Exam #3 Flashcards
Ingestion
active process of bringing food into oral cavity
Mechanical processing
physical size reduction of food entering oral cavity (teeth=digestive system)
Propulsion
mvmt of material through digestive tract
Digestion
chemical breakdown of ingested materials
Secretion
amylase
Absorption
removal of nutrients and other materials
Excretion
elimination of waste products
Immunity
barrier against pathogenic bacteria
Oral cavity
-entrance to system
-begins at lips and extend to pharynx
Hard palate
-rostral, bony portion
-formed by palatine, maxillary and incisive bones
Soft palate
-caudal portion
-divides pharynx into oral and nasal
-when swallowing, soft palate closes nasopharynx
Palate
separated respiratory and digestive
Tongue
-intrinsic and extrinsic muscles that run in multiple directions
3 main parts of tongue
apex, base, root
Salivary glands
exocrine glands, secrete saliva into mouth through salivary ducts
Parotoid
lies at the base of the ear
Mandibular
mandibular ramus (angle of jaw)
Sublingual
under tongue
Epiglottis
flap of cartilage covering laryngeal opening
Esophagus
collapsible muscular tube
Omentum
-attaches stomach to body wall of other organs
-covering of gastrointestinal system
-has caul fat
Greater omentum
attaches to greater curvature
Lesser omentum
attaches to lesser curvature
Stomach
-extends from esophagus to duodenum
4 regions of simple stomach
cardia, fundus, body, and pyloric region
Cardia
junction between stomach and esophagus
Fundus
blind ended sac superior to cardia region
Body
largest region located between fundus and pylorus
Pyloric region
caudal end of the stomach, separated from intestines by pyloric sphincter
What animals have a simple stomach?
humans, pigs, horses
Ruminant stomach
reticulum–> rumen–> omasum–> abomasum (true stomach)
Reticulum
-most cranial
-honeycomb
-tripe
-traps foreign objects
Rumen
-left side of abdomen
-papilla lining
-fermentation site
Omasum
-spherical
-bible
Abomasum
-true stomach
-comparable to simple stomach in non-ruminant
Small inestine
primary site for digestion and nutrient absorption
Duodenum
-receives ingesta from stomach
-first part of the small intestine
-sigmoid loop of duodenum
Jejunum
-longest part of the small intestine, mesentery, nutrient absorption
Ileum
-end portion, empties into large intestine
-ileocecal fold
-very short
-below cecum
Large intestine
absorb electrolytes and water from fecal contents, extends from entrance at ileocecal junction to anus
Cecum
-first portion of the large intestine
-rounded blind tip that projects caudally
-THICKEST TUBE
Ascending colon
-proximal loop
-spinal colon
-distal loop
Proximal loop
receives digesta from the cecum, high moisture content, looks like a smaller cecum
Spiral colon
-removes moisture
-looks like a fat spiral
Distal loop
-receives digesta with little moisture
-first appearance of fecal balls
-tucked in proximal loop
-whiter because of less moisture
Descending loop
-takes waste to the rectum
-at top of body, squiggly with fat
Horse colon
-large colon (first portion)
-transverse colon (most moveable part)
-small colon (fecal balls)
Liver
-most cranial part of abdomen, behind diaphragm
-largest gland in body
-right and left lobe
Liver functions
-detox of toxins
-metabolize
-forms and secretes bile
Gallbladder
-located between lobes of liver
-stores bile
-break down fat molecules
Pancreas
-Underneath the sigmoid loop of the duodenum
-endocrine function: secretes insulin
-exocrine: produce digestive enzymes
Spleen
-dark in color, attached to rumen
-largest lymphoid organ
-stores red blood cells
Pyloric sphincter
at the end of abomasum
Mesenteric lymph nodes
goat: less centralized
dog: more centralized
Cardio system consists of
blood, heart, vascular system, lymphatic system
What does the cardio system do
-transport medium
-regulate body temp
-protection by transporting immune cells
Systemic system
oxygenated blood from left ventricle to all organs and tissues, deoxygenated blood back to right atrium
Pulmonary system
transfers deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs, from lungs to left atrium
Lymph vascular system
lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic organs
Blood vascular system
blood, heart, arteries, capillaries, veins
Arteries
-move blood AWAY from heart
-carries oxygenated blood to tissues (except for pulmonary artery)
-thick, rigid walls
Capillaries
-small
-located btwn arteries and veins
-allow for gas exchange
Veins
-transport blood TO heart
-transport deoxygenated blood (except for pulmonary vein)
-thin walled
Myocardium
makes up the bulk of thickness, muscle layer
Endocardium
thin, inner layer, lines atria and ventricles
Epicardium
-thin, outer layer, covers surface of heart
-“visceral pericardium”
Pericardium
-fibrous sac that protects heart
-layers: fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium
Aorta
emerges from the left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood away from the heart
Ascending aorta
extends cranially
Descending aorta
travels caudally
Aortic arch
sharp bend in aorta
Vena cava
transports deoxygenated blood to the heart
Cranial vena cava
runs cranially (thin and more dark)
Caudal vena cava
runs caudally (thin and more dark)
Pulmonary trunk
-cross from right to left
-carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs
Auricles
expand capacity of atria, elephant ears, flaps
Chordae tendineae
-“heart strings”
-help by papillary muscles
-support valves
Papillary muscles
muscles lining in ventricles that support valves, bump, opens valve
Pulmonary arteries
-2 branches
-carry deoxygenated blood to both lungs
Pulmonary veins
-move oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
Right atrium
receives deoxygenated blood from the body
Right ventricle
receives deoxygenated blood from R atrium, blood leaves and travels to lungs
Left atrium
receives only oxygenated blood from lungs
Left ventricle
receives oxygenated blood from L atrium, blood leaves and travels through aorta
Right AV valve (tricuspid)
between right atrium and right ventricle
Left AV valve (bicuspid/mitral)
thicker valve between left atrium and left ventricle
Pulmonary valve
controls pulmonary opening between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Aortic valve
controls aortic opening between left ventricle and aorta
RIGHT SIDE
deoxygenated
LEFT SIDE
oxygenated
Flow of blood through heart!
- Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the vena cava
- Deoxygenated blood passes through the right AV valve into the right ventricle
- Deoxygenated blood passes through the pulmonary valve, into the pulmonary trunk, and leaves through the pulmonary artery to lungs
- Blood receives oxygen in the lungs
- Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium through the pulmonary vein
- Oxygenated blood passes through the left AV valve, into the left ventricle
- Oxygenated blood passes through the aortic valve and leaves the heart through the heart through the aorta (arch) to the lungs
Nose
philtrum, nostrils
Nasal cavity
conditions and filters air
Larynx
-“voice box”
-connects laryngopharynx with trachea
Trachea
-“windpipe”
-cartilaginous rings
Tracheal rings
-prevent collapsing
-horseshoe shape
Bifurcation
splitting of trachea into left and right bronchi
Carina
internal ridge at bifurcation between bronchi
Pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium (shaggy heart, fibrosis)
Heartworms
-live in the right ventricles, pulmonary trunk, vena cava
-mosquitoes
Collapsed trachea
common in middle-aged or older toy and mini dog breeds
Pneumonia
inflammation of lung tissue (cloudy radiograph)
Pleural effusion
fluid accumulation within pleural cavity
Hemothorax
accumulation of blood in thorax
Left lung
2 lobes
Right lung
3 lobes
Accessory lobe
underneath lungs
Diaphragm
separates abdominal and respiratory cavities
Renal system consists of:
kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Renal system functions
-regulation of blood volume and pressure
-regulation of blood ion concentration
-elimination of waste products and recovery of filtered nutrients
Kidney
-primary organs of renal system
-held in place by fat
Right kidney
more cranial
Left kidney
more caudal
Bean shaped and smooth kidney
carnivores, small ruminants, pigs, horses left kidney
Heart shaped and smooth
horses right kidney
Lobated
cattle
Fibrous capsule
then, fibrous tissue that covers external surface of kidney
Renal hilus
medial, indented border of kidney, entrance for vessels and ureter
Ureter
muscular tube that propels urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
Renal artery
brings oxygenated blood to kidney
Renal vein
carries deoxygenated blood from kidney
Adrenal gland
endocrine glands located cranially and medially to each kidney, secrete many hormones
Renal cortex
-lighter in color
-layer/line on outside
Renal medulla
-darker in color
-internal portion
Calyx
-flower petal/c shaped funnel
Renal sinus
center of kidney, urine collects
Nephron
the microscopic, functional unit of kidney, site of urine production
Renal corpuscle
-bowmans capsule
-beginning of urine production
Proximal convoluted tubule
extracts urine
Loop of henle
extracts urine
Distal convoluted tubule
extracts urine
Urinary bladder
-hollow and moveable
-passes urine from ureter to urethra
Trigone of urinary bladder
imaginary triangle within bladder
Urethra
-tubular
-transports urine from bladder
-female: opens floor of repro tract
-male: 2 parts (pelvic and penile)
Ovaries
-produce gametes and release hormones
-suspended by broad ligament
-dark spots at end of uterine horns
Infundibulum
-hood of ovary, catches egg
-move oocyte towards uterine tube
Cortex of ovary
external portion
Medulla of ovary
internal portion
Uterine tube
-comes off infundibulum
-SITE OF FERTILIZATION
Cervix
tough, zig zag, protects uterus
Uterine Body
between cervix and uterine horns (where horns meet)
Uterine horns
rams horn
Vagina
between cervix and external orfice
vulva
external portion of female tract
Vestibule
shared space for urinary and repro tracts
Duplex shape
-marsupials and rabbits
-2 separate uterine horns and cervical canals
Bicornuate shape
-sow, litter bearing animals
-small uterine body and long uterine horns
Bipartite shape
-ruminants, carnivores, horses
-small uterine body and 2 uterine horns development
Simplex shape
-primates and humans
-no uterine horns
Testis
-produce male gametes and release hormones
-builds sperm
-heat sensitive
Tunica albuginea
fibrous covering of testicle
Leydig cells
testosterone
Sertoli cells
stimulate spermatogenesis
Scrotum
-house testis, pull up/drop down for temp control
Dartos muscle
lines scrotum and regulates temp
Cremaster muscle
raise and lower testis in body cavity
Seminiferous tubules
-squiggle lines
-creation of sperm starts
Rete testis
no sperm production
Efferent duct
collection of channels at heat of epididymis
Epididymis
site of sperm maturation and storage
Head of epi
-darker color
-viable and concentrate sperm
Body of epi
-mid section
-sperm develops and acquires mobility
Tail of epi
-end protruding
-house mature sperm
-2 months from head to tail
Ductus deferens
-strap on body of epi.
Pampiniform plexus
-veins around artery on top of testis
-cools blood
Glands penis
erectile tissue at free end of penis (different shapes)
Prepuce
external exit, external skin
Sigmoid flexure
-hook/protection for penis
-muscle the flexes and extends
Prostate
-surrounds urethra
-neutralize acidity and increase volume
Vesicular glands
secrete fructose rich fluid to provide energy
Bulbourethral gland/ Cowper’s gland
paired glands, secrete fluid to lubricate urethra and neutralize acidity
Os penis
bone found in distal end, passing through bulbus glandis
Nervous system components
sensory input, integration, motor output
Nervous system functions
communication between internal and external environment, relay of electrical signals to all parts of body
Central nervous system
-brain and spinal cord
-includes neurons, blood vessels, connective tissue
Peripheral nervous system
-all nerve cells outside CNS
-divided into somatic and autonomic
Sensory (afferent) NS
-signals move towards CNS
-cells located outside of CNS
-travels from sense organs–> spinal cord–> brain
Motor (efferent) NS
-signals move away from CNS to organs, glands, etc.
-cell bodies located inside CNS
Somatic NS
voluntary impulses from the CNS
Autonomic NS
-“visceral NS”
-involuntary impulses
Neuron
-functional unit of NS
-largest and most numerous cell in body
-receives, transmit, store info
Dendrites
“tree”, receive info from other neurons
Axon
(nerve fiber), unique to neurons, “carry” nerve impulse, covered with a myelin sheath
Synapse and synaptic knobs
-termination point of axon, terminal meets another neuron
-2 types: electrical and chemical
CNS oligodendrocyte
produce myelin that insulates axons, myelin increases speed of nerve transmission
PNS schwann
produce myelin in PNS
Cervical enlargement
-cervical plexus, brachial plexus
-phrenic nerve–> innervates diaphragm
Lumbar enlargement
-lumbosacral plexus
-conus medullaris–> narrow end of spinal cord
Meninges
“covering”
Dura matter
external
Arachnoid matter
middle
Pia matter
innermost
Epidural space
-between dura and periosteum
-contains fluid that cushions spinal cord
Subdural space
between dura and arachnoid
Subarachnoid space
-between arachnoid and pia matter
-contains cerebral fluid
Gyri
mounds (worms)
Sulci
infold of mound (dark lines)
Longitudinal fissure
separates left and right brain
Transverse fissure
separates large and small brain
Cerebrum
-largest
-2 hemispheres
Corpus callosum
-connects 2 cerebral hemispheres
-white band
Olfactory bulbs
-rostral part of cerebrum
-axons from nasal cavity
Frontal lobe
cognitive thinking
parietal
sensory
temporal
hearing
occipital
vision
piriform
smell
thalamus
-eyes
-relay station for sensory impulses
pineal body
secretes melatonin
hypothalamus
-under thalamus
-communication
pituitary gland
-external, may be in dura matter (infundibulum)
-hormones
Rostral colliculi
-cheeks
-visual reflex center
Caudal colliculi
-mouth
-auditory reflexes
Pons
-bump on underside of brain
-bridges brain and spinal cord
Cerebellum
-little brain
-muscle movement
Vermis
-ridge of cerebellum
Arbor vitae
tree of life
Medulla oblongata
-near brain stem
-connects pons to spinal cord
-cardiac, respiratory, etc.
Olfactory nerve
connects to bulbs
Optic nerve/chiasm
forms X where they cross
Oculomotor nerve
controls mvmt of eyes
Brown area
grey matter, dendrite cells, process info
White area
white matter, axons
Fibrous tunic
external layer, gives eye shape
Vascular tunic
middle layer, contains blood vessels and smooth muscle
Nervous tunic
inner layer, contains receptor cells
Sclera
white area around cornea
Cornea
clear part, opening
Limbus
junction of sclera and cornea
iris
black ring
Pupil
opening of black ring (behind lens) allows light in
tapetum lucidum
-reflective
-blue
-see animals eyes at night
retina
-optic disc comes to a point
-image formation
rods
night vision and shapes
cones
color and sharpness
optic disk
connection of retina to optic nerve
lens
-solid
-transparent
-marble
vitreous humor
-jelly
-holds the shape of the eye
anterior chamber
in front of iris
posterior chamber
behind iris
Pinna/auricle
funnel sound towards middle ear
External auditory meatus
canal that leads to middle ear
Tympanic membrane
-ear drum
-divider that separates external auditory meatus from middle
Malleus
-hammer
-in ED
Incus
-anvil
-between malleus and stapes
Stapes
-stirrup
-connects incus and cochlea (smallest bone in body)
Auditory tube
connects middle ear with nasopharynx, equal pressure
Cochlea
snail-like bony shell, part of inner ear involved with hearing
Spiral organ
hair cells, movement of cells–> nerve impulse
Brachial plexus avulsion
nerve roots are torn from spinal cord–> can’t move limbs
Hydrocephalus
-accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid
-internal: accumulation inside brain’s ventricles
-external: accumulation in subarachnoid space
Rabies
-rhabdovirdiae, hydrophobic
-furious form: aggressive
-dumb form: lethargy
