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psy 120 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

cognitive development

A

involves memory, attention, learning, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity

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2
Q

physical development

A

involves growth and change in the body and brain, the senses motor skills, and health & wellness

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3
Q

psychosocial development

A

involves personality, emotions, and social relationships

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4
Q

developmental milestones

A

crawling, walking, writing, dressing naming colors, speaking in sentences, starting puberty

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5
Q

continuous development

A

gradual change, gradually improving on existing skills

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6
Q

discontinuous development

A

development that takes places in stages, change is more sudden, the chart looks like a flight of stairs

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7
Q

nature

A

biology and genetics

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8
Q

nurture

A

our environment and culture

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9
Q

motivation

A

“the wants and needs that direct behavior towards a goal”

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10
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

the pursuit of an activity because of internal factors, learning for the sake of learning

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11
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

the pursuit of an activity based on external factors, pursuing sports for the the fame or money

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12
Q

self-actualization

A

the growth of an individual towards fulfillment of the highest needs, the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy needs

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13
Q

Drive (reduction) Theory

A

organisms seek to exist in a state of homeostasis (an optimal balance) within various biological needs. If we deviate from homeostasis, we will experience a drive to address and reduce that need

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14
Q

Homeostasis

A

the body’s ability to regulate various physiological processes to keep internal states steady and balanced, someone shivering when they’re cold

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15
Q

Primary Drive

A

those that are biological and innate

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16
Q

Secondary Drive

A

those that are conditioned an learned

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17
Q

Optimal arousal theory

A

we are motivated to maintain an optimal level of physiological an psychological arousal, if under aroused we are bored, if over aroused we may feel stressed or overwhelmed

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18
Q

self-determination theory

A

we are motivated by intrinsic goals, and want to feel like we are in control of our destiny. Focused on autonomy, competence, and relatedness within our social groups

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19
Q

Goals

A

goals are an important component of motivation, to enhance motivation goals should be specific and achievable, if not achievable it can lead to frustration, continued frustration can lead to learned helplessness

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20
Q

approach goals

A

goals we seek or aspire towards, trying to be good at a sport

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21
Q

avoidance goals

A

goals we want to avoid, avoiding public embarrassment

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22
Q

performance goals

A

performing well in front of others, being judged well, hitting off the first tee at a golf course

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23
Q

mastery goals

A

increasing competence and skills, hitting the balls well when no one is looking, driving range

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24
Q

approach-approach conflict

A

choice between 2 appealing activities or goals

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25
Q

avoidance-avoidance conflict

A

choosing between the “lesser of the evils,” many feel this way about elections

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26
Q

approach-avoidance conflict

A

choice has both negative and positive outcomes, offered a promotion but it requires a transfer

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27
Q

personality

A

“the long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, behave, and behave in specific ways

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28
Q

trait

A

a unit of personality- a characteristic that describes a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling

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29
Q

situational attributions

A

the process of attributing someone’s behavior to external factors, rather than their character or personality, blaming poor sleep or weather for failing a test

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30
Q

dispositional attributions

A

takes place when a person attributes someone’s behavior to their personality, seems someone acting aggressive leads to them thinking that they are an aggressive individual

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31
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

tendency to attribute motivations of others more to personality factors than to situational factors. When we are making attributions about ourselves, likely to engage in self-serving bias- attribute success with our personality and blame situations for out failures

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32
Q

Projective tests

A

based on the assumption that the test taker will project unconscious conflicts and motives onto an ambiguous stimulus

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33
Q

personality inventories

A

answers a series of questions about self- there are no right or wrong answer- from responses, develop a personality profile

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34
Q

thematic apperception test

A

person is asked to tell a story about the “hero” in the picture. Psychologists interprets the needs and motives that are presented via the story

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35
Q

rorschach inkblot test

A

show the person an ambiguous stimulus, and ask what they see

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36
Q

myers-briggs type indicator

A

measure personality across several “types” identified by Carl Jung, often used for employment/ personnel management purposes, not well supported by research

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37
Q

factor analysis

A

used to show how traits cluster together, personality is more strongly based on genetics than people might expect

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38
Q

costa and mcrae’s 5 stage model: OCEAN

A

openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
introversion increases and openness decreases with age

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39
Q

Parenting

A

depends on genetics, will vary based on the child’s personality

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40
Q

Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory

A

looks how children may learn personality through imitating and cognitive processes, his concept of RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM addresses how cognitive processes, behaviors and situational factors all interact to reinforce or punish personality traits

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41
Q

Freud’s psychodynamic theory

A

emphasizes on interactions between components of personality and psychosexual development of Id, Ego, and Superego
Id: the only component of personality that is present from birth
Ego: develops from id, ensures that id is acceptable, deals with reality, functions the conscious, unconscious, and preconscious mind
Superego: conscious- the bad things that will lead to consequences. the ego ideal- rules for behaviors that the ego aspires to be

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42
Q

Frued’s idea of the stage theory

A

emphasizes on unconscious motivations- oral, anal, phallic, latency, period, genital

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43
Q

Humanistic theory

A

focuses on personality development for growth and achievement of potential

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44
Q

Carl Rogers

A

importance of unconditional positive regard, and congruence between real self and ideal self

45
Q

positive psychology

A

a subfield that focuses on studying the positive aspects of personhood

46
Q

Paul Baltes’ Framework

A

development is lifelong, depends on history and context, it’s multidirectional and dimensional, plastic

47
Q

Pre-natal development

A

single cell zygote, develops to an embryo, then to a fetus.
embyros are vulnerable to miscarriages

48
Q

Pre natal dangers

A

proper nutrition is vital, malnutrition can lead to birth defects, low birth weight, and still birth, maternal age is outside the optimal range- teens and over 35

49
Q

Teratogens

A

are external/ environmental contaminants that can penetrate the maternal protections of pregnancy and cause harm to the fetus

50
Q

medical drugs

A

thalidomide and birth defects

51
Q

environmental pollution

A

lead paint can affect cognitive development

52
Q

alcohol

A

fetal alcohol syndrome- a condition tha results from a mother drinking during motherhood, affects- behavior, learning, thinking, and physical development

53
Q

nicotine

A

learning disorders, low birth weight, SIDS- sudden infant death syndrome

54
Q

illegal drugs

A

kids can be born addict

55
Q

sight

A

stimulation builds quickly- binocular depth perception at 4-5m and 20/20 by 6m

56
Q

reflexes

A

born with them, innate, adaptive behaviors

57
Q

assimilation

A

the cognitive process of making new information fit in with your existing understanding

58
Q

accommodation

A

a cognitive process that involves changing or refining our existing ideas to take in new info

59
Q

Piaget’s first stage (birth-2yrs)

A

sensorimotor- learning and thought is centered on the senses and the motor skill, they have no sense of object permanence, end goal is mental representation

60
Q

Piaget’s preoperational stage (2-6yrs)

A

can now manipulate things with limitations, centration- a tendency to focus only on 1 dimension of a problem, the cannot differentiation the beakers, egocentrism- only able to reason a problem from their viewpoint

61
Q

Piaget’s concrete operations (7-12yrs)

A

onset of logical, but not abstract thought, now able to reason in multiple dimensions, main limitation is with respect to abstract thoughts-cannot fully comprehend non concrete objects

62
Q

Piaget’s formal operations

A

ability to think abstractly, life, death, the self, morality, abstract math, ability to deal with hypothetical-deductive (what ifs)

63
Q

synaptic pruning

A

a natural process that eliminates extra synapses in the brain during childhood and adolescence

64
Q

Behaviorism

A

gender identity is based on reinforcement & punishment

65
Q

cognitive development of gender identity

A

children categorize and develop gender schmeta

66
Q

Temperament parenting styles

A

innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment

67
Q

critical or sensitive period

A

each organ of the fetus develops during a specific period in the pregnancy- alcohol can dramatically impact the baby if consume during this period

68
Q

avoidant attachment

A

the child is unresponsive to the parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care id the parent leaves

69
Q

secure attachment

A

the parent prefers his parent over a stranger, the attachment figure is used a secure base to explore the environment and is sought out in times of stress

70
Q

resistant attachment

A

children tend to show clingy behavior, but they reject the attachment figure’s attempts to interact with them, do not explore the toys in the room, as they are too fearful, difficult to comfort

71
Q

disorganized attachment

A

behave oddly in strange situations. they freeze, run around the room in an erratic manner, or try to run away when the caregiver returns, seen most often in kids who are abused

72
Q

authoritarian

A

strict punishments for rule violations, more likely to end up withdrawn and distrustful compared to peers

73
Q

Permissive

A

values self-expression at the expense of structure, rarely punish, children tend to be disruptive, immature, and undisciplined

74
Q

Authoritative

A

mesh of the 2, use reason in explaining punishments and rules, kids feel more secure, self-confident, and exploratory

75
Q

Power assertion

A

reliance on authority, physical discipline stimulates aggression, least effective for generalizing discipline to other situations

76
Q

Induction

A

attempt to reason with the child, better for extending discipline to social situations

77
Q

withdrawl

A

of love-ignoring, or isolation, people usually use these depending on their relationship

78
Q

obesity

A

less exercise and increased consumption of high fat foods

79
Q

midlife review

A

similar to, but no so much a crisis. Erickson’s stage of generativity vs stagnation

80
Q

what is the fastest group population group

A

85+

81
Q

who live the longest

A

women more than men, by 80 ration of men to women is 2:1
asian americans and caucasians outlive black and hispanics

82
Q

Primary aging

A

inevitable process of deterioration

83
Q

secondary aging

A

product of abuse, disease, poor care, leads to functional age- how old your abilities are relative to your chronological age

84
Q

dementia

A

deterioration of cognitive functioning from physiological causes

85
Q

Alzheimier’s disease

A

a highly heritable, progressive, degenerative neurological disorder characterized by irreversible deterioration in memory, intelligence, & awareness, leading to death, effects appear in reverse order of brain development

86
Q

norms

A

the rules that govern our behavior in a social context

87
Q

role

A

is a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting our group, me: brother, son, boyfriend, student

88
Q

Milgram- Obedience to Authority

A

maximized the power of authority figure using different methods
-having the authority figure take responsibility
-making the task routine
-entrapment- having the teacher commit first to less dangerous steps
-“foot in the door approach”- granting smaller requests can lead to agreeing to larger requests

89
Q

Deindividuation

A

A loss of awareness of one’s identity in a group, Anonymity emboldens people- mob mentality situations

90
Q

diffusion of responsibility/social loafing

A

in groups, the tendency of members to avoid taking responsibility for actions or decisions, under the assumption someone else will

91
Q

bystander apathy

A

a result of social loafing
people stand and watch rather than taking action
Red Cross- “you, call 911”

92
Q

conformity

A

a tendency of people to go along with the group

93
Q

normative social influence

A

prompts individuals to conform to group norms to fit in, gain acceptance, and feel good

94
Q

informational social influence

A

leads people to conform, believing the group possesses competent and correct info, especially in ambiguous situations or tasks

95
Q

groupthink

A

in close-knit groups, the tendency for all members to think alike and suppress disagreement for the sake of unanimity

96
Q

how to counteract groupthink

A

creating conditions rewarding dissent
basing decision on majority rule
assigning a person to making only contrarian arguments

97
Q

attitude

A

a relatively stable opinion based on both a cognition and an emtion

98
Q

implicit attitudes

A

you act on them without awareness

99
Q

explicit attitude

A

you are aware of them

100
Q

self-perception theory

A

that we also infer our attitudes based on internal observation

101
Q

prejudice

A

is an implicit or explicit attitude driven by negative feelings about individuals based on group membership

102
Q

discrimination

A

negative behavior towards individuals based on their group membership

103
Q

sterotypes

A

negative beliefs about individuals based solely on group membership

104
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

discrimination can lead to negative response from the discriminated individual, which in the mind of the discriminator confirms their prejudice stereotyping

105
Q

Persuasion

A

an effort to change an attitude

106
Q

direct persuasuon

A

an effort to persuade based primarily on the merits of an argument

107
Q

peripheral persuasion

A

an effort to persuade based primarily by using methods other than direct argument

108
Q

validity effect

A

more likely to believe something often repeated

109
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

suggests increased liking based on perceptual fluency

psy 120 (1 decks)

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