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entom 203 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what groups are at higher risk of being obese

A

marginalized groups, related to being in poverty

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2
Q

what groups are most in poverty

A

native americans, blacks, and latinx

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3
Q

what does increased income and education mean

A

lower levels of obesity

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4
Q

what types of food do rich people purchase

A

nutrient dense foods (fruits, veggies, ASFs)

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5
Q

limited or uncertain access to healthy food

A

low food insecurity

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6
Q

hunger

A

very low food security

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7
Q

what is food insecurity associated with

A

higher BMI

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8
Q

what is hidden hunger

A

nutrient deficiencies

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9
Q

what does more money mean

A

more fruits and veggies and ASFs purchased

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10
Q

what shapes value in different socioeconomic groups

A

quantity (poverty), quality (middle class), presentation (wealthy)

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11
Q

is obesity malnourishment

A

yes

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12
Q

what is a good score on a USDA healthy eating index

A

80, less than 51 is poor

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13
Q

do people eat sweets with more money

A

no

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14
Q

what do all economic factors favor

A

weight gain

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15
Q

what drives low income people

A

relationships and entertainment

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16
Q

what drives wealthy people

A

physical appearance

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17
Q

what is needed to decrease obesity

A

education, physical activity,

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18
Q

educates about nutrition, increases behavior change

A

Foodwise

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19
Q

What does Snap-Ed do

A

support education and environments for people to make healthy choices

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20
Q

socioecological model and policy

A

policy, then community, then organizational, then interpersonal, then individual

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21
Q

rights inherent to all human beings regardless of identities

A

human rights

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22
Q

international organization founded after WW2

A

UN

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23
Q

purpose of the UN

A

maintain peace, develop cooperation, solve problems

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24
Q

non members of the UN

A

palestine, vatican city, taiwan

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25
Q

international human rights instruments

A

declaration (indicate that countries do not intend to create legally binding obligations but aspirations), treaty (agreement, legally binding)

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26
Q

mechanisms for monitoring and enforcing treaties

A

UN general assembly, human rights council, security council, international court of justice, etc.

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27
Q

UDHR

A

foundational human rights, civil and political rights, economic/social/cultural rights,

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28
Q

what is seen as a human right

A

healthy environment

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29
Q

what SDGs involve human rights

A

1, 6, 2, 5, 3, 4

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30
Q

have human rights protections improved over time

A

yes, variation has decreased

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31
Q

event that represents a critical threat to the health, safety, security of a community

A

humanitarian crisis

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32
Q

examples of humanitarion crises

A

man made conflict, natural disaster, pandemics

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33
Q

are natural shocks becoming more frequent

A

es

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34
Q

the number of people who need humanitarian aid has

A

increased worldwide

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35
Q

forced displacement has increased for

A

watchlist countries

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36
Q

person forced to flee as a result of conflict (violence) or human rights violation, have not crossed international border

A

internally displaced person

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37
Q

person who has left their country and is seeking protection in another country, not yet legally recognized

A

asylum seeker

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38
Q

someone forced to flee and has crossed an international border

A

refugee

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39
Q

the number of refugees resettled in the US has declined over time

A

true

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40
Q

assistance used to relieve suffering during crises, food, medical care, shelter

A

humanitarian aid

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41
Q

organizations focused on humanitarian work

A

UN, WHO, UNHCR, UNICEF, amnesty international, etc.

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42
Q

the gap between funding and need has

A

increased

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43
Q

is the UN able to enforce policy

A

not really

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44
Q

what is intertwined

A

maternal and child health

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45
Q

health of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and postnatal period

A

maternal health

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46
Q

what does early childhood health impact

A

long term development

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47
Q

affected by complex interactions between external and internal factors

A

maternal health (gender, social determinants, behavior, environment, policies)

48
Q

what group is at higher risk of maternal mortality

A

black women (gender and racism)

49
Q

where are the most maternal deaths

A

low income countries

50
Q

how to decrease maternal mortality

A

build evidence, strengthen healthcare, strategic litigation, reframe issue, engage communtiies

51
Q

maternal mortality globally has

A

decreased, but not the same across the world, same in africa

52
Q

the US has a worse maternal mortality rate than

A

other high income countries

53
Q

inversely associated with wealth

A

maternal mortality

54
Q

causes of maternal mortality

A

hemorrhage, unsafe abortion, sepsis, obstructed labor, social and env factors (race, economic, culture)

55
Q

is maternal mortality preventable

A

mostly yes

56
Q

where is maternal mortality increasing

A

US

57
Q

child mortality has

A

decreased globally

58
Q

where is child mortality concentrated

A

subsaharan africa

59
Q

what are many child deaths related to

A

pregnancy/delivery, infectious diseases, chronic disease, undernutrition

60
Q

how is poverty and infection related

A

cycle of poverty, undernutrition, and vulnerability to infections

61
Q

what country has the highest infant mortality of high income countries

A

US

62
Q

how to improve maternal/child mortality

A

direct (education, access, policies), indirect (improving environment, gender equality, reduce poverty)

63
Q

Kenya Kangaroo Mother care

A

effective, skin to skin contact

64
Q

TUBAraMURE in Burundi

A

improved women’s nutrition and health

65
Q

universal maternal care in india

A

continuation of care, attending, free care

66
Q

california maternal quality of care collaborative

A

success

67
Q

WIC

A

nutritious foods, education, worked

68
Q

infectious or transmissible from human to human or animal to human, caused by microorganisms

A

communicable diseases

69
Q

examples of communicable diseases

A

polio, chicken pox, lime disease, measles, HIV,

70
Q

what is among the leading cause of death in low income countries

A

communicable diseases

71
Q

study of the distribution and determinants of health to control health problems

A

epidemiology

72
Q

model for infectious disease comparisons, involved etiologic agent, host, and environment

A

epidemiological triad

73
Q

parasites, pathogen, virus, not always sufficient to cause disease

A

etiologic agent

74
Q

person or animal that affords survival of disease

A

host

75
Q

number of new cases

A

incidence

76
Q

number of cases at a given time

A

prevalence

77
Q

modes of disease transmission

A

air, food borne, contact, sex, water borne, vector borne,

78
Q

expensive for individuals and governments

A

malaria

79
Q

what populations are most at risk from malaria

A

infants, children, pregnant women (immunocompromised)

80
Q

is malaria eradicated in the US

A

yes

81
Q

where does the vector for malaria breed

A

stagnant water

82
Q

phases of malaria

A

acute (cold and hot, sweating)

83
Q

what does malaria correlate with

A

parasite cycle

84
Q

can malaria be prevented

A

yes

85
Q

how are malaria vectors controlled

A

treated nets, insecticides, vaccines

86
Q

are treated nets and insecticides used

A

not that much

87
Q

have malaria deaths declined

A

yes, spike during covid

88
Q

malaria threats

A

resistance to drugs and insecticides

89
Q

where is HIV and TB concentrated

A

sub saharan africa

90
Q

history of TB

A

ancient, patients sent to sanatoriums, 1/7 died

91
Q

types of TB

A

M tuberculosis causes most US cases, bacteria needs lots of oxygen, caused by mycobacteria

92
Q

BCG vaccination

A

1930s, reduces likelihood of active disease in children, still mandated in south america, africa, asia

93
Q

Symptoms of TB

A

cough, chest pain, sweat, fever, fatigue

94
Q

how to diagnosis TB

A

skin or blood test, chest xray, saliva

95
Q

why were there some false positives with Tb skin test

A

BCG vaccine

96
Q

TB spread

A

30 percent of exposed get infected, can stay in the body latent, aging can cause activation

97
Q

pathogenesis of TB

A

Entry into host, multiplication, infection of macrophages in lungs, expansion in innate granulomas, granuloma maturation, enters lymphocytes

98
Q

active TB

A

replicates, show positive test on skin and saliva, symptoms

99
Q

LTBI

A

virus controlled in granuloma capsule, positive on skin test, no symptoms, not counted as a case

100
Q

what increases risk of TB activation

A

HIV

101
Q

LTBI treatment

A

9 months antibiotics, no symptoms or contagions

102
Q

infectious TB treatment

A

multiple drugs, DOT

103
Q

has there been a decrease in TB

A

yes, since resurgence in late 90s

104
Q

HIV history

A

emerged 120 years ago, human immunodeficiency virus, from animals

105
Q

structure of HIV

A

RNA, reverse transcriptase, capsid protein, human like

106
Q

life cycle of HIV

A

fuses with cell membrane, replicates, infects more cells

107
Q

transmission of HIV

A

body fluids (blood, semen, breastmilk, needles)

108
Q

what increases risk of HIV transmission

A

higher viral load

109
Q

what groups have most HIV

A

sex workers, gay men, people who inject drugs

110
Q

HIV treatment

A

pills for viral suppression

111
Q

what was the leading cause of death for ages 25-44 in the late 90s

A

HIV

112
Q

what is effective in preventing HIV

A

pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)

113
Q

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis

A

preventative HIV treatment, disparities in access, can be injections every few weeks, anti capsid, very expensive

114
Q

what is the path to ending AIDS

A

more people knowing their status and accessing treatment for viral suppression

115
Q
A

entom 203 (3 decks)

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