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Large Animal Anatomy > Exam #3 > Flashcards

Exam #3 Flashcards

1
Q

Ingestion

A

active process of bringing food into oral cavity

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2
Q

Mechanical processing

A

physical size reduction of food entering oral cavity (teeth=digestive system)

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3
Q

Propulsion

A

mvmt of material through digestive tract

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4
Q

Digestion

A

chemical breakdown of ingested materials

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5
Q

Secretion

A

amylase

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6
Q

Absorption

A

removal of nutrients and other materials

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7
Q

Excretion

A

elimination of waste products

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8
Q

Immunity

A

barrier against pathogenic bacteria

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9
Q

Oral cavity

A

-entrance to system
-begins at lips and extend to pharynx

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10
Q

Hard palate

A

-rostral, bony portion
-formed by palatine, maxillary and incisive bones

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11
Q

Soft palate

A

-caudal portion
-divides pharynx into oral and nasal
-when swallowing, soft palate closes nasopharynx

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12
Q

Palate

A

separated respiratory and digestive

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13
Q

Tongue

A

-intrinsic and extrinsic muscles that run in multiple directions

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14
Q

3 main parts of tongue

A

apex, base, root

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15
Q

Salivary glands

A

exocrine glands, secrete saliva into mouth through salivary ducts

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16
Q

Parotoid

A

lies at the base of the ear

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17
Q

Mandibular

A

mandibular ramus (angle of jaw)

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18
Q

Sublingual

A

under tongue

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19
Q

Epiglottis

A

flap of cartilage covering laryngeal opening

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20
Q

Esophagus

A

collapsible muscular tube

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21
Q

Omentum

A

-attaches stomach to body wall of other organs
-covering of gastrointestinal system
-has caul fat

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22
Q

Greater omentum

A

attaches to greater curvature

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23
Q

Lesser omentum

A

attaches to lesser curvature

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24
Q

Stomach

A

-extends from esophagus to duodenum

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25
Q

4 regions of simple stomach

A

cardia, fundus, body, and pyloric region

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26
Q

Cardia

A

junction between stomach and esophagus

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27
Q

Fundus

A

blind ended sac superior to cardia region

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28
Q

Body

A

largest region located between fundus and pylorus

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29
Q

Pyloric region

A

caudal end of the stomach, separated from intestines by pyloric sphincter

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30
Q

What animals have a simple stomach?

A

humans, pigs, horses

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31
Q

Ruminant stomach

A

reticulum–> rumen–> omasum–> abomasum (true stomach)

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32
Q

Reticulum

A

-most cranial
-honeycomb
-tripe
-traps foreign objects

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33
Q

Rumen

A

-left side of abdomen
-papilla lining
-fermentation site

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34
Q

Omasum

A

-spherical
-bible

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35
Q

Abomasum

A

-true stomach
-comparable to simple stomach in non-ruminant

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36
Q

Small inestine

A

primary site for digestion and nutrient absorption

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37
Q

Duodenum

A

-receives ingesta from stomach
-first part of the small intestine
-sigmoid loop of duodenum

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38
Q

Jejunum

A

-longest part of the small intestine, mesentery, nutrient absorption

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39
Q

Ileum

A

-end portion, empties into large intestine
-ileocecal fold
-very short
-below cecum

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40
Q

Large intestine

A

absorb electrolytes and water from fecal contents, extends from entrance at ileocecal junction to anus

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41
Q

Cecum

A

-first portion of the large intestine
-rounded blind tip that projects caudally
-THICKEST TUBE

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42
Q

Ascending colon

A

-proximal loop
-spinal colon
-distal loop

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43
Q

Proximal loop

A

receives digesta from the cecum, high moisture content, looks like a smaller cecum

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44
Q

Spiral colon

A

-removes moisture
-looks like a fat spiral

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45
Q

Distal loop

A

-receives digesta with little moisture
-first appearance of fecal balls
-tucked in proximal loop
-whiter because of less moisture

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46
Q

Descending loop

A

-takes waste to the rectum
-at top of body, squiggly with fat

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47
Q

Horse colon

A

-large colon (first portion)
-transverse colon (most moveable part)
-small colon (fecal balls)

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48
Q

Liver

A

-most cranial part of abdomen, behind diaphragm
-largest gland in body
-right and left lobe

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49
Q

Liver functions

A

-detox of toxins
-metabolize
-forms and secretes bile

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50
Q

Gallbladder

A

-located between lobes of liver
-stores bile
-break down fat molecules

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51
Q

Pancreas

A

-Underneath the sigmoid loop of the duodenum
-endocrine function: secretes insulin
-exocrine: produce digestive enzymes

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52
Q

Spleen

A

-dark in color, attached to rumen
-largest lymphoid organ
-stores red blood cells

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53
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

at the end of abomasum

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54
Q

Mesenteric lymph nodes

A

goat: less centralized
dog: more centralized

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55
Q

Cardio system consists of

A

blood, heart, vascular system, lymphatic system

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56
Q

What does the cardio system do

A

-transport medium
-regulate body temp
-protection by transporting immune cells

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57
Q

Systemic system

A

oxygenated blood from left ventricle to all organs and tissues, deoxygenated blood back to right atrium

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58
Q

Pulmonary system

A

transfers deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs, from lungs to left atrium

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59
Q

Lymph vascular system

A

lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic organs

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60
Q

Blood vascular system

A

blood, heart, arteries, capillaries, veins

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61
Q

Arteries

A

-move blood AWAY from heart
-carries oxygenated blood to tissues (except for pulmonary artery)
-thick, rigid walls

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62
Q

Capillaries

A

-small
-located btwn arteries and veins
-allow for gas exchange

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63
Q

Veins

A

-transport blood TO heart
-transport deoxygenated blood (except for pulmonary vein)
-thin walled

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64
Q

Myocardium

A

makes up the bulk of thickness, muscle layer

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65
Q

Endocardium

A

thin, inner layer, lines atria and ventricles

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66
Q

Epicardium

A

-thin, outer layer, covers surface of heart
-“visceral pericardium”

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67
Q

Pericardium

A

-fibrous sac that protects heart
-layers: fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium

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68
Q

Aorta

A

emerges from the left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood away from the heart

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69
Q

Ascending aorta

A

extends cranially

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70
Q

Descending aorta

A

travels caudally

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71
Q

Aortic arch

A

sharp bend in aorta

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72
Q

Vena cava

A

transports deoxygenated blood to the heart

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73
Q

Cranial vena cava

A

runs cranially (thin and more dark)

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74
Q

Caudal vena cava

A

runs caudally (thin and more dark)

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75
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

-cross from right to left
-carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs

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76
Q

Auricles

A

expand capacity of atria, elephant ears, flaps

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77
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

-“heart strings”
-help by papillary muscles
-support valves

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78
Q

Papillary muscles

A

muscles lining in ventricles that support valves, bump, opens valve

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79
Q

Pulmonary arteries

A

-2 branches
-carry deoxygenated blood to both lungs

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80
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

-move oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

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81
Q

Right atrium

A

receives deoxygenated blood from the body

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82
Q

Right ventricle

A

receives deoxygenated blood from R atrium, blood leaves and travels to lungs

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83
Q

Left atrium

A

receives only oxygenated blood from lungs

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84
Q

Left ventricle

A

receives oxygenated blood from L atrium, blood leaves and travels through aorta

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85
Q

Right AV valve (tricuspid)

A

between right atrium and right ventricle

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86
Q

Left AV valve (bicuspid/mitral)

A

thicker valve between left atrium and left ventricle

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87
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

controls pulmonary opening between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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88
Q

Aortic valve

A

controls aortic opening between left ventricle and aorta

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89
Q

RIGHT SIDE

A

deoxygenated

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90
Q

LEFT SIDE

A

oxygenated

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91
Q

Flow of blood through heart!

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the vena cava
  2. Deoxygenated blood passes through the right AV valve into the right ventricle
  3. Deoxygenated blood passes through the pulmonary valve, into the pulmonary trunk, and leaves through the pulmonary artery to lungs
  4. Blood receives oxygen in the lungs
  5. Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium through the pulmonary vein
  6. Oxygenated blood passes through the left AV valve, into the left ventricle
  7. Oxygenated blood passes through the aortic valve and leaves the heart through the heart through the aorta (arch) to the lungs
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92
Q

Nose

A

philtrum, nostrils

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93
Q

Nasal cavity

A

conditions and filters air

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94
Q

Larynx

A

-“voice box”
-connects laryngopharynx with trachea

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95
Q

Trachea

A

-“windpipe”
-cartilaginous rings

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96
Q

Tracheal rings

A

-prevent collapsing
-horseshoe shape

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97
Q

Bifurcation

A

splitting of trachea into left and right bronchi

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98
Q

Carina

A

internal ridge at bifurcation between bronchi

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99
Q

Pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium (shaggy heart, fibrosis)

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100
Q

Heartworms

A

-live in the right ventricles, pulmonary trunk, vena cava
-mosquitoes

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101
Q

Collapsed trachea

A

common in middle-aged or older toy and mini dog breeds

102
Q

Pneumonia

A

inflammation of lung tissue (cloudy radiograph)

103
Q

Pleural effusion

A

fluid accumulation within pleural cavity

104
Q

Hemothorax

A

accumulation of blood in thorax

105
Q

Left lung

A

2 lobes

106
Q

Right lung

A

3 lobes

107
Q

Accessory lobe

A

underneath lungs

108
Q

Diaphragm

A

separates abdominal and respiratory cavities

109
Q

Renal system consists of:

A

kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

110
Q

Renal system functions

A

-regulation of blood volume and pressure
-regulation of blood ion concentration
-elimination of waste products and recovery of filtered nutrients

111
Q

Kidney

A

-primary organs of renal system
-held in place by fat

112
Q

Right kidney

A

more cranial

113
Q

Left kidney

A

more caudal

114
Q

Bean shaped and smooth kidney

A

carnivores, small ruminants, pigs, horses left kidney

115
Q

Heart shaped and smooth

A

horses right kidney

116
Q

Lobated

A

cattle

117
Q

Fibrous capsule

A

then, fibrous tissue that covers external surface of kidney

118
Q

Renal hilus

A

medial, indented border of kidney, entrance for vessels and ureter

119
Q

Ureter

A

muscular tube that propels urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

120
Q

Renal artery

A

brings oxygenated blood to kidney

121
Q

Renal vein

A

carries deoxygenated blood from kidney

122
Q

Adrenal gland

A

endocrine glands located cranially and medially to each kidney, secrete many hormones

123
Q

Renal cortex

A

-lighter in color
-layer/line on outside

124
Q

Renal medulla

A

-darker in color
-internal portion

125
Q

Calyx

A

-flower petal/c shaped funnel

126
Q

Renal sinus

A

center of kidney, urine collects

127
Q

Nephron

A

the microscopic, functional unit of kidney, site of urine production

128
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

-bowmans capsule
-beginning of urine production

129
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule

A

extracts urine

130
Q

Loop of henle

A

extracts urine

131
Q

Distal convoluted tubule

A

extracts urine

132
Q

Urinary bladder

A

-hollow and moveable
-passes urine from ureter to urethra

133
Q

Trigone of urinary bladder

A

imaginary triangle within bladder

134
Q

Urethra

A

-tubular
-transports urine from bladder
-female: opens floor of repro tract
-male: 2 parts (pelvic and penile)

135
Q

Ovaries

A

-produce gametes and release hormones
-suspended by broad ligament
-dark spots at end of uterine horns

136
Q

Infundibulum

A

-hood of ovary, catches egg
-move oocyte towards uterine tube

137
Q

Cortex of ovary

A

external portion

138
Q

Medulla of ovary

A

internal portion

139
Q

Uterine tube

A

-comes off infundibulum
-SITE OF FERTILIZATION

140
Q

Cervix

A

tough, zig zag, protects uterus

141
Q

Uterine Body

A

between cervix and uterine horns (where horns meet)

142
Q

Uterine horns

A

rams horn

143
Q

Vagina

A

between cervix and external orfice

144
Q

vulva

A

external portion of female tract

145
Q

Vestibule

A

shared space for urinary and repro tracts

146
Q

Duplex shape

A

-marsupials and rabbits
-2 separate uterine horns and cervical canals

147
Q

Bicornuate shape

A

-sow, litter bearing animals
-small uterine body and long uterine horns

148
Q

Bipartite shape

A

-ruminants, carnivores, horses
-small uterine body and 2 uterine horns development

149
Q

Simplex shape

A

-primates and humans
-no uterine horns

150
Q

Testis

A

-produce male gametes and release hormones
-builds sperm
-heat sensitive

151
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

fibrous covering of testicle

152
Q

Leydig cells

A

testosterone

153
Q

Sertoli cells

A

stimulate spermatogenesis

154
Q

Scrotum

A

-house testis, pull up/drop down for temp control

155
Q

Dartos muscle

A

lines scrotum and regulates temp

156
Q

Cremaster muscle

A

raise and lower testis in body cavity

157
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

-squiggle lines
-creation of sperm starts

158
Q

Rete testis

A

no sperm production

159
Q

Efferent duct

A

collection of channels at heat of epididymis

160
Q

Epididymis

A

site of sperm maturation and storage

161
Q

Head of epi

A

-darker color
-viable and concentrate sperm

162
Q

Body of epi

A

-mid section
-sperm develops and acquires mobility

163
Q

Tail of epi

A

-end protruding
-house mature sperm
-2 months from head to tail

164
Q

Ductus deferens

A

-strap on body of epi.

165
Q

Pampiniform plexus

A

-veins around artery on top of testis
-cools blood

166
Q

Glands penis

A

erectile tissue at free end of penis (different shapes)

167
Q

Prepuce

A

external exit, external skin

168
Q

Sigmoid flexure

A

-hook/protection for penis
-muscle the flexes and extends

169
Q

Prostate

A

-surrounds urethra
-neutralize acidity and increase volume

170
Q

Vesicular glands

A

secrete fructose rich fluid to provide energy

171
Q

Bulbourethral gland/ Cowper’s gland

A

paired glands, secrete fluid to lubricate urethra and neutralize acidity

172
Q

Os penis

A

bone found in distal end, passing through bulbus glandis

173
Q

Nervous system components

A

sensory input, integration, motor output

174
Q

Nervous system functions

A

communication between internal and external environment, relay of electrical signals to all parts of body

175
Q

Central nervous system

A

-brain and spinal cord
-includes neurons, blood vessels, connective tissue

176
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

-all nerve cells outside CNS
-divided into somatic and autonomic

177
Q

Sensory (afferent) NS

A

-signals move towards CNS
-cells located outside of CNS
-travels from sense organs–> spinal cord–> brain

178
Q

Motor (efferent) NS

A

-signals move away from CNS to organs, glands, etc.
-cell bodies located inside CNS

179
Q

Somatic NS

A

voluntary impulses from the CNS

180
Q

Autonomic NS

A

-“visceral NS”
-involuntary impulses

181
Q

Neuron

A

-functional unit of NS
-largest and most numerous cell in body
-receives, transmit, store info

182
Q

Dendrites

A

“tree”, receive info from other neurons

183
Q

Axon

A

(nerve fiber), unique to neurons, “carry” nerve impulse, covered with a myelin sheath

184
Q

Synapse and synaptic knobs

A

-termination point of axon, terminal meets another neuron
-2 types: electrical and chemical

185
Q

CNS oligodendrocyte

A

produce myelin that insulates axons, myelin increases speed of nerve transmission

186
Q

PNS schwann

A

produce myelin in PNS

187
Q

Cervical enlargement

A

-cervical plexus, brachial plexus
-phrenic nerve–> innervates diaphragm

188
Q

Lumbar enlargement

A

-lumbosacral plexus
-conus medullaris–> narrow end of spinal cord

189
Q

Meninges

A

“covering”

190
Q

Dura matter

A

external

191
Q

Arachnoid matter

A

middle

192
Q

Pia matter

A

innermost

193
Q

Epidural space

A

-between dura and periosteum
-contains fluid that cushions spinal cord

194
Q

Subdural space

A

between dura and arachnoid

195
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

-between arachnoid and pia matter
-contains cerebral fluid

196
Q

Gyri

A

mounds (worms)

197
Q

Sulci

A

infold of mound (dark lines)

198
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

separates left and right brain

199
Q

Transverse fissure

A

separates large and small brain

200
Q

Cerebrum

A

-largest
-2 hemispheres

201
Q

Corpus callosum

A

-connects 2 cerebral hemispheres
-white band

202
Q

Olfactory bulbs

A

-rostral part of cerebrum
-axons from nasal cavity

203
Q

Frontal lobe

A

cognitive thinking

204
Q

parietal

A

sensory

205
Q

temporal

A

hearing

206
Q

occipital

A

vision

207
Q

piriform

A

smell

208
Q

thalamus

A

-eyes
-relay station for sensory impulses

209
Q

pineal body

A

secretes melatonin

210
Q

hypothalamus

A

-under thalamus
-communication

211
Q

pituitary gland

A

-external, may be in dura matter (infundibulum)
-hormones

212
Q

Rostral colliculi

A

-cheeks
-visual reflex center

213
Q

Caudal colliculi

A

-mouth
-auditory reflexes

214
Q

Pons

A

-bump on underside of brain
-bridges brain and spinal cord

215
Q

Cerebellum

A

-little brain
-muscle movement

216
Q

Vermis

A

-ridge of cerebellum

217
Q

Arbor vitae

A

tree of life

218
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

-near brain stem
-connects pons to spinal cord
-cardiac, respiratory, etc.

219
Q

Olfactory nerve

A

connects to bulbs

220
Q

Optic nerve/chiasm

A

forms X where they cross

221
Q

Oculomotor nerve

A

controls mvmt of eyes

222
Q

Brown area

A

grey matter, dendrite cells, process info

223
Q

White area

A

white matter, axons

224
Q

Fibrous tunic

A

external layer, gives eye shape

225
Q

Vascular tunic

A

middle layer, contains blood vessels and smooth muscle

226
Q

Nervous tunic

A

inner layer, contains receptor cells

227
Q

Sclera

A

white area around cornea

228
Q

Cornea

A

clear part, opening

229
Q

Limbus

A

junction of sclera and cornea

230
Q

iris

A

black ring

231
Q

Pupil

A

opening of black ring (behind lens) allows light in

232
Q

tapetum lucidum

A

-reflective
-blue
-see animals eyes at night

233
Q

retina

A

-optic disc comes to a point
-image formation

234
Q

rods

A

night vision and shapes

235
Q

cones

A

color and sharpness

236
Q

optic disk

A

connection of retina to optic nerve

237
Q

lens

A

-solid
-transparent
-marble

238
Q

vitreous humor

A

-jelly
-holds the shape of the eye

239
Q

anterior chamber

A

in front of iris

240
Q

posterior chamber

A

behind iris

241
Q

Pinna/auricle

A

funnel sound towards middle ear

242
Q

External auditory meatus

A

canal that leads to middle ear

243
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

-ear drum
-divider that separates external auditory meatus from middle

244
Q

Malleus

A

-hammer
-in ED

245
Q

Incus

A

-anvil
-between malleus and stapes

246
Q

Stapes

A

-stirrup
-connects incus and cochlea (smallest bone in body)

247
Q

Auditory tube

A

connects middle ear with nasopharynx, equal pressure

248
Q

Cochlea

A

snail-like bony shell, part of inner ear involved with hearing

249
Q

Spiral organ

A

hair cells, movement of cells–> nerve impulse

250
Q

Brachial plexus avulsion

A

nerve roots are torn from spinal cord–> can’t move limbs

251
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

-accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid
-internal: accumulation inside brain’s ventricles
-external: accumulation in subarachnoid space

252
Q

Rabies

A

-rhabdovirdiae, hydrophobic
-furious form: aggressive
-dumb form: lethargy

Large Animal Anatomy (2 decks)

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