exam 3 Flashcards
cognitive development
involves memory, attention, learning, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity
physical development
involves growth and change in the body and brain, the senses motor skills, and health & wellness
psychosocial development
involves personality, emotions, and social relationships
developmental milestones
crawling, walking, writing, dressing naming colors, speaking in sentences, starting puberty
continuous development
gradual change, gradually improving on existing skills
discontinuous development
development that takes places in stages, change is more sudden, the chart looks like a flight of stairs
nature
biology and genetics
nurture
our environment and culture
motivation
“the wants and needs that direct behavior towards a goal”
intrinsic motivation
the pursuit of an activity because of internal factors, learning for the sake of learning
extrinsic motivation
the pursuit of an activity based on external factors, pursuing sports for the the fame or money
self-actualization
the growth of an individual towards fulfillment of the highest needs, the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy needs
Drive (reduction) Theory
organisms seek to exist in a state of homeostasis (an optimal balance) within various biological needs. If we deviate from homeostasis, we will experience a drive to address and reduce that need
Homeostasis
the body’s ability to regulate various physiological processes to keep internal states steady and balanced, someone shivering when they’re cold
Primary Drive
those that are biological and innate
Secondary Drive
those that are conditioned an learned
Optimal arousal theory
we are motivated to maintain an optimal level of physiological an psychological arousal, if under aroused we are bored, if over aroused we may feel stressed or overwhelmed
self-determination theory
we are motivated by intrinsic goals, and want to feel like we are in control of our destiny. Focused on autonomy, competence, and relatedness within our social groups
Goals
goals are an important component of motivation, to enhance motivation goals should be specific and achievable, if not achievable it can lead to frustration, continued frustration can lead to learned helplessness
approach goals
goals we seek or aspire towards, trying to be good at a sport
avoidance goals
goals we want to avoid, avoiding public embarrassment
performance goals
performing well in front of others, being judged well, hitting off the first tee at a golf course
mastery goals
increasing competence and skills, hitting the balls well when no one is looking, driving range
approach-approach conflict
choice between 2 appealing activities or goals
avoidance-avoidance conflict
choosing between the “lesser of the evils,” many feel this way about elections
approach-avoidance conflict
choice has both negative and positive outcomes, offered a promotion but it requires a transfer
personality
“the long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, behave, and behave in specific ways
trait
a unit of personality- a characteristic that describes a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling
situational attributions
the process of attributing someone’s behavior to external factors, rather than their character or personality, blaming poor sleep or weather for failing a test
dispositional attributions
takes place when a person attributes someone’s behavior to their personality, seems someone acting aggressive leads to them thinking that they are an aggressive individual
fundamental attribution error
tendency to attribute motivations of others more to personality factors than to situational factors. When we are making attributions about ourselves, likely to engage in self-serving bias- attribute success with our personality and blame situations for out failures
Projective tests
based on the assumption that the test taker will project unconscious conflicts and motives onto an ambiguous stimulus
personality inventories
answers a series of questions about self- there are no right or wrong answer- from responses, develop a personality profile
thematic apperception test
person is asked to tell a story about the “hero” in the picture. Psychologists interprets the needs and motives that are presented via the story
rorschach inkblot test
show the person an ambiguous stimulus, and ask what they see
myers-briggs type indicator
measure personality across several “types” identified by Carl Jung, often used for employment/ personnel management purposes, not well supported by research
factor analysis
used to show how traits cluster together, personality is more strongly based on genetics than people might expect
costa and mcrae’s 5 stage model: OCEAN
openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
introversion increases and openness decreases with age
Parenting
depends on genetics, will vary based on the child’s personality
Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory
looks how children may learn personality through imitating and cognitive processes, his concept of RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM addresses how cognitive processes, behaviors and situational factors all interact to reinforce or punish personality traits
Freud’s psychodynamic theory
emphasizes on interactions between components of personality and psychosexual development of Id, Ego, and Superego
Id: the only component of personality that is present from birth
Ego: develops from id, ensures that id is acceptable, deals with reality, functions the conscious, unconscious, and preconscious mind
Superego: conscious- the bad things that will lead to consequences. the ego ideal- rules for behaviors that the ego aspires to be
Frued’s idea of the stage theory
emphasizes on unconscious motivations- oral, anal, phallic, latency, period, genital
Humanistic theory
focuses on personality development for growth and achievement of potential
Carl Rogers
importance of unconditional positive regard, and congruence between real self and ideal self
positive psychology
a subfield that focuses on studying the positive aspects of personhood
Paul Baltes’ Framework
development is lifelong, depends on history and context, it’s multidirectional and dimensional, plastic
Pre-natal development
single cell zygote, develops to an embryo, then to a fetus.
embyros are vulnerable to miscarriages
Pre natal dangers
proper nutrition is vital, malnutrition can lead to birth defects, low birth weight, and still birth, maternal age is outside the optimal range- teens and over 35
Teratogens
are external/ environmental contaminants that can penetrate the maternal protections of pregnancy and cause harm to the fetus
medical drugs
thalidomide and birth defects
environmental pollution
lead paint can affect cognitive development
alcohol
fetal alcohol syndrome- a condition tha results from a mother drinking during motherhood, affects- behavior, learning, thinking, and physical development
nicotine
learning disorders, low birth weight, SIDS- sudden infant death syndrome
illegal drugs
kids can be born addict
sight
stimulation builds quickly- binocular depth perception at 4-5m and 20/20 by 6m
reflexes
born with them, innate, adaptive behaviors
assimilation
the cognitive process of making new information fit in with your existing understanding
accommodation
a cognitive process that involves changing or refining our existing ideas to take in new info
Piaget’s first stage (birth-2yrs)
sensorimotor- learning and thought is centered on the senses and the motor skill, they have no sense of object permanence, end goal is mental representation
Piaget’s preoperational stage (2-6yrs)
can now manipulate things with limitations, centration- a tendency to focus only on 1 dimension of a problem, the cannot differentiation the beakers, egocentrism- only able to reason a problem from their viewpoint
Piaget’s concrete operations (7-12yrs)
onset of logical, but not abstract thought, now able to reason in multiple dimensions, main limitation is with respect to abstract thoughts-cannot fully comprehend non concrete objects
Piaget’s formal operations
ability to think abstractly, life, death, the self, morality, abstract math, ability to deal with hypothetical-deductive (what ifs)
synaptic pruning
a natural process that eliminates extra synapses in the brain during childhood and adolescence
Behaviorism
gender identity is based on reinforcement & punishment
cognitive development of gender identity
children categorize and develop gender schmeta
Temperament parenting styles
innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment
critical or sensitive period
each organ of the fetus develops during a specific period in the pregnancy- alcohol can dramatically impact the baby if consume during this period
avoidant attachment
the child is unresponsive to the parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care id the parent leaves
secure attachment
the parent prefers his parent over a stranger, the attachment figure is used a secure base to explore the environment and is sought out in times of stress
resistant attachment
children tend to show clingy behavior, but they reject the attachment figure’s attempts to interact with them, do not explore the toys in the room, as they are too fearful, difficult to comfort
disorganized attachment
behave oddly in strange situations. they freeze, run around the room in an erratic manner, or try to run away when the caregiver returns, seen most often in kids who are abused
authoritarian
strict punishments for rule violations, more likely to end up withdrawn and distrustful compared to peers
Permissive
values self-expression at the expense of structure, rarely punish, children tend to be disruptive, immature, and undisciplined
Authoritative
mesh of the 2, use reason in explaining punishments and rules, kids feel more secure, self-confident, and exploratory
Power assertion
reliance on authority, physical discipline stimulates aggression, least effective for generalizing discipline to other situations
Induction
attempt to reason with the child, better for extending discipline to social situations
withdrawl
of love-ignoring, or isolation, people usually use these depending on their relationship
obesity
less exercise and increased consumption of high fat foods
midlife review
similar to, but no so much a crisis. Erickson’s stage of generativity vs stagnation
what is the fastest group population group
85+
who live the longest
women more than men, by 80 ration of men to women is 2:1
asian americans and caucasians outlive black and hispanics
Primary aging
inevitable process of deterioration
secondary aging
product of abuse, disease, poor care, leads to functional age- how old your abilities are relative to your chronological age
dementia
deterioration of cognitive functioning from physiological causes
Alzheimier’s disease
a highly heritable, progressive, degenerative neurological disorder characterized by irreversible deterioration in memory, intelligence, & awareness, leading to death, effects appear in reverse order of brain development
norms
the rules that govern our behavior in a social context
role
is a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting our group, me: brother, son, boyfriend, student
Milgram- Obedience to Authority
maximized the power of authority figure using different methods
-having the authority figure take responsibility
-making the task routine
-entrapment- having the teacher commit first to less dangerous steps
-“foot in the door approach”- granting smaller requests can lead to agreeing to larger requests
Deindividuation
A loss of awareness of one’s identity in a group, Anonymity emboldens people- mob mentality situations
diffusion of responsibility/social loafing
in groups, the tendency of members to avoid taking responsibility for actions or decisions, under the assumption someone else will
bystander apathy
a result of social loafing
people stand and watch rather than taking action
Red Cross- “you, call 911”
conformity
a tendency of people to go along with the group
normative social influence
prompts individuals to conform to group norms to fit in, gain acceptance, and feel good
informational social influence
leads people to conform, believing the group possesses competent and correct info, especially in ambiguous situations or tasks
groupthink
in close-knit groups, the tendency for all members to think alike and suppress disagreement for the sake of unanimity
how to counteract groupthink
creating conditions rewarding dissent
basing decision on majority rule
assigning a person to making only contrarian arguments
attitude
a relatively stable opinion based on both a cognition and an emtion
implicit attitudes
you act on them without awareness
explicit attitude
you are aware of them
self-perception theory
that we also infer our attitudes based on internal observation
prejudice
is an implicit or explicit attitude driven by negative feelings about individuals based on group membership
discrimination
negative behavior towards individuals based on their group membership
sterotypes
negative beliefs about individuals based solely on group membership
self-fulfilling prophecy
discrimination can lead to negative response from the discriminated individual, which in the mind of the discriminator confirms their prejudice stereotyping
Persuasion
an effort to change an attitude
direct persuasuon
an effort to persuade based primarily on the merits of an argument
peripheral persuasion
an effort to persuade based primarily by using methods other than direct argument
validity effect
more likely to believe something often repeated
Mere exposure effect
suggests increased liking based on perceptual fluency
