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BIO 105 Lecture > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

Intro To Metabolism - Replication

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1
Q

What reaction is energy released?

A

exergonic

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2
Q

What is broken down in cellular respiration?

A

glucose and other organic molecules

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3
Q

Electrons from organic compounds are first transferred to _____ forming _____.

A

NAD+ , NADH

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4
Q

What represents stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP?

A

NADH (the reduced form of NAD+)

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5
Q

NAD+ is the _____ form.
NADH is the _____ form.

A

oxidized, reduced

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6
Q

What does NADH pass to the electron transport chain?

A

electrons

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7
Q

What is the first stage in cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis

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8
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

cytosol

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9
Q

Does glycolysis need oxygen to occur?

A

it occurs in the presence or absence of oxygen

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10
Q

What does glycolysis convert the 6-carbon glucose into?

A

two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate

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11
Q

What is the net production of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP and 2 NADH

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12
Q

What are the 3 phases of glycolysis?

A

energy investment, cleavage reactions, and energy harvest

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13
Q

What happens during the energy investment phase of glycolysis?

A

-adding phosphates energizes glucose and makes it more reactive
-1st phosphate removes glucose from the “glucose pool”

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14
Q

What happens during the cleavage reaction phase of glycolysis?

A

-6C sugar splits forming two 3 C molecules
- no Carbons have been lost

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15
Q

What happens during the energy harvest phase of glycolysis?

A

Products:
- 4 ATP are made, one for each phosphate removed
- 2 pyruvate (3C each, no C’s lost)
-2 NADH

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16
Q

What does Hexokinase do in glycolysis?

A
  • adds first phosphate
  • removes glucose from the glucose pool so transport can continue into the cell
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17
Q

What does Phosphofructokinase do in glycolysis?

A
  • adds second phosphate
    -regulatory step
    -allosterically inhibited by ATP
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18
Q

Glycolysis is a series of what kind of reactions?

A

redox reactions: reduction or oxidation reactions where electrons are transferred between two substances

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19
Q

How does glycolysis harvest ATP?

A

via substrate level phosphorylation (method of producing ATP where a phosphate group is directly transferred from a high energy molecule to ADP to form ATP; does not require oxygen)

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20
Q

For each molecule of glucose processed in glycolysis, what is the net production of ATP?

A

Net production: 2 ATP
ATP produced: 4 ATP
ATP used: 2 ATP
(4-2=2)

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21
Q

What is the purpose of using two ATP to add phosphates to glucose in the beginning of glycolysis?

A

to make the glucose more reactive

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22
Q

What are the two branches that can occur off of the pyruvate point?

A

-No O2 present = fermentation
-O2 present + aerobic cellular respiration

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23
Q

What happens during alcohol fermentation?

A

NAD+ is regenerated to be used in glycolysis (where net 2 ATP are made)

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24
Q

What happens during Lactic Acid Fermentation?

A

-NAD+ is regenerated to be used in glycolysis (where 2 ATP are made)
- pyruvate is REDUCED, NADH is oxidized

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25
Q

True or False : The reaction of pyruvate to lactate is an oxidation.

A

false

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26
Q

What is the purpose of fermentation reactions?

A

to regenerate NAD+ so glycolysis can continue

27
Q

Where does pyruvate move to when O2 is around?

A

the mitochondria

28
Q

What “links” glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?

A

pyruvate oxidation

29
Q

Why does pyruvate oxidation link glycolysis to citric acid cycle?

A
  • pyruvate oxidation creates acetyl-CoA, which is the entry step to citric acid cycle
    -one NADH made per pyruvate
30
Q

What are the two branches that are possible from acetyl CoA?

A
  • fatty acids (store energy)
  • citric acid cycle (release energy)
31
Q

What reaction absorbs energy?

A

endergonic reactions

32
Q

What are the three stages of cellular respiration?

A
  • Glycolysis
    -Pyruvate Oxidation and Citric Acid Cycle
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC and chemiosmosis)
33
Q

What happens in the citric acid cycle (Kreb’s cycle)?

A

-carbons that entered cycle as Acetyl-CoA are oxidized (loss of electrons) to CO2 (EXHALE)
-NAD+ and FAD are reduced (gain electrons) to NADH and FADH2
-NADH and FADH 2 (formed from reduction-gain of electrons) carry electrons to the electron transport chain

34
Q

True or False: the reaction of malate HO-C-H to oxaloacetate C=O is an oxidation?

A

True

35
Q

What do NADH and FADH2 bring to the electron transport chain (ETC)?

A

electrons

36
Q

What is the basic complex that electron transport chains consist of?

A
  • protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane
37
Q

What happens to H+ ions in the electron transport chain?

A

energy from transferring electrons is used to pump H+ from the matrix to the intermembrane space creating a H+ gradient = proton motive force

38
Q

What do electrons eventually do in the ETC?

A

combine with oxygen

39
Q

Where do the electrons donated by NADH and FADH2 get transferred to?

A

different electron carriers

40
Q

Where do electrons always move to in the ETC and what does this mean?

A

Electrons always move to a lower energy molecule, so energy is released

41
Q

What happens to energy with each transport that occurs?

A

energy is lost with each transport

42
Q

What happens to the released energy in the ETC?

A

it is used to pump protons (H+) into the intermembrane space to make a gradient

43
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?

A

oxygen

44
Q

Where is carbon dioxide made in the ETC?

A

Complex 2

45
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle take place in the ETC?

A

Complex 2

46
Q

Where does energy come from during the ETC?

A

energy comes from creating a H+ gradient from oxidation

47
Q

What complexes pump hydrogen ions across the ETC?

A

complex 1,3 and 4 pump hydrogen ions across

48
Q

What happens during chemiosmosis?

A

(chemical diffusion)
-converts ADP to ATP by a H+ going through the ATP synthase

49
Q

What happens in the ATP synthase?

A

-energy from release of gradient is used to make ATP
-H+ flows down its gradient through ATP synthase (chemiosmosis)

50
Q

How are most of the ATP in cellular respiration generated?

A

Most of the ATP in cellular respiration are generated through electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation

51
Q

Why do you breathe oxygen (O2)?

A

to serve as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

52
Q

What do ETC blockers do?

A
  • inhibit flow of electrons and pumping of H+ by the ETC
    -prevent formation of H+ gradient
53
Q

What do Uncouplers do?

A
  • allow pumping of H+, but disconnect it from ATP synthesis
  • Let H+ sneak back into matrix without using ATP synthase
    -disconnect gradient from ATP synthesis (H+ move back into matrix without using ATP synthase and generate heat instead of ATP)
54
Q

What do ATP synthase inhibitors do?

A
  • allow electron flow and creation of H+ gradient
  • directly inhibit activity of ATP synthase
55
Q

Cyanide and carbon monoxide block the protein that donates the electrons to oxygen, thus forming water. Cyanide and carbon monoxide block ATP synthesis by…

A

preventing the formation of an H+ ion concentration gradient

56
Q

What do catabolic reactions do?

A

Break down complex molecules and releasing energy

57
Q

What do anabolic reactions do?

A

synthesize complex molecule and consuming energy

58
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

ATP, NADH, pyruvate

59
Q

In the absence of oxygen, human cells convert pyruvate to…

A

lactate by fermentation

60
Q

True or False: a hydrogen ion gradient is formed in the citric acid cycle

A

false

61
Q

Where is ATP synthase located?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

62
Q

What is the function of the electron transport chain?

A

form a H+ gradient

63
Q

What would an increased number of uncoupling proteins do to the level of ATP produced?

A

it would reduce the level of ATP produced

64
Q
A

BIO 105 Lecture (4 decks)

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