common prayer
Liturgical book of the Church of England that has been in use since the 16th century
35
Authorised (king James) version
Early Modern English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England
36
Caravel
- Bigger boat
- built heavy yet lengthened
- multiple sails
37
Votive ship
- church ship
- many sails
- many wires
38
Diet of wörms
A meeting of the Holy Roman Empire imperial council in worms Germany to decide the fate of Martin Luther.
39
Magisterial reformation
Protestant Christian movement that involved the Lutheran, reformed, and Anglican traditions and their relationship with secular authorities
40
The reconquest
- a series of military and cultural campaigns
- when the Christian kingdoms of Europe fought to retake the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule
41
Los Moros (Moors)
- Arabic
- North African
- Muslim
42
Dhow
- Arab slender
- fragile boat with a lateen sail
43
Tainos
Indigenous group of people who lived in the Caribbean before the arrival of Christopher Columbus
44
Paleo-Indians
The first people to inhabit the americas
- arrived ding the late Pleistocene period
45
Great biological (“Columbian”) Exchange
- global biological exchange that occurred when eastern and western hemispheres were brought into contact after Christopher Columbus voyage to the Caribbean
46
Augsburg Confession
Written by Luther’s colleagues to argue that Lutherans were Catholics
47
Radical reformation
All forms of Protestantism in the reformation era whose protagonists rejected both the Roman Catholic Church and the magisterial Protestant churches
48
30 years war
- A devastating conflict primarily fought in Central Europe between Catholics and Protestants states within the Holy Roman Empire
49
Kings great matter
Henry’s desire for a divorce from Katherine
50
Westphalian system
A principle of international law that states that each county has ecxclusive sovereignty over its territory and domestic affairs.
51
Lorenzo Ghiberti works of art
The gates of paradise
52
Albrecht Dürer works of art
- self portrait
- the knight
- death
- the devil
53
Hans Holbein works of art
- portraits of Henry VIII
- Erasmus of Rotterdam
- Thomas More
54
Sandro Botticelli works of art
The birth of Venus
55
Michael Angelo works of art
David
56
Filipinos Brunelleschi works of art
Dome of the cathedral, Florence Italy
57
Leonardo daVinci works of art
- Mona Lisa
- the last supper
58
What does renaissance mean? Why did people in Europe apply it to their activities and attitudes?
Renaissance mean rebirth. It refers to a period of European civilization that was marked by the revival of Classical learning and wisdom. The renaissance represented a period of intellectual and artistic rebirth. This period focuses on humanism, classical inspiration, and individualism.
59
Why did the renaissance begin in Italy?
Renaissance began in Italy primarily because of its geographical location. The presence of wealthy merchant classes in cities like Florence led to the easy access to the legacy of the Roman Empire. This provided inspiration for artists and thinkers to revive classical ideas and art forms.
60
What was different about the renaissance in Italy and Northern Europe?
Italian renaissance art focused more on classical forms and idealized beauty, often commissioned by wealthy patrons. Northern Europe renaissance has a greater emphasis on realism, detailed depictions of everyday life, and a stronger connection to religious themes.
61
What prompted Europeans to begin venturing out into the previously unknown ocean to the west?
They has a desire to find a faster and more direct trade route to Asia. European nations competed to gain dominance in trade and establish colonial empires. They also improved shipbuilding techniques and navigational tools to allow longer voyages.
62
How are overseas exploration and discovery related to the Renaissance?
the intellectual curiosity and advancement in technology fostered by the renaissance period directly enabled Europeans to venture further across the oceans, leading to the discovery of new lands and cultures, fueled by a desire to expand knowledge and gain new resources.
63
Why compare the work of Henry the Navigators institute with NASA?
Both represent pioneering efforts in exploration and discovery. They heavily focused on advancing technological capabilities to reach new frontiers.
64
How did Christopher Columbus arrive at his belief that the best route to Asia was straight west from Europe?
He accepted the prevailing theory that the Earth was round, and by sailing West, he could reach the eastern side of Asia, where the lucrative spice trade originated, without having to navigate around the African continent. He also relied on maps and calculations from scholars.
65
How can Columbus be understood as a man of the renaissance?
He can be understood as a man of the renaissance because his voyages embodied the eras spirit of intellectual curiosity and ambition to explore the unknown. He also challenges the geographical knowledge by sailing west and discovering the Americas. This discovery significantly expanded European understanding of the world.
66
Why was Spains discovery of America different from earlier “discoveries”?
It led to large scale colonization and exploitation of the newly found land, driven by a desire for wealth and the spread of christianity
67
Why does Matson say the reformation is part of the renaissance?
Both movements shared a similar spirit of questioning established authority, pro,opting critical thinking, and a focus on individual interpretations.
68
What trends and problems brought about the reformation?
- widespread of dissatisfaction with the catholic church’s corruption
- the sale of indulgences
- political tensions
- economic concerns
69
Why is Martin Luther often seen as the individual who sparked the reformation?
Martin Luther publicly posted the 95 theses. This theses criticized the Catholic Churches practice of selling indulgences. The sparked a widespread debate leading to a major religious movement.
70
Why does Matson say that the “religious wars” of the 1500s- 1600s weren’t mainly about religion?
They were heavily intertwined with political power struggles, territorial ambitions, and dynastic conflicts between European rulers.
