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BIO 105 Lecture > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a nucleic acid made of? give an example

A

a phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base ; ATP, DNA, RNA

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2
Q

Explain endosymbiotic theory

A

Theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent bacteria cells but formed a symbiotic relationship with another cell to create a eukaryotic cell

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3
Q

What property of carbon makes it so versatile? And why?

A

It has four unpaired electrons so it is able to create 4 bonds

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4
Q

Explain the order of the secretory pathway

A
  1. Protein is put into RER as ribosome makes it
  2. Vesicle buds off RER with protein cargo and delivers it to Golgi where the proteins are modified
  3. Vesicle buds off Golgi with protein cargo
  4. Vesicle fuses to plasma membrane, Secreted proteins are released by exocytosis, Membrane bound proteins become part of the cell membrane
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5
Q

The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler compounds, releasing energy

A

Catabolic pathway

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6
Q

Gangliosides (lipids found in membrane neurons) are most likely produced in which organelle?

A

Smooth er (where lipids are produced)

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7
Q

Name of the thing that walks along the cytoskeleton tracks to transport vesicles

A

Proteins

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8
Q

The removal of –H and –OH from monomers to join the monomers into a polymer and form water

A

Dehydration synthesis

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9
Q

Name 3 properties of water

A

Surface tension, capillary action, cohesion, adhesion, expansion upon freezing, solvent properties, heat capacity

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10
Q

What is the central carbon of a protein surrounded by

A

Hydrogen, amino group, carboxyl group, R group

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11
Q

Name the bond type: unequal sharing of electrons between covalently bonded oxygen (or N or F) and hydrogen atoms

A

Hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

Name the 3 types of gated channels

A

Ligand, voltage, and mechanical

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13
Q

Reaction where the transfer of energy is due to the loss of an electron

A

Oxidation

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14
Q

What happens to a cell that is put in a hypotonic solution

A

The cell swells, water moves into the cell

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15
Q

What is the number of neutrons of chlorine if the atomic mass is 36 (the atomic number=17)

A

19

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16
Q

Reaction that is not spontaneous and requires energy

A

Endergonic reaction

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17
Q

Define “amphipathic” and give an example

A

A molecule with a polar and nonpolar end, phospholipids

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18
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Synthesizes proteins

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19
Q

Compare and contrast passive and active transport

A

-Both require a channel protein

-Active transport requires ATP

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20
Q

Cells where you can find a cell wall

A

Plant cells and prokaryotic cells

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21
Q

The twisting of the string of amino acids into an alpha-helix or pleated sheet

A

Secondary structure of a protein

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22
Q

What is the property of an acidic vs basic solution

A

Acids have a higher H+ concentrations and bases have higher –OH concentration

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23
Q

Name the enzyme: attaches to an allosteric site, changing the shape of the active site

A

Noncompetitive inhibitor

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24
Q

Function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane

A

To keep the plasma membrane from becoming too fluid or too stiff (maintains fluidity)

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25
Q

The mechanism by which enzymes work

A

Lowering activation energy

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26
Q

How many protons does oxygen (O) have?
atomic mass: 16 atomic number: 8

A

8

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27
Q

How many neutrons does phosphorus (P) have?
atomic mass: 31 atomic number: 15

A

16

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28
Q

compared to an acidic solution at pH 5, a basic solution at pH 8 has…

A

1,000 times fewer hydrogen ions (10x10x10, fewer as you go up the scale)

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29
Q

If you were a fish in a pond in the winter in Minnesota, for what property of water would you be most grateful?

A

hydrogen bonding

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30
Q

sugars are soluble in water because they…

A

are polar molecules

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31
Q

digestible carbohydrate in your diet could come from which of the following:
- glycogen
- starch
- cellulose
- sucrose
- starch and sucrose

A

starch and sucrose

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32
Q

amino acid side chains in the interior of a cytoplasmic protein will typically be…

A

nonpolar

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33
Q

the proper shape of a protein is…

A

-determined by the sequence of its amino acids
- called its conformation
- required for the protein to function
- held together by bonding interactions between the amino acid side chains

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34
Q

if you heat a cell to a moderately higher temperature than it is normally used to, which molecule will stop working first?

A

protein

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35
Q

which structure is common to all three domains of life?

A

phospholipid bilayer cell membrane

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36
Q

the enzyme hexosaminidase normally breaks down excess or damaged gangliosides (lipids found in the membranes of neurons). Which organelle is hexosaminidase found in?

A

lysosomes

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37
Q

at low tide the scuds and plants are in a hypotonic solution, what will happen to the water around them

A

enter their cells by osmosis

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38
Q

the plant can adapt to a hypotonic solution because its cell wall…

A

prevents the cell membrane from swelling until it bursts

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39
Q

How does a transport vesicle move from the cell body to the nerve terminal?

A

along the cytoskeleton using motor proteins

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40
Q

How can a protein channel be regulated?

A

-binding of a ligand
-voltage change
-mechanical stress
-endocytosis of carrier

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41
Q

how do we release energy from bonds in a carbohydrate?

A

oxidation

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42
Q

What is OILRIG?

A

Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain (of electrons)

43
Q

What does LEO says GER mean?

A

Loss of Electron is Oxidation, Gain of Electron is Reduction

44
Q

What charge do electrons have?

A

negative

45
Q

What charge do neutrons have?

A

neutral/no charge

46
Q

what charge do protons have?

A

positive

47
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

when two or more atoms share electrons

48
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

the attraction between oppositely fully charged atoms (ions) ; transfer of electrons from one to another atom forming ions ; gain or lose an electron

49
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

the partial positive hydrogen atom in one polar covalent molecule will be attracted to an electronegative atom in another polar covalent molecule ; opposite charges attract ; partially charged groups

50
Q

Describe a Polar bond

A
  • possess regions of positive and negative charge
  • electrons are not shared equally between two atoms
  • can have regions of partial charge created by covalent bond
  • can have fully charged regions created by ionization
51
Q

describe a nonpolar bond

A
  • electrons are shared equally between two atoms
  • charge is evenly distributed
52
Q

How do you tell if a bond is polar?

A
  • O and N are electronegative and don’t share well
  • c-o bond is on the outside
  • the molecule is charged
  • look at the differences in electronegativity between the two atoms (0.4 to 1.7 = polar)
53
Q

How can you tell if a bond is nonpolar?

A
  • some atoms share equally
  • C and H share well
  • C-C or C-H are nonpolar
54
Q

Define Hydrophobic

A

water fearing ; non polar non ionic substances

55
Q

Define hydrophilic

A

water liking ; polar molecules because they can H-bond with water; soluble in water

56
Q

What are functional groups

A

chemical groups attached to the carbon skeleton that participates in chemical reactions ; atoms or clusters of atoms that are covalently bonded to carbon backbone

57
Q

What are the common functional groups

A
  • hydroxyl group -OH
  • carbonyl group -CHO or =CO
  • carboxyl group -COOH or -COO-
  • amino group -NH2 or -NH3+
  • sulfhydryl group -SH
  • methyl group - CHHH
  • phosphate group - P or -OPO23
58
Q

Describe the Dehydration Reaction

A
  • dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond
59
Q

Describe Hydrolysis

A

breaking down a polymer ; hydrolysis adds a water molecule, breaking a bond

60
Q

what are the sub units of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

61
Q

what are the sub units of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides (building blocks of DNA and RNA)

62
Q

what are the sub units of lipids

A

fatty acids and glycerol

63
Q

what are the sub units of proteins

A

amino acids

64
Q

what are the polar regions of the macromolecules

A

carbohydrates - hydroxyl groups (-OH)
nucleic acids - phosphate groups and sugar molecules
lipids - phosphate head and glycerol in phospholipids
proteins - parts that have polar amino acid side chains

65
Q

what are the non polar regions of the macromolecules

A

carbohydrates - methyl groups or hydrocarbon chains
nucleic acids - nitrogen bases
lipids - fatty acid tails
proteins - hydrophobic amino acids

66
Q

describe the structure of a phospholipid

A

have a polar head (phosphate group, hydrophilic) and a nonpolar tail (fatty acids, hydrophobic)

67
Q

what is the purpose of triglycerides

A

energy storage (class of lipids ; saturated and unsaturated fats and oils)

68
Q

describe when a lipid is saturated

A

no double bonds between carbons

69
Q

describe when a lipid is unsaturated

A

one or more double bonds

70
Q

describe the role of proteins

A

used to build repair, and run everything (antibody, enzyme, messenger, structural , transport, storage)

71
Q

describe how a protein is synthesized from amino acids

A

1) a carboxyl group of one amino acid is positioned next to the amino group of another amino acid
2) dehydration reaction forms a peptide bond
3) many amino acids linked by peptide bods then form polypeptides
4) the sequence of amino acids determines the 3D shape which determines function
5) when the polypeptide twists and folds (due to R group interaction) it forms a protein

72
Q

Describe Eukaryotic cells

A

-DNA in the nucleus
- protists, fungi, animals, plants
- contain membrane bound organelles
- have a nucleus

73
Q

Describe prokaryotic cells

A
  • domains bacteria and archaea
  • DNA is in the nucleoid region
  • smaller in size compared to eukaryotic
  • no membrane bound organelles in the cytoplasm
  • has a cell wall
74
Q

What do plant cells have that animal cells don’t?

A

a cell wall

75
Q

what is the purpose of the plasma membrane (aka cell membrane)

A
  • acts as a boundary separating the interior of the cell w/ its external environment
  • regulates substance entry and exit
  • allows cell to receive and respond to singles
  • cell recognition , cell adhesion, molecular transport, and regulation of internal environment
76
Q

describe the purpose of a cell wall and where they can be found

A
  • found in prokaryotic and plant cells
  • structural support, protection, water intake regulation through osmosis, cell growth, and communication
77
Q

what cell organelle is a surface structure that gives shape, support, and protection to plants

A

cell wall

78
Q

what cell organelle is the control center of the cell and directs all the cells activities which also being involved in cell division

A

nucleus

79
Q

what cell organelle releases energy for cell functions and is the site of ATP production

A

mitochondria

80
Q

what cell organelle are factories for building proteins

A

ribosomes

81
Q

what cell organelle are roadways for moving materials throughout the cell

A

cytoskeleton

82
Q

what cell organelle manufactures ribosome parts (proteins and RNA)

A

nucleolus

83
Q

what cell organelle is semi fluid material inside a living cell in which the other cell organelles are suspended

A

cytoplasm

84
Q

what cell organelle contains digestive enzymes

A

lysosomes

85
Q

what cell organelle encloses the cell’s genetic material

A

nuclear membrane

86
Q

what cell organelle is the storehouse for excess water, food, waste, etc.

A

vacuoles

87
Q

what cell organelle is a green organelle of a plant cell where photosynthesis takes place

A

chloroplasts

88
Q

what cell organelle modifies, packages, and sorts proteins for transport out of the cell

A

Golgi

89
Q

what cell organelle is strands within the nucleus which form chromosomes

A

chromatin

90
Q

what cell organelle holds the contents of the cell together

A

cell membrane

91
Q

what cell organelle is hereditary material that carries the genetic code

A

DNA

92
Q

what cell organelle detoxifies drugs and poisons

A

Smooth ER

93
Q

what cell organelle folds proteins

A

rough ER

94
Q

what cell organelles synthesizes membranes ; compartmentalizes the cell to keep proteins formed in the rough ER separate from those of free ribosomes

A

endoplasmic reticulum

95
Q

Define Osmosis

A

the movement of water across a semi permeable membrane from high to low concentration

96
Q

what does the atomic number of an atom represent

A

number of protons

97
Q

what does the atomic mass represent in an atom

A

the sum of protons + neutrons

98
Q

what is the strongest and weakest bond

A

strongest - covalent ( share pair of electrons )
weakest - hydrogen bonds ( attraction between 2 polar groups)

99
Q

what is cohesion

A

water property that water adheres to itself

100
Q

what is adhesion

A

water property that water adheres to other polar things

101
Q

what are the main factors of water’s properties

A
  • molecular shape
  • polarity and ability to form hydrogen bonds
102
Q

what does it mean that phospholipids are amphipathic

A

they have both polar heads and non polar tails

103
Q

what drives the formation of membranes

A

H bonds between phospholipids and water

BIO 105 Lecture (4 decks)

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