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Dairy Production > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Short term breeding goals

A

Start a new reproductive cycle- make more milk

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2
Q

Long term breeding goals

A

Improve the breed and the next generation (increase production, prevent diesases)

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3
Q

when do we use beef on dairy

A

For problem breeders- cheaper semen and valuable calves

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4
Q

Accuracy of selection

A

The managers ability to mate animals that are truly gentically superoir for a trait

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5
Q

Selection intensity

A

Depends on the proportion and quality of animals kept as breeding stock

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6
Q

Genetic variation

A

Relative differneces between animals that are controlled by genetics

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7
Q

Generation interval

A

Average age of the parent when offspring are born

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8
Q

Two broad catagories for breeding goals

A

Produciton and confirmation

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9
Q

What infomration is in a bull proof (red book)

A

Name and immediate pedigree, total performance index

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10
Q

Progeny proven sire

A

Relies on observed traits in his daughters

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11
Q

Predicted reliabilities

A

42% (pedigree only), 65% (genomic testing) 96% (proven daughters)

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12
Q

More SNP’s =

A

More accuracy and traits

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13
Q

Bovine leukocyte adhesion disorder

A

holsteins, impairs immune function resulting in infections- fatal

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14
Q

SIgns of BLAD

A

Neutrophila, anorexia, tooth loss, ulcers

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15
Q

Brachyspina

A

Lethal defect, delivered stillborn, shortend spines and long legs

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16
Q

CVM

A

Lethal before birth, spine is shortened with misshapen ribs

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17
Q

Shortsighted effects of breeding

A

Production is negativley correlated with fertility

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18
Q

Gene editing

A

Can help improve one trait without losing progress on others - one gene and trait

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19
Q

Mastitis

A

Inflammation of the mammary glands (bacterial infection)

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20
Q

IMI

A

Intramammary infection

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21
Q

When does the majority of clinical mastitis occur

A

During the 1st moth of lactation- coliform mastitis

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22
Q

Subclinical mastitis

A

Predominant form of mastitis, no visible abnormalities in milk or cow

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23
Q

Clinical mastitis

A

Visibly abnormal milk, visibly inflamed gland, sick animal

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24
Q

Peracute

A

Sudden, severe onset of inflammation, serous milk

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25
Q

Acute

A

Onset, severe to moderate inflammation, decreased milk production, milk clots

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26
Q

Subacute

A

Mild inflammation, may or may not have visible changes in udder, possible discoloration

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27
Q

Chronic

A

Persists in a clinical form with flare ups periodically

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28
Q

Why does subclinical mastitis have more prevelant economic consequences

A

Decreased ability to detect effects on long term production

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29
Q

Detecting subclinical mastitis

A

CMT test

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30
Q

Diagnosing clinical mastitis

A

Can test by stripping- palpation (swelling, rednness, fever, weak)

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31
Q

Host derived mastitis

A

Pathogen is aquired from test skin

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32
Q

Enviornmntal mastitis

A

Pathogen is aquired from the enviornemnt

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33
Q

Contagious mastitis

A

pathogen is transmitted from cow to cow or gland to gland- gram positive

34
Q

Staph aureus

A

Most prevalent contagoius pathogen- high shedders and reservoirs for infection - wall themselves off with abcesses

35
Q

Strep agalactiae- tied to lactation (must reside in udder to survive)

A

Presents subclinically, SCC and bacteria count will be consitently high - obligate pathogen

36
Q

Mycoplasma

A

Decrease in milk production, high somatic cell count- can move from the mammary gland to other parts of the cow

37
Q

E. Coli

A

Gram negative, environmental

38
Q

Reasons for reproduction

A

Perpetuate the species, genetic diversity

38
Q

Toxic mastitis- killing the pathogen releases toxins

A

Enviornmental pathogens, gram negative, can result in sepsis

39
Q

Why is it a primary body system

A

Due to its requirements to perpetuate the species

40
Q

Why is it a secondary body system

A

It is not vital for the animal to sustain life

41
Q

Uterine functions

A

sperm transport, control of cyclicity, maternal contribution to the placenta

42
Q

Two types of reproductive cycles

A

Estrous cycle, menstrual cycle

43
Q

Polyestrous

A

Uniform distribution of cycles throughout the entire year (cows)

44
Q

Seasonal polyestrous

A

cluster of estrous cycles at specific seasons of the year (horses)

45
Q

Monoestrous

A

One cycle per year (bears)

46
Q

Follicular phase

A

20% estrogen, follicular growth, sexual receptivity, ovulation

47
Q

Luteal phase

A

80% progesterone- lutenization and luteolysis

48
Q

4 stages of estrous cycle

A

Proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus

49
Q

Proestrus

A

Formation of ovulatory follicles and estrogen secretion- day 19-21

50
Q

Estrus

A

Sexual receptivity and peak estrogen secretion (day 0)

51
Q

Metestrus

A

Corpus luteum formation and beginnig of progesterone secretion (day 1-5)

52
Q

Diestrus

A

Sustained luteal secretaion of progesterone (day 6-18)

53
Q

How long is gestation

A

270-290 days

54
Q

When does ovulation occur

A

After estrus

55
Q

Time from onset of estrus to ovulation

A

24-32 hours

56
Q

How long is the estrous cycle

A

21 days- 17-24

57
Q

Duration of estrus

A

15 hours- 6-24

58
Q

Anestrus

A

Period where reproductive cyclicity stops

59
Q

When is there a cease in cyclicity

A

Preganancy, lactation, stress, presence of offspring

60
Q

Prostaglandin

A

Luteolysis, produced by uterine endometrium

61
Q

GnRH

A

Synthsized in the hypothalamus

62
Q

Oxytocin

A

Made in hypothalamus, released from the posterior pituitary

63
Q

FSH and LH

A

Made in the anteroir pituitary (gonadotrophins)

64
Q

Estrogen

A

Postitve feedback on hypothalamus- made in ovaries

65
Q

Progesterone

A

Negative feedback on hypothalamus- made in ovaries

66
Q

Inhibin

A

Negative feedback on anteroir pituitary- made in ovaries

67
Q

Artifical reproductive techniques

A

Artifical insemination, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer

68
Q

Pros of AI

A

No bull needed on property, sexed semen, safer for workers and herd

69
Q

Cons of AI

A

Semen costs, labor costs, not as efficient pregnancy percents

70
Q

Semen costs

A

$20-60 depending on bull (2 straws per cow)

71
Q

AI supplies

A

canes, goblets, liquid nitrogen tank, thaw kit, semen gun, sheath

72
Q

What is printed on the semen straw

A

Bulls name, stud code, registration number

73
Q

Heat detection

A

Estrotect patch, chalk on cow or bulls

74
Q

Hormones used for estrous synchronization

A

CIDR- controlled internal drug release, lutalyse, cysterorelin

75
Q

Mastitis is considered what

A

the most costly disease of dairy cattle - $150-$250/cow/year

76
Q

Mastitis costs

A

Loss of milk production, vet bills, milk quality

77
Q

Mastitis effects on milk production

A

Decreased due to damaged mammary epithelial cells- systemic immune response

78
Q

What do lymphocytes make

A

Antibodies

79
Q

Quarter level milk SSC

A

Sample taken from a quarter of a cow

80
Q

Cow level milk SCC

A

Sample taken from all four quarters of a cow

81
Q

Bulk tank milk SCC

A

Sample taken from the bulk tank

Dairy Production (3 decks)

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