Exam 3

Question 1

A decrease in the strength of a response to a repeated or unchanging stimulus

Answer 1

Habituation

Question 2

An increase in responsiveness to a stimulus due to experience

Answer 2

Sensitization

Question 3

A learning process where an organism associates a neutral stimulus with a response that’s typically natural or unconditioned (Ivan Pavlov)

Answer 3

Classical Conditioning

Question 4

A naturally occuring event that unconditionally-automatically and reflexively-triggers a response

Answer 4

Unconditioned Stimulus

Question 5

An unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus

Answer 5

Unconditioned Response

Question 6

An originally irrelevant or neutral event that becomes a trigger for a conditioned response

Answer 6

Conditioned Stimulus

Question 7

A learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus

Answer 7

Conditioned Response

Question 8

(Classical Conditioning) When a conditioned response decreases or disappears because the unconditioned stimulus is no longer present

Answer 8

Extinction
Ex. Dog is conditioned to salivate when they hear a bell, but is conditioned to stop salivating when not presented with food

Question 9

(Classical Conditioning) The process of undoing a conditioned response

Answer 9

Reconditioning
Ex. Dog is trained to no longer salivate at the sounds of a bell when not provided with food

Question 10

(Classical Conditioning) learning phenomenon that occurs in classical conditioning when a conditioned response reappears after a period of time when it had been extinguished

Answer 10

Spontaneous Recovery
Ex. Dog salivating at the sound of a bell when no food is presented even though it did not do it previously

Question 11

When a dog that has been trained to salivate at the sound of a bell, also starts to salivate when it hears a similar sound, like a doorbell

Answer 11

Stimulus Generalization Example

Question 12

A cat can tell the difference between the sound of a bag of chips and a bag of cat treats

Answer 12

Stimulus Discrimination Example

Question 13

The strongest conditioned reponse

Answer 13

Delay conditioning

Question 14

A phenomenon in which conditioned taste aversions develop after a specific food becomes associated with a negative reaction, such as nausea or vomiting

Answer 14

The Garcia Effect

Question 15

An intense, irrational, and persistent fear of a specific object, situation, or activity. Therapists use Exposure Theraphy to relieve this

Answer 15

Phobia

Question 16

States that behaviors that produce a satisfying outcome are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors that produce an unsatisfying outcome are less likely to be repeated

Answer 16

Thorndike’s The Law of Effect

Question 17

Type of learning in which behavior followed by a reinforcement is more likely to reoccur and behavior followed by a punishment is less likely to reoccur

Answer 17

Operant Conditioning

Question 18

(Operant Conditioning) A behavior that has some effect on the world

Answer 18

Operant

Question 19

A consequence that has the effect of increasing the likelihood that a target behavior will occur again

Answer 19

Reinforcer

Question 20

Occurs when a desirable behavior or stimulus is added as a consequence of a behavior and the chance that this behavior will reoccur in similar environments increases

Answer 20

Positive Reinforcement

Question 21

Occurs when an aversive event or stimulus is removed as a consequence of a behavior and the chance that this behavior will reoccur in a similar event increases

Answer 21

Negative Reinforcement

Question 22

Occurs when an aversive event or stimulus is added as a consequence of a behavior and the chance that this behavior will reoccur in similar environments decreases

Answer 22

Positive Punishment

Question 23

Occurs when a desirable event or stimulus is removed as a consequence of a behavior and the chance that this behavior will reoccur in a similar environment decreases

Answer 23

Negative Punishment

Question 24

A type of learning where an organism learns to perform a behavior to end an unpleasant stimulus

Answer 24

Escape Conditioning

Question 25

A behavioral procedure where a subject learns to avoid or delay a negative consequence, which strengthens the behavior

Answer 25

Avoidance Conditioning

Question 26

A stimulus that has become a signal indicating when a specific behavior is likely to be rewarded

Answer 26

Discriminative Conditioned Stimulus

Question 27

The phenomenon where a specific behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of a particular stimulus

Answer 27

Stimulus Control

Question 28

Operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards closer approximations of a desired goal

Answer 28

Shaping

Question 29

Satisfy biological needs (food, water, sleep, stimulation, touch, exercise)

Answer 29

Primary Reinforcers

Question 30

Conditioned reinforcement (talking on the phone, being paid, having nice clothes, praise)

Answer 30

Secondary Reinforcers

Question 31

Reinforcing the desired respomse each time it occurs

Answer 31

Continuous Reinforcement

Question 32

Reinforcing a response only part of the time

Answer 32

Partial Reinforcement

Question 33

A type of learning where knowledge is acquired without immediate reinforcement or obvious demonstration

Answer 33

Latent Learning
Ex. Learning a route to work while riding with a coworker and then being able to do it yourself

Question 34

A mental picture or image of the layout of the physical environment

Answer 34

Cognitive Map

Question 35

The process of learning by watching and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, or emotional expressions of others

Answer 35

Observational Learning

Question 36

Learning by observing the reactions of others to a stimulus, rather than direct exposure

Answer 36

Vicarious Conditioning

Question 37

Four key processes for Observational Learning to occur:

Answer 37

Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation

Question 38

The first step in forming a memory, and is the process of receiving and registering information

Answer 38

Encoding

Question 39

The stage where information that has been encoded is actively held within the brain, allowing it to be accessed and recalled later

Answer 39

Storage

Question 40

The process of recovering stored information by accessing the memory trace through an effective retrieval cue

Answer 40

Retreival

Question 41

A type of long-term memory that involves conscious recollection of previous experiences together with their context in terms of time, place, associated emotions

Answer 41

Episodic Memory

Question 42

Emotional and detailed memories of highly relevant or intimately personal experiences

Answer 42

Flashbulb Memory

Question 43

General information that is not tied to a specific experience and time

Answer 43

Semantic Memory